This document discusses the key components that make up a computer network. It describes both hardware components like PCs, switches, routers, and cables as well as software components like email services. It focuses on the equipment used in a lab network, including workstations equipped with network interface cards, intermediary devices like routers and switches that direct traffic, and various transmission cables like twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. It provides details on the functions of routers, switches, and hubs and describes common cable types and connectors used in setting up a local area network.

1. Network components
Network components
 Hardware
 Software
Hardware : physical devices and media elements
laptop
switch
PC
the cabling that used to connect the devices
Software : communication programs that run on the
networked devices
email services.
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2. Lab Equepments
 Workstations
A workstation is an end device that is equipped with a
network interface card (NIC).
NIC : allow computers to communicate over
a computer network either by using cables
or wirelessly .
workstation In the lab is a personal computer (PC)
that is equipped with
- an Ethernet card and
- Windows XP as the operating system.
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3. Lab Equepments
 intermediary devices :
Provides connectivity and ensures data flows across network.
 Routers
 Switches
 Hubs
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4. Lab Equepments
 Routers :
 connect two different networks together and allow for
traffic to flow between them.
 A router forwards network traffic to the best path
depending on set of rules and algorithms (Routing
Protocols).
 The routers operate at layer three (Network Layer) .
 uses IP addresses to identify the source and
destination.
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5. Lab Equepments
 Switches :
 A switch is a network device
 joins multiple devices together within one local area
network (LAN).
 operate at layer two (Data Link Layer) .
 Switch uses MAC addresses to identify source and destination and
forwarding packet only to appropriate destination.
 switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better
performance than a hub.
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6. Lab Equepments
 Hubs :
 joins multiple devices together in one LAN.
 forwards each received packet to all connected devices .
 layer one (Physical Layer) .
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7. Lab Equepments
 Transmission Cables :
 Twisted pair

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
 Coaxial cables
 Fiber optic cables
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8. Lab Equepments
 Transmission Cables :
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
consists of four pairs of color-coded wires twisted together encased in a flexible plastic
sheath.
1.
Pair Color
1
Blue and White Blue
2
White Orange and Orange
3
White Green and Green
4
White Brown and Brown
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9. Lab Equepments
The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cable is an
RJ-45 connector
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10. Lab Equepments
 Wiring Patterns:
Each end of the UTP cable can be connected in one of two standards
T568A
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11. Lab Equepments
T568B
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12. Lab Equepments
 UTP Cable Types :
There are three types of UTP cables:
 Ethernet Straight-through Cable
 Ethernet Crossover Cable
 Rollover Cable
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13. Lab Equepments
Ethernet Straight-through Cable
both ends are T568A or T568B.
Used for connecting
 PC-------------Switch ,hub
 Router---------Switch ,hub
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Connecting different devices

14. Lab Equepments
 Ethernet Crossover Cable:
one end is T568A and the other end is T568B.
Used for connecting :
 PC------------------PC
 Switch-------Switch
 PC------------Router
 Router ------- Router
 Hub ---------Hub
•Connecting two workstations together.
•Connecting two networking devices
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15. Lab Equepments
Rollover Cable:
Cisco proprietary.
Used to connect a workstation serial port to a router or switch console
port, using an adapter.
PC-------- router (console port)
PC------ switch’s (console port)
This allows a programmer to make a connection to the
router or switch for configurations
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16. Lab Equepments
2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable :

STP provide better noise protection than UTP.

Help to extend the maximum distance of the cables.
Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.
Foil or braid shield inside the jacket covering all wires (as a group).
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17. Lab Equepments
3.Coaxial Cable :
consists of a copper conductor surrounded by a layer of
flexible insulation.
Over the insulating material there is a woven copper braid
a copper braid reduces the amount of outside
electromagnetic interference.
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18. Lab Equepments
4.Fiber Optic Cable
 consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective
materials.
 It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of
electrical interference.
 has the ability to transmit signals over longer distances than coaxial and
twisted pair.
 provide high bandwidth at high speeds.
 There are two common types :
single mode
2. multimode
Single mode can provide more distance, but it is more expensive
1.
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