This document discusses three common non-destructive testing methods: radiography testing, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant testing. It provides an overview of the principles, advantages, limitations, and applications of each method. Radiography testing uses x-rays or gamma rays to detect flaws by observing variations in radiation absorption. Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves that reflect off discontinuities. Liquid penetrant testing uses a fluid that seeps into surface-breaking flaws, which are then revealed using a developer. The document also lists traditional and advanced non-destructive testing methods and provides details on interpreting radiography and ultrasonic testing results.

1. Dr. S & S. S. GHANDHY
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,SURAT
3 SEM ,MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPRATMENT
Non Destructive Testing
GROUP:-8
1. 210230119035 Patel Jay S.
2. 210230119036 Kukadiya Ajay K.
3. 210230119037 Patel Mantavya A.
4. 210230119038 Sonavane Dhruv G.
5. 210230119040 Patel Bhumit D.

2. 1.Radiography Testing :-
2. Ultrasonic Testing:-
3.Liquid Penetrat Testing:-
:-Introduction
:- Principle
:-Advantages
:-Limitation
:-Application
:-Introduction
:- Principle
:-Advantages
:-Limitation
:-Application

3. Traditional Method:-
1.Liquid Penetration Testing(LPT)
2.Magnetic Particle Testing(MPT)
3.Radiography
4.Ultrasonic Testing(UT)
5.Eddy-Current Testing(ECT)
Advanced method:-
1.Neutron Radiography
2.Acoustic Emission
3.Thermography
4.Stain Sensing
5.Microwave Techniques
6.Fluorants Light Testing
Non-Destructive Testing:-
 NDT is used to determine the integrity of a material, component or structure.
 Not like Destructive Testing(DT) in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) the.
 Skilled judgment & experience are required to interpret indication.
 NDT is less costlier and time saving so repeated checks of material is possible.
 Various method of NDT is listed below:-

4. Radiography
 Radiography is a Non-Destructive testing method to inspect the hidden flaws
within the materials by using the short wavelength electromagnetic radiations by
utilizing their high penetrating power.
 Usually, X-rays from X-ray tube or Gamma rays (from Ir-92 or Co-60 or Cs 137
sources) can be used to get source of radiation.
 Gamma rays are more penetrating compared to X-rays, but they have poor
sensitivity that limits their use.
*X-Ray production

5.  When X-rays or Gamma rays are passed through a component, they get absorbed uniformly if
the material of the component is homogeneous, i. e without any discontinuity present. But, if
there is presence of flaw or defect or there is variation in the thickness within the component,
then absorption get disturbed & does not remain uniform throughout.
 This variation result in variation in the intensity of the emerging rays that the component
allows to come out. This forms the basis of detection of flaw or discontinuity in the material
being tested by this method.
Principle

6.  The method is not limited by type of material or density.
 It can inspect assembled components.
 It does not require any surface preparation.
 The technique can give good response (sensitivity) to
variations in thickness which may be due to corrosion, voids,
cracks or changes in material density.
 Both surface & subsurface defects can be detected.
 It provides a permanent record of the inspection in the
form of radiograph/fluoroscope.
Advantages:-
 The impact of radiation to health and environment can
be considered as one of major disadvantages of
radiographic testing since a few seconds of being
exposed to radiation can result in sever injuries.
 High degree of skill and experience is required for
exposure and interpretation.
 The high voltage needed to create X-rays is dangerous
for human health also.
 It is quite expensive method.
 Ineffective for planar defects and for surface defects.
Disadvantages:-

7.  Ultrasonic waves of frequency range 0.5MHz to 20MHz are used for the testing of
materials. The most common range for testing metals is from 2MHz to 5MHz. These sound
waves are higher than the human capacity range of hearing.
 Ultrasonic Testing(UT) is the method of Non-Destructive Testing, where high-frequency sound
waves are used to test material or objects.
 It is employed in a variety of industries, including the manufacturing, aerospace,
automotive, and other transportation sectors, as well as the construction of steel and
aluminium structures.
Ultrasonic Testing(UT)

