Needs Analysis for Medical English Education: Doctors’ Literacy Related with Cognition and Identity
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Needs Analysis for Medical English Education: Doctors’ Literacy Related with Cognition and Identity Emiko Matsumoto, Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan The Ninth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature 1-2 February 2024 , Ahwaz For more information, please visit the conference website: WWW.LLLD.IR Please feel free to write if there is any query. The Conference Secretariat, Ahwaz 61335-4619 Iran Tel: (+98) 61-32931199 Fax: (+98) 61-32931198 Mobile: (+98) 916-5088772 (WhatsApp Number) Email: info@llld.ir
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Needs Analysis for Medical English Education: Doctors’ Literacy Related with Cognition and Identity
- 1. Needs Analysis for Medical English Education : Doctors’Literacy Related with Cognition and Identity Emiko Matsumoto Juntendo University em-matsumoto@juntendo.ac.jp
- 2. Community of Medical University Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Health and Sports Science •Faculty of Health Care and Nursing •Faculty of Health Science and Nursing •Faculty of International Liberal Arts ← Department I belong to •Faculty of Health Science •Faculty of Medical Science •Faculty of Health Data Science Communities of Practice Learning, meaning, and Identity (Wenger 1997)
- 3. The Purpose Future: Develop curriculum for Medical English ↑ Dissertation: Needs Analysis of Medical Doctors ( compare with students needs) Literacy of doctors Cognition (how doctors perceive the difference of their cognition and the patients cognition) Identity (how doctors identity as a doctor related with their attitude)
- 6. Triangulation Observation With Participants at International Conference Questionnaire For students Interview With General Doctors
- 7. Triangulation Observation With Participants at International Conference Questionnaire For students Interview With General Doctors Cognition Identity Literacy
- 8. Traditional Literacy in General Literacy ≒ the ability To to……..Reading, Writing, calculating, computer skills.. Illiterate person … Someone who has not acquire reading and writing skills Collins (1995) Gee (1989)
- 9. New Literacy Studies（NLS) 1. Multimodality: visual, oral, digital, multimedia Street & Hornberger (2010) 2. Social practices: embedded within social practices Street (1995) 3. Literacy events and practices reading is utilized in real-world situations Defoe (2004) 4. Literacy as a social and cultural tool: working life and literacies Hunter (2004) Media literacy (Yoshimura, 2021), ICT literacy (Tomotaki, 2022), Legal literacy (Sakai, 2022) Physical literacy
- 10. Identity Personal Identity and Social Identity are distinct concepts. Vignoles (2017), Social Identity personal identity
- 11. Identity Personal Identity Social Identity Social Identity personal identity
- 12. Identity Psychological → Social Motivation to Investment Social Identity Investment is seen as dynamic and complex across time and social contexts Psychological identity Motivation primarily a psychological construct that focuses on conscious and unconscious factors
- 13. The Study *Research Question 1. How does literacy affect doctors’ discourse? 2. How do doctors construct their professional identity through discourse? 3. What are the pedagogical implications of doctors’ literacy and perceived identity?
- 14. Methodology Observation With Participants at International Conference Questionnaire For students Interview With General Doctors To conduct Needs Analysis.. Conversation Analysis
- 15. Data collection Method Methods Data Collection Methods Participants 1 Interview written and electric forms of question sheets face to face interview recording zoom video recording 2 Participants Observation note-taking for 8 sessions for 15 speakers Doctors video recording interview by e-mail exchange 3 Questionnaire to the students written forms of question sheets Students Doctors Dentist Veterinarian Student Researchers
- 16. Participants Interview Date Participant’s Name *Pseudonym Gender Age Affiliation, Speciality March, 4th, 2020 Dr. Kotani M 66 Veterinarian, research worker, immunology March, 6th, 2020 Dr. Funabashi M 34 Cardiology doctor, graduate student March, 9th, 2020 Dr. Tsuchiya M 43 Medical Director of Cardiology, Associate professor March, 11th, 2020 Dr. Hirata M 47 Endoscopic surgeon, Associate professor March, 18th, 2020 Dr. Fujisawa M 49 Breast endocrinology surgeon, Associate professor March, 20th, 2020 Dr. Matsumaru F 41 Obstetrician and gynecologist August, 4th, 2020 Dr. Sakai M 46 Breast endocrinology surgeon, cytopathology August, 23rd, 2020 Dr. Namba M 43 Emergency doctor, Intensive Care doctor August, 28th, 2020 Dr. Nimura M 55 Chemotherapist, Surgeon September, 1st, 2021 Dr. Ishida F 59 Medical Technologist, Laboratory technician January, 21st, 2022 Dr. Kataoka M 33 Prosthodontics, Dentist, advanced prosthodontics at San Antonio Total Length of Interview – 705 min. (11 hours and 45 min.)
