Non-destructive testing methods like liquid penetrant inspection and magnetic particle inspection can be used to find surface-breaking flaws in welds. Liquid penetrant inspection uses dyes that are drawn into surface cracks by capillary action and revealed with developers. Magnetic particle inspection magnetizes ferromagnetic materials and uses iron particles to indicate distortions in magnetic fields caused by subsurface flaws. Both methods are limited in their ability to find buried flaws and require clean surfaces to avoid false indications. Proper technique and interpretation of results by qualified inspectors are needed to effectively use non-destructive testing to evaluate weld quality.
Liquid penetrant testing (LPT) is a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface-breaking defects in materials. It involves applying a liquid penetrant to the surface, removing excess penetrant, and using a developer to draw penetrant out of defects by capillary action, revealing indications. Proper selection of penetrant, developer, and testing conditions like temperature and dwell time are important to obtain clear defect indications and avoid false calls. Manufacturing processes can impact LPT results by obscuring or enhancing indications. Interpreters must consider these factors and condition of the part surface.
This document discusses various types of welding defects and imperfections including lack of fusion, porosity, slag inclusions, and solidification cracking. It describes how to identify each type, their causes, best practices for prevention, acceptance standards, and methods for detection and remediation. The key types of imperfections are classified as fabrication defects occurring during welding or service defects that form during use, and guidelines are provided for minimizing defects and producing quality welds.
This document discusses various types of defects in materials and inspection methods. It describes inherent, processing, and service defects. It also explains different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods like visual inspection, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, eddy current, and X-ray tests. Each method is used to detect specific defects without harming the test material. NDT plays an important role in inspecting materials and structures to ensure safety and prevent failures.
Case studies on improving testing processes for batteries, interior components, composites and electronics.
Presented at Automotive Testing Expo Europe 2016.
The document discusses penetrant testing, which is a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface-breaking defects in materials. It explains the principles and methodology of penetrant testing, including precleaning, applying penetrant, removing excess penetrant, applying developer, and interpreting results. The advantages and disadvantages are outlined. Proper procedures and standards are emphasized to ensure effective testing.
Internship presentation at Fabrimax Engg Pvt Ltdabhishekgawande
This document summarizes an industry internship presentation by two mechanical engineering students at G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering. The presentation describes the fabrication processes at Fabrimax Engineering Pvt Ltd, where the students interned. It provides an overview of the company and its quality standards. Key fabrication processes like CNC cutting, three roller bending, and submerged metal arc welding are explained. Post-weld inspection techniques like dye penetrant testing, radiography testing, and ultrasonic testing are also summarized. A case study on using a robotic system for automatic ultrasonic weld inspection is presented to improve production quality and rates.
The document discusses various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods used to assess welds including penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiographic testing. It provides details on the procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. The document also covers topics like weld repairs, residual stresses and distortion from welding, and different heat treatments including annealing and normalizing.
This document discusses three common non-destructive testing methods: radiography testing, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant testing. It provides an overview of the principles, advantages, limitations, and applications of each method. Radiography testing uses x-rays or gamma rays to detect flaws by observing variations in radiation absorption. Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves that reflect off discontinuities. Liquid penetrant testing uses a fluid that seeps into surface-breaking flaws, which are then revealed using a developer. The document also lists traditional and advanced non-destructive testing methods and provides details on interpreting radiography and ultrasonic testing results.
Liquid penetrant testing (LPT) is a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface-breaking defects in materials. It involves applying a liquid penetrant to the surface, removing excess penetrant, and using a developer to draw penetrant out of defects by capillary action, revealing indications. Proper selection of penetrant, developer, and testing conditions like temperature and dwell time are important to obtain clear defect indications and avoid false calls. Manufacturing processes can impact LPT results by obscuring or enhancing indications. Interpreters must consider these factors and condition of the part surface.
This document discusses various types of welding defects and imperfections including lack of fusion, porosity, slag inclusions, and solidification cracking. It describes how to identify each type, their causes, best practices for prevention, acceptance standards, and methods for detection and remediation. The key types of imperfections are classified as fabrication defects occurring during welding or service defects that form during use, and guidelines are provided for minimizing defects and producing quality welds.