8.  A transducer converts electrical waves into high-frequency sound waves, which propagated
inside the test object.
 When sound waves encounter any discontinuity in its path, it reflects back to the receiver,
where sound waves are converted to electrical waves and displayed on oscillator display.
 A couplant(water or oil) is used to maintain the seamless propagation of Sound waves.
 UT made it possible to detect thickness, and cracks, or other defects by analyzing the graph,
displayed on the oscillator display.
Principle:-

9.  A skilled trained person is required.
 Rough, irregular shape, thin or non-homogeneous are
considerably difficult to test.
 Requires oil or gel for the smoother transmission of
ultrasonic waves.
 Equipment calibration is required.
 Cast iron and other coarse-grained materials are
difficult to inspec
 It gives immediate results.
 It is suitable for the surface and sub-surface of the material.
 It is nom-hazardous testing, which means it doesn’t affect
inspector health.
 It can measure the size, thickness, and depth of the flaws.
 Portable Equipment.
 It is suitable to test if one side of the material is available.
 Accurate detection is the main highlight.
 High sensitivity.
 High penetration capacity
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:-

10.  Metal inclusions may reduce, the sensitivity of sound waves.
 Paints need to remove from the material surface, to perform
the test smoothly.
 Complex geometry materials are difficult to inspect.
 Expensive equipment.
 some materials are not receptive to Ultrasonic Waves.
 Inspection of large castings or objects.
 Inspection of large for
 inspection of rails, roads, steel castings
 Thickness determination
 Ferrous and Non-Ferrous materials can be
inspected(except. some of the materials).
Application:-
Limitations:-

11. Standards and Codes of Ultrasonic Testing:-
Source:-www.engineersrail.com

12.  The Liquid Penetrant Testing shortly called LPT is also known as Dye Penetranlfluid around 2Testing (DPT).
The testing makes use of accumulation of discontinuity to create distinguished indication of crack or
other surface opening. The fluid is attracted to the discontinuity as compared to its surroundings by
‘capillary action'. But in order to locate the area of defeat region where fluid is accumulated, the
background area must be of sufficient contrast . Thus, defect on the surface is distinctly detected.
 Discontinuity such as crack s, shrinkage & porosity that are open to the surface can be detected by LPT
easily.
 Method may be applied to both magnetic & non-magnetic materials, but majority application is for non-
magnetic materials. Penetrant technique may be used for inspecting any homogeneous material that is
not porous such as metals, glass, plastic & some ceramic materials.
 It detects flaws open to surface.
Liquid Penetrant Testing

13. 1. Pre-cleaning
2. Penetrant application
3. Penetrant dwell time
4. Penetrant removal
5. Developer application
6. Developer dwell time
7. Inspection
8. Post-cleaning
Steps For LPT:-

14.  Extensive, time-taking pre-cleaning critical—
surface contaminants can mask defects
 Sensitive to surface-breaking defects only
 Direct connection to the surface under test
necessary
 Works on relatively non-porous surface materials
only
 No depth sizing
 Multi-process testing procedure
 Time-taking; post-cleaning also necessary
 No recordable data handy for progress monitoring
 User dependent
 Environmental concerns—may require disposing of
 Works on complicated geometric shapes
 LPI materials are compact
 Sensitive to small surface interruptions
 Few material limitations such as—works on
non-metallic, metallic, non-magnetic,
magnetic, non-conductive and conductive
materials
 Liquid penetrant testing materials are
individually very cost-effective
 Visual, real-world results
Advantages:-
Disadvantages:-

15.  The LPT/DPT method is capable of detecting
discontinuities open to the face of the material under
test.
 These are cracks, laps, scams, porosity, etc. in products
such as pressure vessels, pipes; weld joints, etc. for
applications such as aerospace industries, automobile
industries and railway locomotive systems
 The penetrant method is much reliable for detecting
fatigue cracks which occur during the service life of a
material/product.
Limitations:-
Application:-
 The method cannot detect discontinuities which are
located below the surface filled with oxides or
covered with paints, etc.
 It cannot be applied to porous materials.
 Moreover, it cannot give any information about
exact contours of the defects& sizes of the same.

16. THANK YOU
Source :-
RT:- Books India Publication, www.sitasndt.com
UT:-Books India Publication, www.engineersrail.com
LPT:- Books India Publication,
www.inspection-for-industry.com