Download to read offline
![6
Methodology
There were 13 fixed Spring and Stream locations in the South Fork (Figure 2 and 3). There was
one location at each of the three Springs. One location was located both 50 and 100 feet
downstream from each of the springs. One location was located 50 feet upstream from each of
the springs. The locations both upstream and downstream from the isolated pool were
measured from the nearest bank at the confluence of the pool and the South Fork. An
additional location was added on the right bank of the South Fork just past the confluence. All
distances were measured along the South Fork. Two additional points were located in the
isolated pool, one Northeast and one South of the Spring. Measurments were not taken due to
safety concerns about the instability of the ground in the isolated pool. 49 feet separated the
confluence and location 8, the second Spring. One location was taken at the half way point,
24.5 feet. Location 5, 8 and 12 were Spring locations. Location 4, 5 and 6 were in the isolated
pool. Locations 1, 2, 3,7,9,10,11, and 13 were the Stream locations. The data was collected
every Friday from September 16th until October 21st. The time the data was collected varied
slightly, however all data was collected between 11:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. The instruments
that were used for this study are the YSI-85, YSI-2030, Kestrel 3000 and the Garmin GPS 60. The
YSI-85 and the YSI-2030 are both water sampling and monitoring meters. The Kestrel 3000 is a
wind meter. The Garmin GPS 60 is a global positioning system used to collect accurate location.
Kestrel measurements were taken before and after the water (YSI) measurements each day.
The measurements were taken 6 feet above the water at locations 1, 2 and 4; a closer proximity
to the Stream. They were taken 6 feet above the land at locations 3, 5 and 6; a farther
proximity from the Stream. The measurement parameters for the YSI instruments were: Water
Temperature (Celsius), Dissolved Oxygen (%), Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L), Conductivity (micro
Siemens)(µS) and Specific Conductance (micro Siemens)(µS). “Conductivity is the ability of a
material to conduct electrical current” (YSI Incorporated). “Cell geometry affects conductivity
values, standardized measurements are expressed in specific conductivity units (S/cm) to
compensate for variations in electrode dimensions” (YSI Incorporated). The parameters for the
Kestrel 3000 are Air Temperature (Celsius), Relative Humidity, Dew point, Maximum wind
velocity (mph) and Average wind velocity (mph). There were several equations used in this
study. A Speific conductance formula, Equation 1, [Specific Conductance (25°C) =
Conductivity/(1 + TC * (T - 25))], was used for quality. The variables for this equation are: T=
Temperature and TC=0.0191. “Unless the solution being measured consists of pure KCl in
water, this temperature compensated value will be somewhat inaccurate, but the equation
with a value of TC = 0.0191 will provide a close approximation for solutions of many common
salts such as NaCl and NH4Cl and for seawater” (YSI 85). This equation, Equation 1, was also
algebraically manipulated to solve for Conductivity, Equation 2. The measured results were](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/feaebc7a-0c11-4bfb-8b0d-9f4d9646fa10-150611203453-lva1-app6892/85/SeniorResearch-6-320.jpg)
![7
compared to the results from the equation. An equation was also used to solve for Celsius
using Fahrenheit as the input, Equation 3, [Celsius= (5/9)*(Fahrenheit-32)].
.
Results
YSI Data Table
The results of the YSI measurements are shown below in Table 1. The items recorded were
Date, Spring locations, all locations, Time, Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (both Percent and
milligrams per liter), Conductivity and Specific Conductance. Additional locations were added
after week 1, 9/16/2011. The week of 9/23/2011 there was disturbance in the water at Spring
1 (locations 4, 5 and 6). Duplicate samples were taken to provide quality control. Springs are
indicated by SP and a, b, and c following SP 1 (Isolated pool) indicated the sampling locations.
Point “a” is South of the Spring, “b” is at the Spring and “c” is Northeast of the Spring. Figure 2
and 3 show the sampling locations.
9/16/2011
Springs Location Time P.M.
Temp.