This document discusses various types of defects in materials and inspection methods. It describes inherent, processing, and service defects. It also explains different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods like visual inspection, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, eddy current, and X-ray tests. Each method is used to detect specific defects without harming the test material. NDT plays an important role in inspecting materials and structures to ensure safety and prevent failures.
Case studies on improving testing processes for batteries, interior components, composites and electronics.
Presented at Automotive Testing Expo Europe 2016.
The document discusses penetrant testing, which is a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface-breaking defects in materials. It explains the principles and methodology of penetrant testing, including precleaning, applying penetrant, removing excess penetrant, applying developer, and interpreting results. The advantages and disadvantages are outlined. Proper procedures and standards are emphasized to ensure effective testing.
Internship presentation at Fabrimax Engg Pvt Ltdabhishekgawande
This document summarizes an industry internship presentation by two mechanical engineering students at G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering. The presentation describes the fabrication processes at Fabrimax Engineering Pvt Ltd, where the students interned. It provides an overview of the company and its quality standards. Key fabrication processes like CNC cutting, three roller bending, and submerged metal arc welding are explained. Post-weld inspection techniques like dye penetrant testing, radiography testing, and ultrasonic testing are also summarized. A case study on using a robotic system for automatic ultrasonic weld inspection is presented to improve production quality and rates.
The document discusses various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods used to assess welds including penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiographic testing. It provides details on the procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. The document also covers topics like weld repairs, residual stresses and distortion from welding, and different heat treatments including annealing and normalizing.
This document discusses three common non-destructive testing methods: radiography testing, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant testing. It provides an overview of the principles, advantages, limitations, and applications of each method. Radiography testing uses x-rays or gamma rays to detect flaws by observing variations in radiation absorption. Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves that reflect off discontinuities. Liquid penetrant testing uses a fluid that seeps into surface-breaking flaws, which are then revealed using a developer. The document also lists traditional and advanced non-destructive testing methods and provides details on interpreting radiography and ultrasonic testing results.
This document provides an overview of various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods and their application in aviation, including visual inspection, dye penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiographic testing. It describes the basic principles, equipment used, inspection procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. The overall purpose is to appraise NDT techniques and how they can be used to inspect aircraft components and structures.
NDT is a group of analysis techniques used to evaluate materials, components, or systems without damaging them. Some common NDT methods include dye penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiography testing. NDT is useful for detecting internal and surface flaws in materials and components, evaluating assemblies and systems, validating integrity and reliability, and maintaining safety. It allows for inspection and evaluation to take place without destroying the sample being analyzed.
This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It begins by defining NDT as techniques used to evaluate materials without causing damage. It then lists common NDT types like visual inspection, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the principles and applications. The document focuses on liquid penetrant testing, describing the procedure and noting it is useful for inspecting parts like aircraft wheels and automotive pistons. It also discusses advantages of NDT like avoiding failures and ensuring safety. In conclusion, it states that NDT can save costs for facilities that implement its methods properly.
This presentation covers various inspection tests for pressure parts, including visual inspection, thickness measurement, non-destructive testing, and modern equipment. It discusses test classifications like destructive and non-destructive, as well as specific tests like dye penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiography. The presentation also covers topics like failure analysis, corrosion measurement, and how to properly handle pressure part failures.
The document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It describes 8 common NDT techniques: visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, radiographic testing, eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, acoustic emission testing, and thermography. It provides details on visual testing and liquid penetrant testing methods, including their basic principles, advantages, limitations, and applications. Magnetic particle testing is also introduced as a method to detect defects in ferromagnetic materials using magnetic fields and particles.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) refers to a group of analysis techniques used to evaluate materials, components, or systems without causing damage. Common NDT methods include liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, and ultrasonic testing. Liquid penetrant testing uses a dye that is drawn into surface-breaking flaws by capillary action and visualized. Magnetic particle testing magnetizes a part and uses iron particles to indicate areas of magnetic flux leakage from subsurface flaws. Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves that reflect off internal flaws and interfaces, with the reflections analyzed to detect and characterize imperfections.
