This document discusses the quality of primary education in India. It provides a historical overview of education in India, noting that access to education was traditionally restricted based on caste. After independence in 1947, the government expanded provision of primary education, increasing literacy rates from 15% to 52% by 1991. However, many students still drop out before age 14 and achievement is low. Rural schools face challenges like lack of resources while urban schools emphasize exams over creativity. Successful approaches to educating girls involve making education more affordable, practical, girl-friendly, and improving quality. Private education can be more efficient than public education but also risks social inequalities.