Celsius % DO Mg/L DO
Conductivity
(µS)
*Specific
Conductance
(µS)
F1 12:28 10.3 71.6 7.78 373.2 0.37
F2 12:42 10.2 69.2 7.53 372.9 0.37
F3 12:46 10.3 73.9 8.26 373.5 0.37
SP 1 F4 12:51 9 48.4 5.61 *100.9 0.1
F5 12:56 10.4 72.9 8.11 374.8 0.37
SP 2 F6 13:02 9 46.8 5.4 *120.2 0.12
F7 13:23 10.9 76.2 8.35 380.1 0.38
F8 13:28 10.9 75.1 8.3 380.3 0.38
F9 13:35 10.9 73.6 8.14 380.5 0.38](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/feaebc7a-0c11-4bfb-8b0d-9f4d9646fa10-150611203453-lva1-app6892/85/SeniorResearch-7-320.jpg)
SeniorResearch
- 1. 1 Introduction The study areais about 2.5 miles east of River Falls Wisconsin and just south of Wisconsin highway 29. The study area encompasses an area of “Boiling Springs” that are situated in and near the channel of the small meandering south fork of the Kinnickinnic River (South Fork). It is part of the “South Fork Kinnickinnic River Fish and Wildlife Area”; an area that recently (mid 2005) underwent physical channel reshaping and restoration. This site was chosen because of the multiple springs located in a stream system. This site will be referred to as the South Fork Spring site or simply site. Purpose The purpose of this study is to asses field water quality patterns of spring and stream water in the South Fork of the Kinnickinnic River (South Fork) east of River Falls Wisconsin during the fall season 2011. Specifically how does water discharge in the Spring affect field water quality parameters in the Stream? Background This site has been studied before with similar parameters being measured. One study named “Hydrogeological Relationship of the South Fork River and Three Boiling Springs” was conducted in the spring of 2011. The Kinnickinnic River Land Trust also works on the restoration of the river. It works cooperatively with landowners and the community to protect clean water, wildlife, family recreation, natural areas, wild trout, and farms (What We Do).” Setting The South Fork is a meandering Class A cold-water trout stream. The stream is small with depth never more than 2.5 feet deep and the width less than 15 feet wide in the study area. The topography in the area is mostly flat South of the South Fork, but there is a slight increase in elevation North of the South Fork. Figure 4 part of a Topographic Map of the study area. A majority of the land use in the area is Agricultural. 15,720 acres of the total 25757 acrea in River Falls were used for Agriculture in 2004 (The Town). The vegetation is tall grasses among a variety of other plant life. There are a few clusters of trees (Figure 19). The Average maximum and minimum temperatures were 64.9 0F and 45.8 0F for the Twin Cities in Minnesota for
- 2. 2 October (WFO). Theprecipitation was 0.7 inches (WFO). The rock unit beneath the study area is the Prairie du Chien Group, which is a dolomite. The parent material for the soils are outwash sand and gravel, till and organic material. The soil is highly permeable, 2.5-5 inches per hour, and the water table is within 4 feet of the land surface over much of the low lands (Young). Figure 1
- 3.
- 4. 4 Figure 3 The GPSdata was questionable, so field measurements were used to reconstruct spring and stream sampling locations. The stream was outlined from a map and accurate sampling locations were placed using field measurements. Stream Spring 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 100 ft0 ft