This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods. It defines NDT as noninvasive testing techniques used to determine the integrity of components without damaging them. Six common NDT methods are described: visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiography. A variety of industrial applications are discussed where NDT is used, such as inspecting aircraft, pipelines, bridges and more.
This document discusses liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), a non-destructive testing method used to locate surface-breaking defects. It describes the 6 key steps of LPI: 1) pre-cleaning the surface, 2) applying penetrant, 3) removing excess penetrant, 4) applying developer, 5) inspection under UV or white light, and 6) post-cleaning. It also covers the principles of LPI, properties required for good penetrants and developers, types of penetrants, and provides examples of LPI applications and limitations.
This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. It discusses the objective of NDT to detect defects without damaging products. Three common NDT techniques are described: visual inspection to find surface defects, liquid penetrant testing where a dye reveals surface cracks, and radiography using x-rays to see internal flaws by images on film. The document provides details on the basic procedures and principles for each technique.
The objective of this course is to provide a basic overview of failure analysis. It will include discussion of failure mechanisms, analytical techniques and case histories
• To provide you with a clear understanding of terms used so that you can ask the right questions and interpret common observations with ease
Types of failures
Failure modes
How to conduct failure analysis
Analyze data
Failure mechanism
Prevention of Failures
Failures examples
This document summarizes a technical seminar on non-destructive testing (NDT). It defines NDT as techniques used to evaluate materials without causing damage. The objectives of NDT are outlined, including avoiding failures and accidents. Common NDT methods are described at a high level, such as liquid penetrant testing, ultrasonic testing, radiography, and eddy current testing. Specific NDT techniques are then summarized, including advantages and limitations. The document emphasizes that NDT can save costs by detecting flaws without damaging components. Proper training is needed to effectively apply these techniques.
This document provides information about various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It discusses visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, and some common uses of NDT. Liquid penetrant testing uses a liquid dye that is drawn into surface-breaking flaws by capillary action and then revealed using a developer. Magnetic particle testing magnetizes a part and uses iron particles to reveal surface or near surface defects. NDT methods are used for applications like flaw detection, leak detection, and monitoring manufacturing processes without causing damage.
Nondestructive testing (NDT) allows inspection or measurement of materials without causing damage. Common NDT methods include visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiography. These methods are used to detect inherent, processing, and service defects in raw materials and components, as well as to inspect for in-service damage in applications like aircraft engines, rails, and bridges in order to ensure safety and prevent failures.
The document discusses transformer switchgear maintenance and failures. It provides data on common causes of transformer failures from design defects (36%), manufacturing problems (28%), and material defects (13%). Failures are also caused by poor maintenance (5%) and overloads (1%). Winding failures account for 29% of component failures. The document also lists various failure causes related to design, manufacturing, materials, and abnormal overloads/surges and provides recommended remedial measures.
False air or excess air in sealed systems like boiler flue gas paths or ACC vacuum systems can cause issues like heat loss, fan inefficiency, and increased downtime. It is important to identify sources of false air, measure levels periodically, and implement remedial actions like sealing leaks. Key steps include dedicating teams to identify leak areas, take measurements, and make repairs during outages in a timely manner, as well as implementing design and fabrication best practices, online monitoring instruments, and preventative maintenance programs.
The document discusses various non-destructive testing methods used to inspect welds, including visual testing, penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiographic testing. Visual testing involves using tools to examine weld features and detect discontinuities. Penetrant testing uses dye or fluorescent materials to reveal surface-breaking flaws. Magnetic particle and ultrasonic testing can detect internal flaws in ferrous and non-ferrous metals, while radiographic testing uses x-rays or gamma rays to examine weld interiors and create permanent records of weld quality. Proper calibration and interpretation by trained technicians is important for all non-destructive testing methods.
The document summarizes an inspection report of an underground tunnel structure in Montreal. It describes the major structural components, materials used, current conditions, deterioration over time, recommendations from previous inspections, and suggested repair and testing methods. The structure is in critical condition with extensive cracking, corrosion and rebar exposure. Immediate attention is needed on retaining walls, ceiling cracks and rebar corrosion. Non-destructive and destructive testing is recommended to further evaluate the deterioration and inform repair methods. Annual inspections should continue to monitor the condition.