- 17. Participant of the observation
- 18. Empathy for understanding the patient’s cognition
- 19. Empathy for understanding the patient’s cognition
- 20. Empathy for understanding the patient’s cognition
- 21. Empathy for understanding the patient’s cognition
- 22. Empathy for understanding the patient’s cognition
- 23. Ability to understand the audience’s cognition
- 24. Ability to understand the audience’s cognition
- 25. Ability to understand the audience’s cognition
- 26. Mid-term results Needs Analysis Target Situation Present Situation Interview Observation (CA) Questionnaire Doctor's Literacyto understand patients'/audience' cognition Empathyforunderstanding thepatient’s cognition Abilitytounderstand the audience’s cognition
- 27. Thank you so much. Emiko Matsumoto
Editor's Notes
- Hi, My name is Emiko Matsumoto I’m a lecturer at the faculty of International Liberal Arts in Juntendo University , its a medical university in Japan. This is my 7th year working as a lecturer there. I’m a doctoral student in Meisei University Graduate School of Humanities and writing a doctoral dissertation. This is my third time to attend this conference in Iran. I’m so glad to have this opportunity to present my paper here. So, happy to see you again. The title of my presentation is “Needs Analysis for medical English Education :doctor’s literacy related with Cognition in time and space and Identity Since the title contains challenging words like 'Literacy,' 'Cognition,' and 'Identity' which may require detailed explanation of their concepts.. I understand that it would be impossible to cover everything in this presentation, so today I will provide a brief overview of my study and hope to receive your valuable feedback and guidance. I believe that this research has the potential to lay the foundation for the development of medical English curriculum
- At Juntendo University, the University itself is the medical community the University website states, 'As a health university, we contribute to the health of the people.' There are eight faculties, and I work in one of them, the Faculty of International Liberal Arts. Aside from the faculty I am working for, all seven other faculties are related to healthcare. Even in my department, the Faculty of International Liberal Arts, courses related to health literacy and global health are offered. Most faculty members have medical backgrounds, except for our language team and many of them are medical doctors. Therefore, as a researcher, I have been working at a medical university for a relatively long period of seven years, engaging with the community of doctors as an English teacher. I was inspired by concepts of Wenger’s ‘Community of Practice’ As an English teacher, I have been working at Juntendo University for a long time. However, within the medical community, English instructors like myself are marginalized member. However, even though I may be on the periphery, I am still part of the community. I’m Curious about the community of doctors, So, I am going to study the English language needs essential for Doctors.
- So, the purpose of my research is to explore the needs of medical doctors In the future, I would like to develop curriculum for medical English So the dissertation will be the preliminary study to develop the curriculum. In order to know the needs of medical doctors, I would like to know the Literacy of doctors. Doctors literacy is deeply related with doctors cognition (how doctors perceive the difference of their cognition and the patients cognition) And Identity of doctors (how doctors identity as a doctor related with their attitude)
- So, I’d like to know the needs of doctors In the process of conducting Needs Analysis The target situation and present situation should be compared However, To make my presentation as simple as possible, Today, I would like to explain only the data about the target situation and a bit about the present situation.
- I extracted data for the target situation from two sources: interviews and observations. I compared and examined what the doctors mentioned in the interviews with what actually occurred in presentations, at different times and locations To arrange these three squares to three corners of triangle, it signifies the each data have a relationship with one another.
- I’m going to repeat this in the Methodology section, In this study the data is gathered from various sources and perspectives to enhance the validity of the study. Triangulation serves as a technique to enhance the validity of the study in doing qualitative research.
- In this study another, three key concepts, Literacy, Cognition, and Identity, should be studied.
- So Let me start by explaining the term, Literacy For people outside of the research fields, the term ‘Literacy’ has a rather narrow meaning, such as acquisition of reading, writing, calculating, and computer skills. For example, generally, Illiterate person means someone who has not acquire reading and writing skills. In developing countries, international agencies are concerned with the literacy rate of citizens by enhancing education by improving its curriculum and assessments.
- However, New Literacy Studies （NLS) has emerged in (1980) as a response to traditional approaches to literacy education. Instead of viewing literacy simply as the ability to read and write, NLS takes a broader and more sociocultural perspective on literacy practices and their significance in various contexts. It seeks to understand how literacy is shaped by social, cultural, historical, and political factors and how it, in turn, influences social practices and power dynamics. Recently, many researchers have conducted studies related to various types of literacy. For example, media literacy of students in a junior high school, ICT literacy in the medical school, Legal literacy in a university and physical literacy in the field of physical education and sports.
- Next, Let me explain the concept of Identity The current research aims to conduct foundational study on English education for medical students, and as part of this, it will also examine the identities of practicing physicians. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a definition for the term "Identity. Before delving into the explanation of 'Identity,' I would like to clarify my position regarding this research Some researchers, like Vignoles (2017）argue that Personal Identity and Social Identity are distinct concepts. However, in this study, I believe that Personal Identity is Deeply connected, or intertwined with Social Identity.
