İÜ Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümünde Mustafa Sarıbudak Hocamız Tarafından Verilen Çalıştayın Sunumları.

9. 1974-IU Jeofizik Binasinda
bir ders sonrasi
1984-Kandilli Rasathanesi
Paleomanyetizma
Laboratuvari

10. ITU Jeofizik Muhendisligi Ogretim Uyeleri ve Ogrenciler-1982?

11. 1989-Istanbul Paleozoyik
kayaclari uzerinde
paleomanyetik calisma icin
Houston, Teksas’a yolculuk

12. 1-Houston Universitesi:1989-1990
• Istanbul Paleozoik kayaclari uzerine arastirma
2-Bir petrol sirketinde jeoteknik eleman: 1990-1991
• Karadeniz’in olusumu uzerine paleomanyetik seminer;
• Gravite ve Manyetik petrol verisi degerlendirme;
• Amerika Jeofizik Dernegi yillik toplantisina katilma;
• Florida Universitesi’nde Doktora-ustu calisma teklifi
3-Bir cevre sirketinde jeofizikci: 1991-1993
4-Kendi Cevre Jeofizigi sirketimi kurma: 1994
• Yogun bir sekilde herseyi yeniden ogrenme temposu;
• Nasil iyi bir danisman, is adami olunur?
• Nasil iyi bir insan olunur?
• Sorular, sorular ve aranan yanitlar!

14. Dogal Uclasma-Alf Hawkins
Manyetik ve Iletimlilik-Kerlon Saravia
Alf Hawkins
Kerlon Saravia

15. Isci Bulma Kurumunun buldugu iki isci

16. Definition of Geophysics
.Geophysics is: The subsurface site characterization of the geology, geological
structure, groundwater, contamination, and human artifacts beneath the Earth's
surface, based on the lateral and vertical mapping of physical property
variations that are remotely sensed using non-invasive technologies.

17. 3 boyutlu Yer Radari haritasi
3 boyutlu Ozdirenc haritasi
Moist
Cevre Jeofizigi Urunleri

18. A Resistivity Survey and Data: Purpose is to locate
a metallic source near metallic sheets at a refinery
X

19. EM34 Method
Conductivity map of brine plume at 30 feet
below surface in groundwater. The brine leaked
from an injection well and affected the
groundwater forming a plume (pink, red and
yellow colors.
Enjeksiyon
kuyusu

20. There are thousands, oil and gas wells that are buried in the
ground across Texas, and their locations are unknown. A
magnetic survey is the primary method to uncover their
locations.

21. GPR with 400 MHz antenna
Yeralti depoloma tanklarini Yer Radari ile bulma

22. Seismic refraction tomography across a fault
A normal fault with a ~35 feet throw at about South Gate
Depth
Feet
Georgetown
Georgetown
Edwards Aquifer

23. Definition of “Anomaly” in Dictionary -Belirti
A deviation from the background, type, arrangement, or form.


24. 24
Geophysics:
Continuous Data
Coverage Results in
Better Control in
Geology
Borehole:
Discreet
Sampling
Geophysical Results
Should Guide Where
Borehole Locations
Should Be Placed

25. Fourteen Geophysical Techniques

26. Geophysical Solutions to a
Foundation Problem, Houston

27. Patio-Veranda
Garage
Wood deck
Northern
backyard
Let’s get to know the House!

28. Void
Pictures from Veranda

29. Pictures from northern backyard
Void
Excavated
soft, moist
soil

30. Pictures from living room and garage

31. A picture from wood deck

32. GL1
GL2
GL3
Locations of GPR profiles at the Veranda

33. W E
0 5 10 15 20 25 Ft
Ft
Subsidence
Anomaly
Void
under the
patio
GPR profile along GL1

34. W E
0 5 10 15 20 25 Ft
Ft
Surface
GPR Profile GL2-No significant anomaly!

35. Locations of GPR profiles at Wood Deck area

36. GL7
GL8
0 5 10 15 20 Ft
West East
Ft
Ft
Artifact
anomaly
No significant
anomaly!

37. GL9
Location of GPR profiles at the Garage

38. West East
0 5 10 15 20 25 Ft
Ft
Rebar in
concrete
There were significant cracks on the floor of the garage
but the GPR data did not show any subsurface
deformation

39. GL10GL11 GL12
Location of GPR profiles inside the house

40. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ft
Bathroom
door
GL10
GL11
GPR profiles along GL10 and 11
No significant deformation!

41. GL13
Location of GPR profile GL13
Excavated
area

43. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Ft
West
East
Ft
Excavated area
Subsidence
area
GPR anomaly
A significant GPR anomaly-Note that we did not see
any similar anomaly at other areas of the house

44. A B
Location of the resistivity profile at the northern backyard: 28 electrode (elektrot),
1 metre elektrot araligi
Electrode 1

45. A
B
Natural Potential Survey: A) Base station; B) Roving electrode

46. West East
Clay Clay
Silty sand
Sand
Sand, silty sand
Excavated area
next to the house
Sand
Resistivity
Data
NP Data
mV
Feet
NP anomaly
NP
anomaly?
Metal gate

47. 6 ft (2 m)
Excavated area showing the void
What is the source of the void; what did it cause?