This document discusses various welding defects such as slag inclusion, undercut, porosity, incomplete fusion, overlap, underfill, spatter, excessive convexity, incomplete penetration, and excessive penetration. It provides the causes and ways to prevent or repair each defect. Nondestructive and destructive testing methods for inspecting welds are also summarized, including visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, radiographic testing, dye penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, and mechanical tests.
Decorative concrete requires more attention to detail and quality control compared to standard concrete. Aesthetic treatments like pigments, stains, and exposed aggregates influence the final appearance. Proper joint sealants and sealers help protect the concrete and prevent damage over time. Maintaining decorative concrete requires following the product system manufacturer's guidelines to preserve the desired look.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
This document provides an overview of various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods and their application in aviation, including visual inspection, dye penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiographic testing. It describes the basic principles, equipment used, inspection procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. The overall purpose is to appraise NDT techniques and how they can be used to inspect aircraft components and structures.
NDT is a group of analysis techniques used to evaluate materials, components, or systems without damaging them. Some common NDT methods include dye penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiography testing. NDT is useful for detecting internal and surface flaws in materials and components, evaluating assemblies and systems, validating integrity and reliability, and maintaining safety. It allows for inspection and evaluation to take place without destroying the sample being analyzed.
This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It begins by defining NDT as techniques used to evaluate materials without causing damage. It then lists common NDT types like visual inspection, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the principles and applications. The document focuses on liquid penetrant testing, describing the procedure and noting it is useful for inspecting parts like aircraft wheels and automotive pistons. It also discusses advantages of NDT like avoiding failures and ensuring safety. In conclusion, it states that NDT can save costs for facilities that implement its methods properly.
This presentation covers various inspection tests for pressure parts, including visual inspection, thickness measurement, non-destructive testing, and modern equipment. It discusses test classifications like destructive and non-destructive, as well as specific tests like dye penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiography. The presentation also covers topics like failure analysis, corrosion measurement, and how to properly handle pressure part failures.
The document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It describes 8 common NDT techniques: visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, radiographic testing, eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, acoustic emission testing, and thermography. It provides details on visual testing and liquid penetrant testing methods, including their basic principles, advantages, limitations, and applications. Magnetic particle testing is also introduced as a method to detect defects in ferromagnetic materials using magnetic fields and particles.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) refers to a group of analysis techniques used to evaluate materials, components, or systems without causing damage. Common NDT methods include liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, and ultrasonic testing. Liquid penetrant testing uses a dye that is drawn into surface-breaking flaws by capillary action and visualized. Magnetic particle testing magnetizes a part and uses iron particles to indicate areas of magnetic flux leakage from subsurface flaws. Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves that reflect off internal flaws and interfaces, with the reflections analyzed to detect and characterize imperfections.
This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods. It defines NDT as noninvasive testing techniques used to determine the integrity of components without damaging them. Six common NDT methods are described: visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiography. A variety of industrial applications are discussed where NDT is used, such as inspecting aircraft, pipelines, bridges and more.
This document discusses liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), a non-destructive testing method used to locate surface-breaking defects. It describes the 6 key steps of LPI: 1) pre-cleaning the surface, 2) applying penetrant, 3) removing excess penetrant, 4) applying developer, 5) inspection under UV or white light, and 6) post-cleaning. It also covers the principles of LPI, properties required for good penetrants and developers, types of penetrants, and provides examples of LPI applications and limitations.
This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. It discusses the objective of NDT to detect defects without damaging products. Three common NDT techniques are described: visual inspection to find surface defects, liquid penetrant testing where a dye reveals surface cracks, and radiography using x-rays to see internal flaws by images on film. The document provides details on the basic procedures and principles for each technique.