- Personally, I think personal identity is intertwined with social identity. In this study, I’m going to apply the investment theory by bonny Norton. Bonny Norton explained that motivation is primarily a psychological construct that focuses on conscious and unconscious factors to determine to learn language Instead she turned to the social component how learners learn differently based on the social context in which they put in So motivation was first seen as a fixed and coherent internal process Instead bonny Norton put forward the idea that investment is seen as Dynamic and complex across time and social context.
- These are the research questions But I apologize for not answering these research questions for today.
- To gain a comprehensive understanding of the needs of medical doctors, this study employed a mixed-method approach. This research used various data collection methods, with a particular emphasis on triangulation. Triangulation, as described by Long (2005) involves comparing different sets and sources of data to enhance the validity of the data. Validity, in this context, refers to the extent to which the study accurately captures the phenomenon under investigation.
- For this study, data has been obtained from several sources to make the validity of the research. Thus, in the current research, the data comes from in-depth interviews with 11 medical professionals working at hospitals and research institutions, participant observation with 13 medical doctors followed by questions and interactions by e-mails, and questionnaire for the 81 students in Health and Science department in Juntendo University.
- Involved in the current research were 11 medical doctors Here, I placed the list of the 11 participants and their gender, age, and affiliation. Real names have been replaced by pseudonyms. The interview was conducted for six days from March 4 2020 to January 21st, 2022 And the total length of interview was approximately 11 hours and 45 minutes.
- Participant observation was conducted on May 14th and May 15th 2022, in Kyoto (Japan). The 3rd World Congress of Endoscopy, was taken place. Today, its still too premature to conclude my doctoral paper. I’d like to show you just one of my midterm findings and enjoy this presentation as a great opportunity to share how I analyze and recognize the doctors utterances. I’ll show just 2 sample data from the interview.
- There is one findings Doctors who recognize himself as “inefficient in communication” use visually and physically feasible communication materials and tools and make the communication successful There is a doctor I interviewed with. His name is Kataoka Kataoka is a specialized prosthodontic dentist who live in San Antonio 4 years ago, he was a students of me,. He was studying for taking TOEFL test to pass his current orthodontic special course in Tokyo. I met him as a TOEFL teacher in Japan. After that, he became a dentist in San Antonio And , In the interview session, he told me he wanted to “give good smile” with beautiful straightened teeth to the patients. this first picture is a patient when she came to his clinic. She wanted to get beautiful smile.
- she wanted to “smile” beautifully so she bought the teeth model from Amazon, internet site, and place the model into her mouth. But it didn’t work well to get good smile.
- So the dentist Kataoka thought rather than explaining by his poor English, he made a denture, the teeth model, and placed into the patient’s mouth. On the day of the wearing teeth to try, the patient seemed to felt very excited and she wore beautiful make up on her face.
- This Next picture are the shot on the day of the trying on. The dentist Kataoka said the patients decided to take his treatment by paying a huge amount of money and now she became his loyal customer.
- Now, weeks has passed after the treatment is almost finished, the patients can smile even without full make up of her face. In this example, the dentist, Kataoka, understood that he could provide effective treatment, but realizing that there was a difference in perception between himself and the patient due to the language barrier, he demonstrated literacy as a doctor by comprehending this gap. He took the initiative to create dentures, and showed her the process of fitting them, illustrating his ability to bridge the gap in understanding between himself and the patient.
- Now, the previous example, a case where a doctor, employed cognitive abilities to understand that even though the doctor knew certain things, the patient might not be able to imagine them. In contrast, there are instances observed in international conference presentations where doctors deliberately choose not to explain what they already know among doctors community. One example involves the explanation of a medical device called the "Flower Stent," which has a cross-section shaped like a flower. This occurred during a presentation at an international conference Prior explanation was given about a new type of metal stent. A stent is a medical device used to expand parts of the human body from the inside. It has been pre-explained that stents covered in some manner are not favorable, and a strong axial force is also undesirable.
- Regarding the features of this Flower Stent (a medical device that expands tubular parts of the human body from the inside), the video explains that the axial force is close to zero, as shown in the left image. Additionally, as depicted in the right image, the presence of grooves allows for the escape of liquids without causing blockage.
- Following the explanation of the Flower Stent, the scene transitions to the inside of an organ without specific details on its location. I didn’t understand where this place is. However, as there is a common understanding among experts this is the inside of some organ, there is a deliberate choice of the presenter not to provide explanations where it is.
- As a result of today's presentation, It can be said physician literacy involves understanding how patients feel and being able to adapt the mode of explanation accordingly. In actual conferences, it has become apparent that doctors know how colleagues within the same profession perceive information. Based on the above observations, it has become evident that in actual conferences, physicians posess cognitive abilities, to understand the perceptions of their colleagues thoroughly. They deliberately choose not to explain information that is not deemed necessary for their professional peers, demonstrating a high level of professional Literacy.