48. GPR anomaly
What could be the source of geophysical anomalies?
GPR, resistivity
and NP anomaly

49. • The GPR data obtained from the Patio, wood
deck and garage do NOT indicate any significant
anomalies.
• However, the GPR data collected from the
northern side of the house does indicate
subsidence and presence of soft, wet soil as deep
as 6 feet. These anomalous features correspond
to precisely where the excavated soil is piled up
and where we observed the deformation of the
foundation.
• In addition, the resistivity data show a significant
subsidence anomaly associated with sand and
clay layers in the same area.
• The NP data shows a low NP anomaly between
the same stations where GPR and resistivity
anomalies observed, and thus complements the
above interpretation. The source of the NP
anomaly is probably due to moving water into
the ground.
Conclusions:

50. GPR anomaly
Where could it be the source of geophysical anomalies?
GPR, resistivity
and NP anomaly

51. Main Barton Geophysics: Where is all the
water coming from into the Barton Springs
Pool?!
Main Barton
Mustafa Saribudak
Environmental Geophysics Associates(EGA)
Austin, Texas
www.egatx.com
U
D

52. Hurricane Ike- Summer 2008
Benim ev

54. Swim in constantly 68-degrees, spring-fed Barton
Springs
4th largest spring system in Texas
Water temperature: 68°F (22°C)
Mean discharge: 53 cfs
(105 acre-feet/day)

55. Anatomy of Barton Springs Pool
4th largest spring system in Texas
Water temperature: 68°F (22°C)
D
U

56. Geological Cross-section of Barton Springs
SW NE

57. Key karstic features to explore and identify
over Barton Springs with geophysics
• Groundwater flow paths?
• What is the geophysical signature of
the BS Fault?
• What type of karstic features are there
in the vicinity of Barton Springs Pool?
• How deep are they?
U
D
Georgetown
Edwards
Aquifer
110 my
100 my
Georgetown formation consists of limestone mixed with marl
Edwards Aquifer is mostly limestone

58. Integrated Geophysical Methods
Used in this Study
• Conductivity
• Resistivity
• Induced Polarization*
• Natural Potential (NP)
• Ground Penetrating Radar
(GPR)
• Seismic Refraction
• *Induksiyon polarizasyonu

59. Groundwater Flow Routes toward Barton Springs Pool based on Dye
Tracing-Boya Izleme
Barton
Springs

60. Dye Tracing-Boya Izleme

61. South Gate
Resistivity, seismic refraction, resistivity, induced polarization, and natural potential lines
across the Barton Springs Fault
U
D
M. Well

62. Line R1
Two resistivity profiles across Barton Springs Fault.
E d w a r d s A q u i f e r Georgetown
E d w a r d s A q u i f e r
Line R2
LINE R2
Georgetown
MW

63. E d w a r d s A q u i f e r
Georgetown
G. Water level
Monitoring well
Induced polarization and resistivity data across the Barton
Springs Fault

64. NW SE
Barton
Springs Fault
Georgetown
Feet
Edwards Aquifer
NW
SE
mV
A
B
NP gradient
Natural Potential and induced polarization Data across the Fault

65. Velocity
(ft/sec)
Seismic refraction tomography profile along BS Fault
NW SE
Georgetown
Edwards Aq.

66. Summary of Geophysical Data across the BS Fault:
• Resistivity, seismic refraction and induced polarization data map the fault well;
• The natural potential data does not show any significant anomaly across the
fault;
• The NP data does not indicate any significant karstic feature and strong
groundwater flow across the fault. Wait for the next set of geophysical data to
justify this interpretation!

67. Location of Natural Potential Profile at Barton Springs Pool
South Gate
U
D
MW
N1

68. Endangered Salamanders
(Semender) of Barton
Springs

69. • Utilizes the earth’s natural-electric field at
the ground surface to detect and map
groundwater pathways and geologic
features, such as faults, fractures, conduits,
caves
• Movement of water
• Seepage, Voids
Natural-Potential Method (NP)

70. NP Base Station

71. NP Roving Staff

72. W E
mV
NP Data at the Barton Springs Pool
Feet
BS Fault
A significant NP anomaly

73. N
Superimposing the NP Data over aerial view of
Barton Springs Pool
Main Barton
South Gate
U
D

74. Locations of NP and Resistivity Profiles at Barton
Springs
*Conductivity, seismic refraction, and GPR surveys were also
collected along L1.
South Gate
Spacing between lines was 50 feet
NP anomaly

75. Feet
EM31 Conductivity Data along Line 1
South Gate location
West East
South Gate
Edited conductivity data indicates two rocks type with two significantly conductivity values across
the south gate:
Is there a fault?