- 5. 5 Topographic Map ofStudy Area Figure 4 Contours=200 ft Study Area
- 6. 6 Methodology There were 13fixed Spring and Stream locations in the South Fork (Figure 2 and 3). There was one location at each of the three Springs. One location was located both 50 and 100 feet downstream from each of the springs. One location was located 50 feet upstream from each of the springs. The locations both upstream and downstream from the isolated pool were measured from the nearest bank at the confluence of the pool and the South Fork. An additional location was added on the right bank of the South Fork just past the confluence. All distances were measured along the South Fork. Two additional points were located in the isolated pool, one Northeast and one South of the Spring. Measurments were not taken due to safety concerns about the instability of the ground in the isolated pool. 49 feet separated the confluence and location 8, the second Spring. One location was taken at the half way point, 24.5 feet. Location 5, 8 and 12 were Spring locations. Location 4, 5 and 6 were in the isolated pool. Locations 1, 2, 3,7,9,10,11, and 13 were the Stream locations. The data was collected every Friday from September 16th until October 21st. The time the data was collected varied slightly, however all data was collected between 11:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. The instruments that were used for this study are the YSI-85, YSI-2030, Kestrel 3000 and the Garmin GPS 60. The YSI-85 and the YSI-2030 are both water sampling and monitoring meters. The Kestrel 3000 is a wind meter. The Garmin GPS 60 is a global positioning system used to collect accurate location. Kestrel measurements were taken before and after the water (YSI) measurements each day. The measurements were taken 6 feet above the water at locations 1, 2 and 4; a closer proximity to the Stream. They were taken 6 feet above the land at locations 3, 5 and 6; a farther proximity from the Stream. The measurement parameters for the YSI instruments were: Water Temperature (Celsius), Dissolved Oxygen (%), Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L), Conductivity (micro Siemens)(µS) and Specific Conductance (micro Siemens)(µS). “Conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct electrical current” (YSI Incorporated). “Cell geometry affects conductivity values, standardized measurements are expressed in specific conductivity units (S/cm) to compensate for variations in electrode dimensions” (YSI Incorporated). The parameters for the Kestrel 3000 are Air Temperature (Celsius), Relative Humidity, Dew point, Maximum wind velocity (mph) and Average wind velocity (mph). There were several equations used in this study. A Speific conductance formula, Equation 1, [Specific Conductance (25°C) = Conductivity/(1 + TC * (T - 25))], was used for quality. The variables for this equation are: T= Temperature and TC=0.0191. “Unless the solution being measured consists of pure KCl in water, this temperature compensated value will be somewhat inaccurate, but the equation with a value of TC = 0.0191 will provide a close approximation for solutions of many common salts such as NaCl and NH4Cl and for seawater” (YSI 85). This equation, Equation 1, was also algebraically manipulated to solve for Conductivity, Equation 2. The measured results were
