Nerve.pptx
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1. The document discusses the structure and function of neurons. Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which conducts signals. The axon terminates in synaptic knobs that release neurotransmitters. 2. The document also discusses the types of neurons including sensory neurons, motor neurons, and internuncial neurons. Neuroglia provide support and insulation to neurons. The membrane potential and action potential are described. 3. Finally, the document briefly mentions properties of nerve fibers including excitability, conductivity, all-or-none response, refractory period, and adaptation. Sensory receptors, the autonomic nervous system, and nerve regeneration are also listed.
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I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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Nerve.pptx
- 1. NERVE Nerve Muscle Physiology Dr H M Kavyashree Assistant Professor Department of Physiology SIMS & RC
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Neuron – “ Functional & Anatomical unit of the nervous system” • Basic function – Conduction of nerve impulse • Types of neuron – 1. Functional nerve cells – Neuron 2. Supporting connective tissue cells – Glia • There are about 100 million neurons & 10-50 times glial cells.
- 3. STRUCTURE OF NEURON • Anatomically each neuron consists of 1. Cell body or soms 2. Two processes – Dendrites & Axon 3. Synaptic knob (Terminal button)
- 5. 2. PROCESSES 1. Dendrites • Short process, take origin from any point of cell body (Sensory neurons have long dendrites) • Functions a. Reception of impulse from another neuron b. Modify the nerve impulse c. Can initiate impulse
- 7. Types of Axons A) Non Myelinated axons • Are enclosed by Schwann cells, no nodes & internodes. • Several nonmyelinated axons are enclosed by single schwann cell but each is separated by cytoplasmic processes.
- 8. • Myelin sheath acts as insulator • Several Schwann cells take part in myelinogenesis, sheath is not continuous & is interrupted by nodes • Parts between two nodes are called internode.
- 9. 3. SYNAPTIC KNOBS (TERMINAL BUTTONS) • Terminal part of axon loses its myelin sheath & divides into number of branches, each branch has dilated ending called synaptic knobs. • Contains vesicles & mitochondria •vesicles store neurotransmitter secreted by nerve, are in contact with membrane form active zones where neurotransmitters are released. •Functions – release synaptic transmitter in response to action potential.
- 10. TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL NEURONS A) Functional Classification 1. Sensory neurons – respond to various sensory stimuli, present in posterior root ganglion, retina, cochlea. 2. Motor neurons – send motor impulse to effectors, present in motor cortex, brainstem & spinal cord 3. Internuncial neurons – connecting neurons, modify the impulse traffic, present everywhere in nervous system.
- 11. NEUROGLIA • These are connective tissue cells of nervous system, provide support to functional neuron. • Microglia & Macroglia • Functions 1. Support 2. Insulation (myelination & barrier formation) 3. Phagocytosis 4. Modulatory effects 5. Direct growth of neurons to their destination.
- 13. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL • Is the potential difference across cell membrane under resting condition. • Normal value from -10 mV to 100 mV, negative inside when compared to outside. • In nerve fibre, it is -70 mV.
- 14. ACTION POTENTIAL “ The sequence of rapid changes that takes place in the membrane potential during excitation by applying a threshold stimulus. “ • It is dynamic & self propagating potential.
- 15. ACTION POTENTIAL
- 16. ECG, EEG, EMG
- 17. LOCAL POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL 5. It is response to subthreshold stimulus It is response to threshold stimuli & above 6. Hyperpolarising or depolarising Always depolarising followed by repolarising phase 7. No refractory period Refractory period is seen
- 18. SUMMARY
- 19. PROPERTIES • A nerve fibre exhibits the following properties 1. Excitability 2. Conductivity 3. All or none phenomenon 4. Refractory period 5. Infatiguability 6. Adaption or accommodation
- 20. MUSCLE SPINDLE
- 23. Nerve Degeneration & Regeneration