76. 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
0
2
4
6
8
Ft
West
EastSouth Gate to BS Pool
Void
Ft
GPR data along Line 1
The GPR data indicates a fault-type anomaly

77. West East
South Gate
Resistivity Imaging Data-Line 1
P E C A N T R E E S
Line 1-NP Data
Feet
mV
NP anomaly
Resistivity anomaly

78. Correlation of resistivity and induced polarization data
along the same profile
Induced polarization
GateW E
Here is an enigmatic IP result: 181 mS value where low resistivity
anomaly is located

79. Seismic Refraction Survey in front of the South Gate
in Zilker Park
View to east

80. Seismic refraction tomography data along Line 2
Depth
Feet
Georgetown
Georgetown
Seismic Refraction Tomography Data
Edwards Aq.
Georgetown formation consists of limestone mixed with marl
Edwards Aquifer is mostly limestone

81. NP
mV
Seismic refraction
tomography
W E
South Gate
Resistivity
Seismic refraction
tomography
NP

82. Road
Line 2
NP Data-Line 3
W E
Feet
mV
NP anomaly
Line 2
Line 3

83. W E
Resistivity profiles 4 and 5
50 ft (16m)

84. N
3D Resistivity Data in the E-W Direction
Conduit
Conduit: Iletimlilik zonu?

85. Locations of N-S NP and Resistivity Profiles at
Barton Springs
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
U
D
N
From W to E:
L6,7,8,9,10

86. L4
L5
L7
L8
L9
L10
N S
S. Gate
No significant anomaly on L9 profile
L7
R e s i s t i v i t y a n o m a l y

87. Resistivity and NP data on Line 6 on a dry day!
mV
Feet
N S
NP data
NP anomaly
NP data

88. N S
Feet
mV
Resistivity and NP data on Line 8 after a Stormy Day!
NP a n o m a l y

89. NP Data along Line 8 on a dry
day
NP Data Line 8 after a big
storm
mV

90. N
3D Resistivity Data of N-S Lines

91. Location of a newly discovered Georgetown outcrop in the vicinity
of the Barton Springs Pool!
Location of
Georgetown outcrop
U
D
South Gate
U
D

92. Cross-bedded gravel
Gravel
10 Feet
Location of newly found George town
outcrop near the Pooll
Georgetown Formation

93. Location of a newly discovered Georgetown outcrop in the vicinity
of the Barton Springs Pool!
Location of Georgetown
outcrop
U
D
South Gate
U
D
Abundant Georgetown
borehole data

94. U
D
MW
U
D
455
444
460
451
453
424
422
420
419
431
423
Locations of geophysical anomalies and top elevations of Georgetown Formation
based on the borehole, monitoring well, outcrop and geophysical data
Borehole
Geophysical, MW, and
outcrop

95. Yes, Geophysics is the
way to go!
And the reward was a free swim in the pool!

96. Integrated geophysical investigations of Main Barton
Springs, Austin, Texas, USA 1
2
By Mustafa Saribudak, Nico M. Hauwert
This second paper is in review in Journal of
Geophysics

97. Spring, Texas
Don’t Mess with a Geophysicist’s House: A Case Study of Ground Penetrating Radar for
Concrete Moisture Mapping and Void Detection in the Saturated Soil beneath the
Concrete Foundation
The House
Spring, Texas, 2008
The House
Mustafa Saribudak-Environmental Geophysics Associates

98. Site History:
• We moved into a new house,
• The carpet is removed due to an allergy and replaced by wood ,
• 6 months later , the wood floor showed color changes,
• A plumber company visited twice but found no leaks,
• An engineering company visited and found high moisture values on the living room,
• A structural engineer from the home-builder company found no evidence of damage in the
foundation,
• But the wood floor kept getting darker and darker.

99. Don’t you have a GPR company? I am
leaving this house until you find a solution!

100. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
GPR maps dielectric contrast: It is the ability to hold electrical current
Concrete: 5-9
Clay: 12-35
Water: 81
Air: 1
Depth Exploration: Depends
on the conductivity of the soil

101. How GPR Does Work?

102. 25
10
18
18
11
11
EX-1
EX-2
EX-3
Decayed wood floor in the living room!
Moisture readings10
Known post-tension cables

103. Concrete
Patio
F/P
Excavations
3D GPR survey area
Post-tension cables
embedded in the concrete
foundation
Living room with
wood flooring
EX-1
EX-2
EX-3
GPR SURVEY DESIGN

104. N
GPR survey with 1500 MHz antenna
1500 MHz data was collected with a 15
cm profile spacing

105. Low
High
AmplitudeScale
3D GPR 1500 MHz DATA FROM CONCRETE FOUNDATION
Post-tension cables
Void
Bottom of concrete
Low
25
10

106. N
GPR Survey Cart with 400 MHz Antenna
GPR data was collected with one-foot profile spacing and depth of
exploration was about 6 feet

107. Excavated Void
EX-2
EX-1
N
Low
High
Amplitude
Figure 6
EX-3
3D GPR DATA for 400 MHz Antenna: 3 ft depth slice

108. EX-1
EX-2
N
EX-3
Low
High
Amplitude
3D GPR Data for antenna 400 MHz: 5 Ft depth slice
EX-1

109. EX-3 Void

110. October 8, 2008 October 28, 2008
Water depth is
four inch
Water depth is one
inch
Excavated void at EX-3 location based on the GPR data. A three- foot long stick was
pushed into the void with little resistance.
Hurricane Ike hit Houston in September 12, 2008

111. Site History Continued:
• An engineer from the home-builder company revisited the foundation and told us that our grace
period was over, and no compensation was due,
• Our insurance company, whose slogan was “we are on your side,” was no longer on our side,
•So we put a french drainage around the house and replaced the dead wood floor with a ceramic
tile; and moved to another house.
EX-3
The story continues..