The objective of this course is to provide a basic overview of failure analysis. It will include discussion of failure mechanisms, analytical techniques and case histories
• To provide you with a clear understanding of terms used so that you can ask the right questions and interpret common observations with ease
Types of failures
Failure modes
How to conduct failure analysis
Analyze data
Failure mechanism
Prevention of Failures
Failures examples
This document summarizes a technical seminar on non-destructive testing (NDT). It defines NDT as techniques used to evaluate materials without causing damage. The objectives of NDT are outlined, including avoiding failures and accidents. Common NDT methods are described at a high level, such as liquid penetrant testing, ultrasonic testing, radiography, and eddy current testing. Specific NDT techniques are then summarized, including advantages and limitations. The document emphasizes that NDT can save costs by detecting flaws without damaging components. Proper training is needed to effectively apply these techniques.
This document provides information about various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It discusses visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, and some common uses of NDT. Liquid penetrant testing uses a liquid dye that is drawn into surface-breaking flaws by capillary action and then revealed using a developer. Magnetic particle testing magnetizes a part and uses iron particles to reveal surface or near surface defects. NDT methods are used for applications like flaw detection, leak detection, and monitoring manufacturing processes without causing damage.
Nondestructive testing (NDT) allows inspection or measurement of materials without causing damage. Common NDT methods include visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiography. These methods are used to detect inherent, processing, and service defects in raw materials and components, as well as to inspect for in-service damage in applications like aircraft engines, rails, and bridges in order to ensure safety and prevent failures.
The document discusses transformer switchgear maintenance and failures. It provides data on common causes of transformer failures from design defects (36%), manufacturing problems (28%), and material defects (13%). Failures are also caused by poor maintenance (5%) and overloads (1%). Winding failures account for 29% of component failures. The document also lists various failure causes related to design, manufacturing, materials, and abnormal overloads/surges and provides recommended remedial measures.
False air or excess air in sealed systems like boiler flue gas paths or ACC vacuum systems can cause issues like heat loss, fan inefficiency, and increased downtime. It is important to identify sources of false air, measure levels periodically, and implement remedial actions like sealing leaks. Key steps include dedicating teams to identify leak areas, take measurements, and make repairs during outages in a timely manner, as well as implementing design and fabrication best practices, online monitoring instruments, and preventative maintenance programs.
The document discusses various non-destructive testing methods used to inspect welds, including visual testing, penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiographic testing. Visual testing involves using tools to examine weld features and detect discontinuities. Penetrant testing uses dye or fluorescent materials to reveal surface-breaking flaws. Magnetic particle and ultrasonic testing can detect internal flaws in ferrous and non-ferrous metals, while radiographic testing uses x-rays or gamma rays to examine weld interiors and create permanent records of weld quality. Proper calibration and interpretation by trained technicians is important for all non-destructive testing methods.
The document summarizes an inspection report of an underground tunnel structure in Montreal. It describes the major structural components, materials used, current conditions, deterioration over time, recommendations from previous inspections, and suggested repair and testing methods. The structure is in critical condition with extensive cracking, corrosion and rebar exposure. Immediate attention is needed on retaining walls, ceiling cracks and rebar corrosion. Non-destructive and destructive testing is recommended to further evaluate the deterioration and inform repair methods. Annual inspections should continue to monitor the condition.
This document discusses various welding defects such as slag inclusion, undercut, porosity, incomplete fusion, overlap, underfill, spatter, excessive convexity, incomplete penetration, and excessive penetration. It provides the causes and ways to prevent or repair each defect. Nondestructive and destructive testing methods for inspecting welds are also summarized, including visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, radiographic testing, dye penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, and mechanical tests.
Decorative concrete requires more attention to detail and quality control compared to standard concrete. Aesthetic treatments like pigments, stains, and exposed aggregates influence the final appearance. Proper joint sealants and sealers help protect the concrete and prevent damage over time. Maintaining decorative concrete requires following the product system manufacturer's guidelines to preserve the desired look.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. 2
What faults can inspection find?
