NEOPLASIA.pptx
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Benign and malignant neoplasms can be differentiated based on their gross and microscopic features. Benign neoplasms are generally well-circumscribed masses that are spherical or ovoid in shape and are often encapsulated. They are freely movable and uniform in appearance unless changes like hemorrhage or infarction have occurred. Microscopically, benign tumors show characteristic growth patterns and differentiated tumor cells, as well as tumor angiogenesis and stroma formation. In contrast, malignant neoplasms exhibit features of invasion and metastasis.
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This document discusses the examination and composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It outlines the various techniques used to collect CSF samples, including lumbar puncture. The document then lists different conditions that can cause increased levels of certain cells in the CSF, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and malignant cells. These conditions include various types of meningitis, infections, and cancers. Finally, the document notes several immunological examination techniques that can be used to identify viruses, tuberculosis, syphilis, and other pathogens in CSF samples.
12- Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion 2018-converted.pptx
Blood typing involves determining the presence of antigens on red blood cells. The ABO and Rh blood group systems are most important for blood transfusions. Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood groups in 1901 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work. The ABO blood groups are determined by the presence of A and B antigens, and antibodies against antigens not present. Type O blood lacks both antigens and can be donated to all groups, while Type AB has both antigens and is a universal recipient. Compatible blood typing and cross-matching between donor and recipient prevents transfusion reactions.
Pediatric autopsy.pptx
This document provides guidance on performing autopsies on pediatric cases. It discusses the purpose of pediatric autopsies which is to determine the cause of death and identify any developmental abnormalities or organ pathology. It outlines the preparation, external examination, internal examination and dissection of organs that should be conducted. Key steps include external measurements, examining features of the head, skin, chest, abdomen and extremities. The internal examination involves inspecting organs in-situ before removal and dissection of the heart, lungs, brain and other organs. Tissue sampling and imaging may also be utilized.
Kidney failure.pptx
1. Renal failure can be acute or chronic and is classified based on the underlying cause and pathology. Acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by a rapid decline in renal function and accumulation of waste products in the blood. Common causes of ARF include decreased blood flow to the kidneys, direct kidney damage, or urinary tract obstruction.
2. Chronic renal failure (CRF) is an irreversible deterioration of renal function that develops slowly over time. It can be caused by diseases affecting the glomeruli or tubulointerstitial tissues. CRF results in fluid and electrolyte imbalances as well as metabolic abnormalities that manifest as uraemic symptoms.
3. Laboratory findings in renal
special stain
This document discusses various special stains used in pathology to identify different tissue components. It describes stains for carbohydrates like Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), mucins like Alcian blue and mucicarmine, collagen and elastic fibers like reticulin and trichrome stains, amyloid with Congo red, lipids, melanin, calcium, iron, and microorganisms. It provides details on the principles, reagents, controls, and uses of these important special stains.
Autopsy techniques.ppt
- Autopsies date back to ancient Greece and have evolved significantly over time, with early contributors including Herophilus, Galen, Vesalius, and Virchow.
- The main objectives of autopsy are to determine the cause of death, identify hereditary diseases, rule out infectious diseases, and provide information for education, research, and national statistics.
- There are various techniques for performing autopsies including en masse, en bloc, and in situ methods. Special techniques are also used for situations like postoperative autopsies.
Bilirubin &jaundice.pptx
Bilirubin metabolism involves its source from the breakdown of heme, transport to the liver, hepatic uptake and conjugation then secretion into bile, and intestinal elimination. The document discusses bilirubin metabolism, the etiology and pathogenesis of jaundice, and the distinction between direct and indirect hyperbilirubinemia.
acute inflammation.pptx
Acute inflammation can take several morphological patterns depending on the type and severity of injury or infection. Serous inflammation involves a cell-poor fluid exudate without microbes or many leukocytes. Fibrinous inflammation is characterized by increased vascular permeability allowing fibrin deposition in tissues like the meninges or pleura. Purulent or suppurative inflammation is due to bacterial infection, resulting in pus formation from neutrophils, cell debris, and fluid collecting in abscesses surrounded by preserved neutrophils and chronic inflammation.
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- 1. NEOPLASIA
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- 8. Benign vs Malignant Tumour
- 9. Gross features of benign neoplasm