112. The new house was around the same area…
The House

113. And few months later, a collapse occurred in Drive Way
Subsidence

114. Remarks
The GPR is obviously the only proper method that can provide excellent results over any
kind of foundation problems whether they are residential or business buildings. However,
whenever necessary, GPR surveys should be associated with micro-resistivity and NP
surveys for foundation problems.
.

115. GEOPHYSICAL METHODS FOR VOID AVOIDANCE
ON A TRANSMISSION LINE PROJECT
Mustafa Saribudak – Environmental Geophysics
Associates

116. Overview of Geophysical Techniques
Borehole:
Discrete
Sampling
Geophysics:
Continuous Data
Coverage Results in
Better Control of
Geology
Geophysical Results
Should Guide Where
Borehole Locations
Should Be Placed

118. Problems addressed by geophysical methods

119. Geophysical equipment used
Resistivity GPR
Natural Potential

120. Electrical Resistivity Imaging
Rock/Material Type Resistivity
Range (Ωm)
Igneous 100 - 1000000
Limestone 100 - 10000
Sandstone 100 - 1000
Sand and gravel 600 - 10000
Clay 10 - 100
Unconsolidated wet clay 20
Soil 1 - 10
Fresh water 3 - 100
VOID 1000-10000

121. Detecting Minerals
/
Mining
GPR and its Applications
This method works on only
5% of the earth’s surface!
When it works it is the best!
The quality of the data
depends on the dielectric
contrast of the intended target
with the surrounding material
Dielectric Constant:
Air 1
Water 81
Limestone 5-10
Clay 14-24
Sand 4

122. Natural Potential Method
The Natural Potential Method utilizes the earth’s natural-electric field at the ground surface
to detect and map groundwater pathways and geologic features. Typical applications
include:
● Detecting caverns and tunnels
● Siting monitoring wells and water-supply wells
● Locating leaks in dams, ponds and reservoirs
● Identifying hazards in landfill planning

123. Cave EntranceResistivity
Data
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
miliVolt
Cave Entrance
NP Data

124. Cave EntranceGPR DATA

125. etection With Resistivity Method
Entrance to Trench Cave

126. Trench Cave 2-D Resistivity Imaging
Trench Cave Entrance
Cave Entrance
-6.0
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Distance ft
mV
NP Data
Trench Cave Entrance

127. 49 56 63 70 77 81 84 Ft
Ft
Subsidence
Observed Cave Location
GPR data at Trench Cave

128. 60 100 150 200 250 300 Ft
Cave Entrance
Known Cave
0 50 100 150 200 250 Ft
Cave Entrance
C A V E
Known Fault
Resistivity data near a known major fault and across a
cave

129. 0 5 10 15 20 Ft
NW
SE
Cave
Cave
Cave
GPR Data showing cave adjacent to major fault
0
5
10
15
20
Limestone
FT

130. Karst feature surveys were conducted prior to preliminary
transmission line structure locating.
Transmission Line Void Avoidance
on Conservation Lands

131. A narrow swath was cleared
for access and geophysical surveys

132. Structure A
.
Resistivity data along Structure A

133. Structure A
Karst anomaly
Natural Potential Data along Structure A

134. 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Feet
Ft
Structure A
GPR Data along Structure A

135. Structure A
.
Resistivity data along Structure A and location of borehole
Borehole
I heavily relied on the resistivity data and ignored the NP anomaly and did not
relocate the location of Structure A

136. Core drilling 9 m deep to test structure site suitability
Structure locations were adjusted based on Geophysical Surveys
Structure A

137. Microvoids

138. Geovision downhole camera equipment

139. Lowering downhole camera

140. Fracture and minor void at 7.3 m depth, structure “D”, not significant

141. Lateral view of cave passage, 5.2 m depth, structure “A”
This hole blew moist air

142. Downhole camera covered with cave mud

143. Lateral view of cave passage, 5.2 m depth, structure “A”,
about 60 cm high

144. Structure A
Borehole
Relocated pole position

145. No voids were encountered during final foundation drilling for structures
I relocated the proposed pole location to 30 ft (10 m)

146. Structure A constructed 10 m to the east, and borehole preserved as a
research well!
Structure A
Original location

147. Groundwater Exploration at Natural
Bridge Cavern, San Antonio, Texas

148. The Natural Bridge Caverns are the
largest known commercial caverns in
the U.S. state of Texas.
The deepest part of the public tour is
180 feet below the surface, although
undeveloped areas of the cavern
reach depths of 230 feet.