Physical features
Surface and buried flaws, dimensional deviations
Can often be discovered by inspection
Material property features
Defective strength, ductility or corrosion performance
Caused by defective composition or processing
Rarely discovered by inspection
Management requires careful process control or
destructive testing
3. 3
Physical flaws
Flaw, discontinuity or imperfection
Deviation from perfection
Can include atomic scale and large flaws
Non-conformity and defect
Flaw which fails to meet prescribed standard
Nonconformity may not be discovered, or may be
allowed after critical engineering assessment
Defects cause rejection, material is repaired or
scrapped.
4. 4
Seriousness of flaws
Planar flaws
May initiate catastrophic brittle or fatigue
failure
Often difficult to find
Cracks, incomplete fusion, inadequate
penetration
Volumetric flaws
Loss of cross section
Easier to find
Pores, blowholes, inclusions, many surface
irregularities
Critical flaws
Non-critical flaws
5. 5
Cracks
Metallurgical phenomena
Presence may indicate low ductility
Variety of locations
Weld, HAZ, base metal
Transverse, longitudinal
Often difficult to find
Inspection does not guarantee
freedom from cracking
Serious stress raisers
Not tolerated
Longitudinal crack
Crater crack
6. 6
Inadequate penetration
Loss of cross section
Sharp edge causes stress
concentration
Joint geometry or welding
parameters error
May cause fatigue or brittle failure
Not tolerated in fatigue applications
7. 7
Incomplete fusion
Low arc energy, high quench severity,
poor joint design
Planar flaws with a sharp edge
If small and intermittent, not very
significant
Low effect on toughness, fatigue
If large and continuous as serious as
inadequate penetration
Some standards allow significant levels
8. 8
Slag inclusions
Due to improper technique
Volumetric defect easily found by
radiography
Only occurs using processes with a flux
Up to 4% may be tolerated without loss
of impact toughness
Ductility is only affected in high strength
steels
Some is tolerated by all standards
9. 9
Porosity
Caused by evolution of gas (usually
hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen) during
solidification
Contamination of base material, shielding gas
or electrodes
No effect on strength unless >3% by volume
No effect on ductility
Only affects fatigue in butt joints if it breaks
the surface
Easily found by radiography
Far less is tolerated by standards than is
structurally significant
10. 10
Surface defects
Underfill and undersized welds
Excessive weld metal
Convexity, distortion and waste
Undercut
Overlap
Warping or distortion
Misalignment
Arc strikes and spatter
12. 12
All inspection requires
An identified area to test
Uniquely identified
Properly prepared and accessible
A defined test procedure
National standard, work instruction
An acceptance standard
Permitted level of imperfections
A competent and unbiased inspector, with
appropriate equipment
13. 13
Accreditation
National Association of Testing Authorities
Accreditation of Laboratories in Australia
Not individuals
Accreditation and audit by peer review
Reports can be endorsed with NATA logo
14. 14
NATA requirements
Written test methods and procedures
Adequate staff and technical control
Appropriate and calibrated equipment
Control of test reports and laboratory or field
records
15. 15
Level of inspection
Decided by design authority and owner
Random or 100%?