- 7. 7 compared to theresults from the equation. An equation was also used to solve for Celsius using Fahrenheit as the input, Equation 3, [Celsius= (5/9)*(Fahrenheit-32)]. . Results YSI Data Table The results of the YSI measurements are shown below in Table 1. The items recorded were Date, Spring locations, all locations, Time, Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (both Percent and milligrams per liter), Conductivity and Specific Conductance. Additional locations were added after week 1, 9/16/2011. The week of 9/23/2011 there was disturbance in the water at Spring 1 (locations 4, 5 and 6). Duplicate samples were taken to provide quality control. Springs are indicated by SP and a, b, and c following SP 1 (Isolated pool) indicated the sampling locations. Point “a” is South of the Spring, “b” is at the Spring and “c” is Northeast of the Spring. Figure 2 and 3 show the sampling locations. 9/16/2011 Springs Location Time P.M. Temp. Celsius % DO Mg/L DO Conductivity (µS) *Specific Conductance (µS) F1 12:28 10.3 71.6 7.78 373.2 0.37 F2 12:42 10.2 69.2 7.53 372.9 0.37 F3 12:46 10.3 73.9 8.26 373.5 0.37 SP 1 F4 12:51 9 48.4 5.61 *100.9 0.1 F5 12:56 10.4 72.9 8.11 374.8 0.37 SP 2 F6 13:02 9 46.8 5.4 *120.2 0.12 F7 13:23 10.9 76.2 8.35 380.1 0.38 F8 13:28 10.9 75.1 8.3 380.3 0.38 F9 13:35 10.9 73.6 8.14 380.5 0.38
- 8. 8 SP 3 F1013:42 9 51.3 5.92 *117.1 0.11 F11 13:50 11.6 79.5 8.59 385.2 0.38 9/23/2011 Springs Location Time P.M. Temp Celsius % DO Mg/L DO Conductivity( µS) Specific Conductance (µS) F1 15:23 10.4 67.5 7.52 375.7 521 F2 15:30 10.5 67.2 7.54 375.9 521 F3 15:37 10.5 66.2 7.3 376.3 521 SP 1: a F4 15:42 9.5 48.6 5.36 367.3 523 b F5 16:04 9.4 44.6 5.15 *111.1 *158.7 c F6 15:59 9.3 45.9 5.18 365.4 521 F7 16:11 10.5 66.9 7.37 376.6 520 SP 2 F8 16:23 9.1 43.4 5.03 *166.4 *214.3 F9 16:28 10.9 70.4 7.78 383.7 526 F10 16:38 10.8 70.9 7.82 383.3 526 F11 16:41 10.8 69.6 7.74 382.8 526 SP 3 F12 16:50 9.2 48.9 5.34 *378.9/130.6 *520/169.8 F13 16:54 11.2 74.9 8.17 385.5 523 SP 1: a F14 17:05 9.3 44.5 5.06 367.2 525 b F15 17:18 9.3 43.4 5.02 369.5 527 c F16 17:23 9.3 44.2 5.03 368.7 526 9/30/2011 Springs Location Time P.M. Temp Celsius % DO Mg/L DO Conductivity (µS) Specific Conductance (µS) F1 13:41 10.9 67.5 7.36 379.7 519 F2 13:49 11 67.4 7.4 380.7 520 F3 13:57 10.6 55.8 6.99 373.4 520 SP 1: a F4 14:08 9.6 46.6 5.32 368 521 b F5 14:13 9.6 43.9 4.97 370.3 525 c F6 14:29 9.6 47.7 5.34 368.6 522 F7 14:36 11.3 65 7.16 384.5 520 SP 2 F8 14:55 11.3 52.3 5.52 379.1 524 F9 15:09 11.8 70.8 7.65 390.2 522 F10 15:13 11.8 70.7 7.55 389.8 521 F11 15:19 11.7 70.3 7.65 389.4 522 SP 3 F12 15:23 10.6 48.3 5.36 379.7 524
- 9. 9 F13 15:37 12.473.5 7.88 349.7 520 10/7/2011 Springs Location Time P.M. Temp Celsius % DO Mg/L DO Conductivity (µS) Specific Conductance (µS) F1 12:32 11.4 89.1 9.48 385.1 520 F2 12:36 11.6 88.7 9.58 386.5 520 F3 12:40 11.5 85.5 9.27 386.1 521 SP 1: a F4 12:47 9.5 63.2 7.17 367.8 522 b F5 12:51 9.6 62.4 7.04 368.3 524 c F6 12:56 9.5 63.6 7.17 367.1 522 F7 13:01 11.8 85.2 9.34 389.5 520 SP 2 F8 13:07 11.7 61.3 6.33 376.2 523 F9 13:19 12.5 91.6 9.71 396.7 521 F10 13:23 12.6 91.9 9.8 397.4 521 F11 13:29 12.6 91.7 9.69 397.7 521 SP 3 F12 13:37 10.9 74 7.68 382.5 524 F13 13:41 13.5 96.9 10.08 405.8 520 10/14/2011 Springs Location Time P.M. Temp (Celsius) % DO Mg/L