149. Bat Cave Fault

150. Bat Cave Fault:
Normal Fault
~200 ft (60 m)
U
D
Purpose of Geophysical Surveys:
Locate groundwater

151. L1
L5
Phase-3 well
Resistivity profiles
Resistivity and NP profiles
5 dry boreholes;
$6,000 each

152. .
Bat Cave
Fault
A single
tree
Resistivity Data along Profile L1 across Bat Cave Fault
. Glen Rose Fm
Edwards Aquifer

153. Phase-3 Water Well
E-W Line 2
NW SE
milvolt
Feet
milivolt
High NP
anomaly
Feet
A
B
C
Glen Rose
Edwards Aquifer
NP anomalies
New water
well location

154. Phase-3 water well
Southwest Northeast
Line 2
Line 4
L1
Edwards Aquifer
Glen Rose Formation
Edwards Aquifer
Glen Rose Formation
Edwards Aquifer
Glen Rose Formation

155. Bat Cave Fault
S
N

156. Reverse faults

157. Natural Bridge Cave
Wild Tour: A trip along
resistivity and NP
surveys Line 1
Climbing down ~200
feet (60 m).

158. Reverse Faults

159. L1
L5
Phase-3 well
Vent
Legend
Resistivity profiles
Resistivity and NP profiles
Locations of geophysical
anomalies
New well location

160. Reverse
fault

161. Drilling for Groundwater to
a depth of 500 ft (150 m)

162. Water well:
• 500 feet (~160 m)
• Water encountered between 190-
250 feet (60-75 m)
• Water production: 140 litre/dakika

163. Geophysical Signatures of Active Faults of
Houston, Texas
Mustafa Saribudak
Environmental Geophysics Associates
www.egatx.com

165. These faults are active but they are
aseismic

168. There was a building here!

169. LPF-1
LPF-2
There are more than 400 known active faults in the Houston area.
This number was 150 in 1970.
Pearland
Hockley
Willow Creek
Tomball Khan, S. 2008

170. Sherwood M. Gagliano, Ph.D. Coastal Environments, Inc-
Louisiana (2013)

171. • 20 to 30 thousands of feet unconsolidated
sediments in the Houston area
From Gagliano, S., 2013

172. A schematic cross-section of a growth fault
These faults become listric with
depth

173. Can geophysical methods locate faults?

174. The current practices of finding faults in the Houston area are: 1) surface
investigation (phase 1); 2) drilling borehole and conducting gamma ray
logging
Kuyu loglari

175. My first encounter with Houston’s Active Faults-AEG
Field Trip-2000
One question to the fieldtrip Leader : Have you tried geophysics in
locating faults?

176. Perhaps a GPR method!
U
D

177. Site map for Long Point Fault
I-10
Hwy. 6
L1
L2

178. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ft
E
WFault Scarp
GPR Data over the Long Point Fault-1

179. GPR data across Long Point Fault-2
W
E
Fault Scarp
More research is needed!

180. Perhaps a resistivity survey?

181. Houston’s Major Active Faults: There are more than 400 known active faults in the Houston
area. This number was 150 in 1970.

182. A Blind Test of a Resistivity Survey across Pearland Fault in the year
2007 –This location is now a well developed residential neighborhood
Prof. Dr. Carl Norman Geologist

183. Location of two resistivity profiles across the
Pearland Fault
Borehole location

184. FAULT ZONE
Sand
Clay
Clay
Sand Clay
Clay
Resistivity imaging data across Pearland Fault
Line R1
Line R2
B-3 B-4

185. Key Markers
We “passed” the test; but..!!We located the faults but they kept ignoring the
geophysical methods

186. Benim ev

187. A photo showing the Hockley Fault Road Deformation-2004

188. L6
L5
L4
L1
L2
L3
100 200 300 400 500 600
FAULT
SCARP?
Patched Asphalt
N
L7
FAULT SCARP
U D
(GPR and Gravity profiles are also taken along Line 1)

189. Shopping Mall being built
Gravity survey on Highway
290-East Bound in 2005
Up
Down
L1

190. Hockley Fault
Low Pass Filtered
Raw Gravity Data
SE
mGalsmGals
Raw
Bouguer Gravity Profile
Full Scale 0.4 mGals
NW
Gravity high on downthrown
side!!

191. L1 Profile
L2 Profile
Resistivity profiles at Hockley Fault
Fault scarp on the road surface; but no resistivity anomaly
Silty-Sand
Sand
Main Fault

192. Fault Scarp?
Amplitude
Low
High
L1 Profile
L1 Profile
Atasozu: Her gordugun sakalliyi deden sanma!

193. NW SE
L5 Profile
L6 Profile
Sand
Sand
Sand
Silt/Silty Sand
Resistivity Profiles Across the Main Hockley Fault

194. Fault Scarp SE
Resistivity and conductivity (EM31) profiles (L7) across the Hockley Fault

195. Ft
More GPR Data Along Line 1
How do these minor faults form in a shallow sedimentary environment?

196. Westbound 290
Eastbound 290
100 200 300 400 500 600
MINOR FAULTS
N
U D
U D
U D
U D
U D
Feet
FS
300 feet wide fault zone

197. Location of Hockley Fault Zone Based on Geophysics Results
Highway 290 is rebuilt by 2008 and new shopping mall is opened.