Criticality of area to be inspected
Chance of a flaw existing
Cost of inspection
May be better to target inspection
16. 16
Random inspection
NOT for critical nonconformities
As specified by code / contract
Must be random (not just the most convenient)
Logically defined batch
Statistical sampling techniques
AS 1199 and AS 1399
17. 17
Targeted inspection
May be better to target inspection to:
where defects are most likely to occur, or
would have the most serious implications on
performance
19. 19
Visual scanning
The finished component is viewed from a
distance to see if all fabrication and welding has
been done, and there are no gross discrepancies
100% is required
20. 20
Final visual inspection (VI)
Finished welds are viewed from a close distance (300mm)
with adequate light to determine if there are surface
defects
Primary evaluation method of underestimated importance
Detects critical flaws
Prerequisite to other tests
Method often not detailed, but see AS3978 and BS5289
(superseded)
Aided possibly with a mirror, magnifier, video camera or
borescope
21. 21
Limitations of visual inspection
May miss significant defects
Buried defects
Small or narrow defects (cracks)
Surface colour variation (scale, heat tint) masks defects
23. 23
Liquid penetrant inspection
Dye penetrant inspection (DPI)
Bleed-out of penetrant against a contrasting
developer
Can reveal leaks through a vessel wall
Reveals much finer flaws than visual inspection
For example, fine cracks 0.2mm long
24. 24
Features of DPI
Finds surface defects in non-porous materials
Non-magnetic materials can be examined
Light, portable equipment
Aerosol cans, rags, paper towels
Properly done it takes time
Test surface has to be smooth, uncontaminated,
and undeformed
Machined or ground surfaces may have defects
smeared over
25. 25
Procedure
Follow the supplier's directions
Standards specify test methods, eg ASTM E165, ASME
Section V, ISO 3879, AS 2062
All materials (penetrant, remover and developer) should
be from one supplier as a kit
Parts must be clean and dry and at the correct
temperature
Precleaning requires removal of all oil, grease, dirt, paint,
slag, spatter
Dry after cleaning by warming
26. 26
Penetrant
Liquid with a high surface tension is
applied and wets the surface
Soaking into surface flaws
Coloured with a dye for visibility
Fluorescent dyes for use with UV
illumination in a darkened cubicle
Applied by dipping, flooding, brushing or
spraying
Wait the specified dwell time
27. 27
Removing surplus penetrant
Water washable penetrants are flushed
with water
Post emulsifiable penetrants require the
emulsifier to be applied by dipping,
flooding or spraying
Solvent removable penetrants are first
wiped up with dry rags then with a rag
dampened with the solvent
28. 28
Developers
Blot up dye from flaws revealing their
location
Absorbent material with a colour which
contrasts the penetrant
Developers may be suspended in water
or other liquid, or may be dry powder
Applied by dipping, immersing, flooding,
dusting or spraying
Wait for a minimum dwell time of 7
minutes, or as specified
29. 29
Defects found by DPI
Most are cracks, which can be exceedingly fine
Also finds inadequate penetration, incomplete
fusion, and pores that are open to the surface
Does not find buried flaws
Overlap and undercut best seen by visual
inspection
30. 30
Limitations of DPI
Rough surfaces and those with scale can give
false indications
Coatings, smeared metal and contamination may
hide defects
Materials may emit hazardous or toxic vapours
The process takes considerable time and effort
Cleaning is essential before testing and may be
required after testing
31. 31
Magnetic Particle Inspection
Detecting distorted magnetic fields
around a flaw
Flux leakage
Part must be magnetised
Magnetic particles are applied while
part is magnetised
Accumulations of magnetic particles
may indicate a flaw
32. 32
Application of MPI
Technique applied after & during welding
Root run, backgouged second side and during repair
All welding supervisors and inspectors should be
familiar with it
Final inspections should be by authorised
personnel
33. 33
Features of MPI
Part must be uniformly ferromagnetic (ferritic
steel)
Cannot be used for non magnetic materials: austenitic
steels, non-ferrous alloys
Dissimilar joints can show indications at the interface
Finds planar flaws close to surface
Sub-surface rounded flaws are indistinct
Quicker than dye penetrant inspection
Not as influenced by contamination as DPI
34. 34
Magnetisation
May magnetise whole component or only part of it
Passing current through the part
Making the part the core of an electromagnet
Applying an electromagnet
Applying a permanent magnet
35. 35
Magnetisation by current flow
Current
Current passing longitudinally
in shaft generates a
circumferential field
Longitudinal
Flaw
Amps
36. 36
Magnetisation in solenoid core
Current
Longitudinal magnetic field created by inserting shaft in a coil,
And passing an electric current through the coil.
N
Amps
39. 39
MPI Media
Dry powders
Rounded, mobile particles
Can be used at high temperatures
Easily removed
Inks (powders suspended in liquid)
Finer particles than dry powders - more sensitive
Coloured for visibility
Black light version
40. 40
Test method
ASTM E709, ASME V, AS1171 describe method
Written procedures required
Technique is to ensure particles are flowed gently
across the surface while the magnetic field is
applied
Remanent magnetism can sometimes be used
Confirm all indications
41. 41
False Indications
Joints with dissimilar magnetic properties
Rough surfaces
Local cold work
Residual magnetism from some other source