DO Conductivity (µS) Specific Conductance (µS) F1 14:20 10.4 87.7 9.86 377.8 524 F2 14:24 10.4 89.7 9.78 378.3 524 F3 14:28 10.1 70.2 8.58 372.3 521 SP 1: a F4 14:35 9.5 63.6 7.21 368.6 524 b F5 14:41 9.5 60.8 6.94 367.5 527 c F6 14:47 9.5 61.1 6.99 367.4 523 F7 14:52 10.4 86.9 9.87 378.8 524 SP 2 F8 15:02 10.5 58.4 7.71 372.4 526 F9 15:12 10.8 86.1 9.58 383.4 526 F10 15:16 10.8 89.9 9.79 383 526 F11 15:20 10.7 83.1 9.23 383 526 SP 3 F12 15:33 9.9 72.1 8.18 376 527 F13 15:38 11.2 82.6 9.09 386.4 525 10/21/2011
- 10. 10 Kestrel Data Table Theresults of the Kestrel measurements are shown below in Table 2. The items recorded were Date, Location, Time, Air Temperature, Relative Humidity, Dew Point and Wind Speed (Both Average and Maximum). An additional location was added the week of 10/7/2011. Figure 2 shows the sampling locations. 9/30/2011 Location K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 Time 12:42 12:48 12:52 12:59 13:04 Air Temperature 60.4 60.9 58.4 64.8 57.4 Relative Humidity 56.1 56.2 52.1 53.1 57.8 Dew point 43.9 45.7 42.2 47.2 42.8 Wind speed (mph) max 8.1 5.4 12.2 5.1 8.7 Springs Location Time P.M. Temp Celsius % DO Mg/L DO Conductivity (µS) Specific Conductance (µS) F1 12:27 8.9 70.4 8.15 346 500 F2 12:32 8.9 71.6 8.29 346.5 501 F3 12:35 9.1 58.3 6.7 349 502 SP 1: a F4 12:43 9.5 46 5.24 356 506 b F5 12:59 9.5 45.5 5.18 361.1 511 c F6 13:06 9.5 45.6 5.2 356.9 507 F7 13:27 9.5 70.4 8.03 355.5 505 SP 2 F8 13:33 9.5 62.8 7.15 356.8 506 F9 13:36 9.7 75.3 8.55 357.6 505 F10 13:40 9.7 75.2 5.52 358.2 506 F11 13:43 9.8 74.3 8.42 358.7 506 SP 3 F12 13:46 9.4 59.7 6.81 358.3 507 F13 13:51 10 78.8 8.88 360.2 505 Table 1 DO=Dissolved Oxygen *indicates error SP=Spring
- 11. 11 Wind speed (mph)ave 2.9 2.1 2.5 2.8 4.5 Time 15:49 15:55 16:00 16:07 16:13 Air Temperature 62.8 60.5 60.8 65.4 60.2 Relative Humidity 48.8 50.2 46.8 45.3 46.3 Dew point 50.8 41.9 41.1 45.9 40 Wind speed (mph) max 6.2 8.5 9.3 4.9 7.8 Wind speed (mph) ave 2.4 2.5 3.4 1.6 2.4 10/7/2011 Location K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 Time 11:35 11:46 11:49 11:53 11:58 12:02 Air Temperature 76.1 75.6 77.5 81.1 78.4 78 Relative Humidity 48.1 49.2 48.6 46.2 46.7 47.3 Dew point 56.7 55.9 55 57.2 56.1 55.6 Wind speed (mph) max 11.6 9.8 15.4 9.7 14.3 14.3 Wind speed (mph) ave 3.4 4.3 5.7 2.9 5 4.2 Time 13:52 13:56 13:59 14:03 14:07 14:12 Air Temperature 81.1 82.2 82.6 83.2 85.2 86.4 Relative Humidity 44 44.9 44.1 43.5 44.9 42.8 Dew point 57.8 58.8 58.3 60.1 60.5 59.5 Wind speed (mph) max 10.3 8.6 14.3 13.7 16.2 17.8 Wind speed (mph) ave 3.6 3.3 5.4 5.2 6.8 4.9 10/14/2011 Location K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 Time 13:38 13:43 13:47 13:51 13:55 13:59 Air Temperature 54.2 56 55.4 54.3 52.8 51.7 Relative Humidity 57 56.9 54.5 56 56.2 55.3 Dew point 40 40.4 40 37.5 37 36.2 Wind speed (mph) max 12.8 9.4 16.5 10.2 7.2 16.2 Wind speed (mph) ave 5.9 3.8 7.5 5.5 3.1 8.6 Time 15:52 15:56 16:00 16:04 16:08 16:11 Air Temperature 55.3 55 55 53.5 53.6 52.7 Relative Humidity 50.6 50.5 49.5 52 52.3 51.7 Dew point 37.5 36.9 35.8 36.3 36.5 35.6 Wind speed (mph) max 12.4 9.9 18.4 11 7.5 14.3 Wind speed (mph) ave 7.7 3.9 10.3 6 3.5 7.4 10/21/2011