198. August 2010
April 2010
Hockley Fault Deformation’s Progress!

199. Main Hockley Fault and its minor fault along east feeder
Main
Fault
Minor
Fault
MALL
August 2010

200. D

201. Up
Down
New Mall Section on top of the Hockley Fault!

202. 21 May, 2011

203. Dukkan sahibi ile bir konusma:
MS: Do you see anything unusual with the construction of the store?
S.A: Yes, the floor keeps buckling..and there is a big crack just outside of the building
deforming the corner of the building.

204. L1
L2
There are more than 400 known active faults in the Houston area.
This number was 150 in 1970.
Houston’s major fault system

205. Long Point Fault-L1

206. Long Point Fault-L2
A block of building was demolished here

207. Resistivity Data across the Long Point Fault at Moorehead & Westview Road
Resistivity Data across the Long Point Fault at I-10 & Beltway 8

208. Willow Creek
Houston’s major fault system (The map from Khan, S. 2008)

209. TV and Newspaper:Year2009: Beckendorf
Intermediate to be demolished, plaque to be
erected in honor of school’s namesake
A teacher’s experience
in the classroom!

210. RES. Line
Demolished Beckendorf
Middle School
Resistivity profile-The school building was still there when we did the
geophysical surveys
R1
R1

211. School West
Entrance
N S
125 Ft
Major cracks and subsidence
Caliche
Sand
Resistivity data across the Tomball Fault-note that the deformation is on both the up and
nthrown sides
Sand
N S
~50 feet

212. Willow Creek
Houston’s major fault system (The map from Khan, S. 2008)

213. Willow Creek Fault looking east
D U
N
Note that this fault dips to the north not to the south
This work was published in the Leading Edge of SEG,
2006

215. Schematic map over Willow Creek Fault showing
location of geophysical profiles. Gravity, magnetic and
conductivity data were collected along Line 2 (L2).
Up Down
Southbound Hwy 249
Northbound Hwy 249
N
TOMBALL
Willow Creek Fault
Willow Creek
Bridge
L3 L3
L2 L2
L1 L1
300 ft
A schematic map of the Willow Creek Fault site
Profile L2 is the only line along which resistivity, magnetic, conductivity, GPR and gravity surveys were
performed

216. Fault Scarp

218. Positive microgravity anomaly over the
downthrown side; why?
Micro-gravity data

220. I can comfortably say that almost all geophysical methods detect Houston’s active faults-University of Houston…

221. Kasirga: 2008 Yazi
Hurricane Ike- Summer 2008
My house

222. Location of Mt. Bonnell Fault and its associated karstic features, Austin,
Texas
EGA
Mustafa Saribudak-Environmental Geophysics Associates
www.egatx.com
ega@pdq.net
(Picture courtesy of Dr. Leon E. Long of University of
Texas)

225. Glen Rose MBF Edwards
Aquifer
Mt. Bonnell Fault!
MBF

226. Potential Fault Scarp
Locations
HWY 360
Edwards
Aquifer
Recharge Zone
From
Hauwert
2010

227. Beckmann Quarry,
SA, TXKirschberg Me.
Kainer Fm.
(Ferrill,D. et. al., 2007)

228. Where is Mt. Bonnell Fault?
Hwy. 360
Up Down

229. Where is Mt. Bonnell Fault?
Down
Up
West Park Drive

230. Where is Mt. Bonnell Fault?
Up
Down

231. @#*&s@%s
Why don’t you do
some geophysics to
locate the fault?!
Glen Rose
Highway 360
Disappointed…

232. Integrated Geophysical
Methods Used in Study
• Magnetics
• Conductivity
• Resistivity
• Natural Potential (NP)
• Ground Penetrating Radar
(GPR)
Geophysical survey locations

233. The Natural-Potential Method (NP) utilizes the earth’s natural-electric field at
the ground surface to detect and map groundwater pathways and geologic
features. Typical applications include:
● Detecting caverns and tunnels
● Locating leaks in dams, ponds and reservoirs
No Depth Estimation!

234. (Reynolds, 2000)
NP
CONTINUED

235. NP Continued…
Long-Line Method
Gradient method

236. Resistivity Fieldwork
)
Resistivity measures resistivity contrast
Weathered Limestone: 50-250 Ohm-m
Fresh Limestone: 250>Ohm-m
Clay: 1-10 Ohm-m
Depth Exploration: ¼ of profile
length

237. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
GPR maps dielectric contrast: It is the ability to hold electrical current
Clay: 12-35
Limestone: 5-10
Water: 81
Air: 1
Depth Exploration:
Depends on the
conductivity of the soil

238. Definition of “Anomaly” in Dictionary
A deviation from the background, type, arrangement, or form.

239. 3D GPR Survey Area
Resistivity, NP,
Magnetics &
Conductivity Line
Mount Bonnell Fault
(Geology)
NW
SE
HEIGHT DRIVE AT HWY.
360

240. 240
NW SE2D GPR profiles from Height Drive
Amp.
Glen Rose
Edwards Aq.
Bad quality GPR data

241. Strike of Mt.
Bonnell Fault
Pipe
Pipe
Road
Pipe
N
GPR SLICES FROM 3D DATA

242. NW SEMarble Wall
Magnetic Data
Conductivity Data
mS/m
nT
Mount Bonnell Fault)
Known Utility PipeGlen Rose
Edwards Aq.

243. Resistivity, NP,
Magnetics &
Conductivity Line
Mount Bonnell Fault
NW
SE
HEIGHT DRIVE AT HWY.
360

244. 250 271 292 313 334 355 376 397 418 439 Ft Ohm-m
NW SE
250 300 350 400 450 Ft
mV
Marble Wall
Glen Rose
Typical NP fault anomaly
Edwards Aq.
No resistivity
anomaly over the
fault!

245. Extensive
deformation in
“marble wall” in the
vicinity of the
resistivity anomaly!

246. Most Successful Geophysical Methods Locating Mt. Bonnell Fault at Height
Drive are Natural Potential and GPR Methods
MBF

247. 247
GPR Line
Resistivity, NP,
Magnetic and
Conductivity Line
Mount Bonnell
Fault (Geology)
Incipient Sinkhole

248. D
U

250. Observed Incipient Sinkhole

251. NW SE
nT
Feet
Feet
mS/m
Conductivity Data
Observed
Incipient
Sinkhole
Magnetic Data
MBF location by
Geology
Glen Rose Edwards Aq.

252. Ohm/m
mV
NW SE
160 181 202 223 244 265 286 307 328 349
Incipient Sinkhole
MBF
Edwards Aq.Glen Rose

253. 235 240 245 250 255 260 Ft
NW SE
Feet
SINKHOLE

254. 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 FeetNW SE
C O L L A P S E D A R E A
Feet

255. Most Successful Geophysical Methods Locating Mt. Bonnell Fault at Bee Cave
Road
Total Magnetic
Ground Conductivity
Natural Potential
Resistivity and GPR

256. Location of
Mt. Bonnell Fault
Cave
Sinkhole
Collapsed zone
Fracture zones
Integrated Geophysical
Results:
Recharge Zone
Based on this study and others that we are
involved, karstic areas appear to be
“Heaven” for geophysical methods

257. What do all these three fault locations have in common?
West Park Drive
Height Drive at Hwy. 360
Bee Cave Road

258. Colorado River, Austin, Texas

259. Mustafa Saribudak
www.egatx.com
Williamson Creek
St. Elmo Railroad Cut
Pilot Knob Volcano
The Near-Surface Geophysical Mapping
of an Upper Cretaceous Submarine
Volcanism and its Associated
Volcaniclastic Rocks, Austin, TX

260. Volcanoes in Austin?!
2012 Austin Geological Society Field Guidebook cover
The primary goal of this
study was to obtain
geophysical signatures of
the volcanic rocks and
associated Austin Chalk
Group. It is borne out of
personal interest..

261. A
B

262. Stratigraphic column of Austin Chalk
(Modified from Young and Woodruff, 1985)
Volcanic activity

263. Figure 3. West-east cross-section of Chapman oil field showing
relation of serpentine mass to overlying and underlying formations.1
through 5 are sedimentary rocks; 6: hydrated volcanic lava, tuff
6: Hydrated volcanic
rocks-Trap for oil and gas

264. A: Williamson Creek
B: St. Elmo Railroad Cut
Locations of Volcanic Sites on a detailed Google Map

265. M1
M2
M3
M4
R5
R4
R3
R2
R1
MR
N
0 15 m
Resistivity
Kv
Kpc
Kpc
Kpc
Volcanic rocks (tuff and lava)
Resistivity
Magnetic
Resistivity
Magnetic and resistivity
Kv Vinson Chalk
Kpc Pyroclastic rocks
Legend
Williamson Creek

266. Vinson limestone
Volcanic tuff,
conglomerate
Lava
Fault?
N
A view to the northwest of Williamson Creek

267. N
Vinson
limestone
Volcanics
A view to the northeast of Williamson Creek
Revisiting the site
many times allowed
us to see structures
that were not
observable previously
Newly found
fault or fracture?

268. A pillow lava on the bed of Williamson Creek

269. A “lapilli” buried in the Vinson limestone?

270. A lava tube on the bed of the creek Important:
Prior to geophysical surveys, The volcanic section was
interpreted to be a fault-bound graben, NOT an eruption
center!

271. Important:
Prior to geophysical surveys, The volcanic section was interpreted to
be a fault-bound graben, NOT an eruption center!
D
U
D U
Volcanic
conglomerate
Lava
Limestone
Limestone

272. Collection of ferrous materials at the Williamson Creek prior to the magnetic surveys

273. Geometrics G-858 Cesium magnetometer surveys

274. NW SE
Profile M1
Profile M2
Profile M3
Profile M4
nT
Exposed volcanic rocks
Exposed volcanic rocks
Volcanic rocks are covered
with alluvium and gravel
Volcanic rocks are covered
with alluvium and gravel
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 m
Magnetic profiles

275. Field pictures of resistivity surveys
On the northern bank-L1
 The purpose of the resistivity surveys
was to map the vertical and
horizontal distribution of the volcanic
rocks in contrast to the Austin Chalk;
 The length of the resistivity profile
determines how deep we can explore
into the subsurface

276. On the southern bank-L6

277. Volcanic outcropsVinson Chalk
Volcanic outcrops on the bed of Williamson Creek
Volcanic outcrops
Vinson
Chalk
Vinson Chalk
Limestone block?
Vinson
Chalk
NW SE
Profile R1
Profile R2
Profile R3

278. Profile R4
Profile R5
NW SE
Volcanic rocks
Vinson Chalk Vinson Chalk
Volcanic rocks
Vinson ChalkVinson Chalk

279. A B
N
C

280. NE
SW
Williamson Creek bed
Volcanic outcrop Outcrop of terrace deposits
A
A
A
Profile R6
Profile R7
Profile R8
Volcanic
rocks
Vinson Chalk

281. Pseudo 3D resistivity map (A) and depth-slice
(B) views across the Williamson Creek
A limestone block appears to be
enveloped by the volcanic rocks, which
have been often observed and
mentioned in the oil and gas literature
relating to the “serpentine plugs.”

282. L4
LAST resistivity-magnetic profile
Profile L4, lengthwise, is the
longest and, thus provides
resistivity data as deep as 157 feet.
I was trying to obtain some geophysical
information that would evince the
presence of an volcanic center; but I had
no idea how that information manifest
itself in the resistivity and magnetic data..

283. Resistivity (A) and Magnetic (B) Data along Profile MR-South Bank
Bu ne?!!
Vinson Vinson

284. Kenneth A. Simmons, 1967-STGS Bulletin; p. 130. A depiction of Elroy-E Field, Travis County

285. Modelling of Magnetic Profile MR
Tuff
Lava
Brecciated zone

289. AGS Field Guidebook, Caran et al., 2012

290. A north view from the St. Elmo Bridge-1940?
L2
Fault?

291. A north view from the St. Elmo Bridge-2014
Dessau Chalk
L2
N

292. A south view from the St. Elmo Bridge
Volcaniclastic rocks
L1
N

293. Resistivity data along profiles L1 (western) and L2 (eastern)
 Resistivity data does
not indicate any fault
offset!
40 ft

295. Old and recent pictures of Pilot Knob volcano, Travis County, Texas

296. Geological cross-section-Year 2006
WestEast
Location of geophysical profiles

297. Locations of Geophysical Profiles (1 and 2) on the Pilot Knob Geological Map

298. Resistivity and magnetic profile along Line 1

299. Resistivity (A) and magnetic (B) data along Profile 1

300. Resistivity and magnetic profile along
Line 2 across the Pilot Knob volcano

301. Resistivity (A) and magnetic (B) data along Profile 2

302. Conclusions:
1. A volcanic eruption center was delineated at both Williamson Creek and Pilot Knob sites;
2. Current geological data was updated with the new findings of geophysical data;
3. A volcanic core of the Pilot Knob was mapped with the help of resistivity and magnetic data;
4. The magnetic method has long helped detect buried volcanic rocks. Since resistivity surveys can be
deployed to map subsurface as deep as 1,000 to 1,400 feet, additional resistivity surveys could offer useful
information on the structure volcanic and adjacent sedimentary rocks.

303. I would like to make a point by saying that this project has
been a very challenging one: Getting to the essence of the
project required a detective-like (Columbo) attitude to piece
the facts together. Thank you for your attention!
Detective Columbo

305. Oneriler!
• Iyi bir Jeofizikci nasil olunur?
• Yerbilimleri sevgisi ve bu sevgiyi merakla beslemek;
• En az 10 yil gerekir;
• Saglam bir jeoloji bilgisi;
• Her projede en az iki yontemin uygulanmasi;
• Ustun gayret ve ilgi-ozellikle arazi calismalarinda
• Cok veri topla: sadece dipole-dipole yerine dipole-dipole +
Schlumberger dizilimi kullan; veya 3 veya 5 sismik atisi
yapmak yerine 7 veya 11 atis yap;
• En iyi jeofizik programlarini kullan; modelleme yap;
• Zaman uzmanlik cagi; Jeofizigin bir konusunda uzman olun!
• Cevrenizdeki jeolojinin farkinda olun.

306. Antalya-Konyaalti Jeolojisi

307. Kaynak
Jeofizik profile
Konya-alti’nda kirectaslarindan cikan bir kaynak

308. Fakat calisirken eglenmeyi unutma!