- 12. 12 Location K1 K2K3 K4 K5 K6 Time 12:01 12:06 12:09 12:13 12:15 12:18 Air Temperature 52.3 54.1 53.3 52.4 53.6 52.5 Relative Humidity 54.6 49 49.3 49 48.7 49.2 Dew point 37 37.1 34.5 35.6 35.8 34.5 Wind speed (mph) max 7.8 5 6.8 5.1 6.2 6.7 Wind speed (mph) ave 4.5 2 3.7 2.4 3.2 4.1 Time 14:02 14:06 14:08 14:11 14:17 14:20 Air Temperature 55.7 58.4 58.3 57.8 57.8 58.6 Relative Humidity 42.1 42.1 40.2 41.9 41.1 39.6 Dew point 33.4 35.6 35.2 36.6 36.2 34.9 Wind speed (mph) max 7.2 6.5 6.8 6.1 6.2 8.7 Wind speed (mph) ave 2.1 2.8 4.2 2.3 2.9 4.2 Table 2 Conversion from Conductivity to Specific Conductance The table below, Table 3, shows the results from Equation 1. Excel Spreadsheet was used to solve for Specific Conductance using Conductivity as the input. 9/23/2011 Specific Conductance (µS) with Equation Measured Specific Conductance (µS) TC * (T - 25) 1 + TC * (T - 25) Conductivity/(1 + TC * (T - 25))=Specific Conductance Specific Conductance (µS) -0.27886 0.72114 520.9806695 521 -0.27695 0.72305 519.8810594 521 -0.27695 0.72305 520.4342715 521 -0.29605 0.70395 521.7700121 523 -0.29796 0.70204 #VALUE! *158.7 -0.29987 0.70013 521.9030751 521 -0.27695 0.72305 520.8491806 520 -0.30369 0.69631 #VALUE! *214.3 -0.26931 0.73069 525.120092 526 -0.27122 0.72878 525.9474739 526 -0.27122 0.72878 525.2613958 526 -0.30178 0.69822 #VALUE! *520/169.8
- 13. 13 -0.26358 0.73642 523.4784498523 -0.29987 0.70013 524.4740263 525 -0.29987 0.70013 527.7591304 527 -0.29987 0.70013 526.6164855 526 9/30/2011 Specific Conductance (µS)with Equation Measured Specific Conductance (µS) TC * (T - 25) 1 + TC * (T - 25) Conductivity/(1 + TC * (T - 25))=Specific Conductance Specific Conductance (µS) -0.26931 0.73069 519.6458142 519 -0.2674 0.7326 519.6560197 520 -0.27504 0.72496 515.0629 520 -0.29414 0.70586 521.3498427 521 -0.29414 0.70586 524.6082793 525 -0.29414 0.70586 522.1998697 522 -0.26167 0.73833 520.7698455 520 -0.26167 0.73833 513.4560427 524 -0.25212 0.74788 521.7414558 522 -0.25212 0.74788 521.2066107 521 -0.25403 0.74597 522.0049064 522 -0.27504 0.72496 523.7530347 524 -0.24066 0.75934 460.5315142 520 10/7/2011 Specific Conductance (µS) with Equation Measured Specific Conductance (µS) TC * (T - 25) 1 + TC * (T - 25) Conductivity/(1 + TC * (T - 25))=Specific Conductance Specific Conductance (µS) -0.25976 0.74024 520.23668 520 -0.25594 0.74406 519.4473564 520 -0.25785 0.74215 520.2452334 521 -0.29605 0.70395 522.4802898 522 -0.29414 0.70586 521.7748562 524 -0.29605 0.70395 521.485901 522 -0.25212 0.74788 520.8054768 520 -0.25403 0.74597 504.3098248 523 -0.23875 0.76125 521.1165846 521
- 14. 14 -0.23684 0.76316 520.729598521 -0.23684 0.76316 521.1227004 521 -0.26931 0.73069 523.4778086 524 -0.21965 0.78035 520.0230666 520 10/14/2011 Specific Conductance (µS) with Equation Measured Specific Conductance (µS) TC * (T - 25) 1 + TC * (T - 25) Conductivity/(1 + TC * (T - 25))=Specific Conductance Specific Conductance (µS) -0.27886 0.72114 523.8927254 524 -0.27886 0.72114 524.5860721 524 -0.28459 0.71541 520.400889 521 -0.29605 0.70395 523.6167341 524 -0.29605 0.70395 522.0541232 527 -0.29605 0.70395 521.9120676 523 -0.27886 0.72114 525.2794187 524 -0.27695 0.72305 515.0404536 526 -0.27122 0.72878 526.0846895 526 -0.27122 0.72878 525.535827 526 -0.27313 0.72687 526.9167802 526 -0.28841 0.71159 528.3941596 527 -0.26358 0.73642 524.7005785 525 10/21/2011 Specific Conductance (µS) with Equation Measured Specific Conductance (µS) TC * (T - 25) 1 + TC * (T - 25) Conductivity/(1 + TC * (T - 25))=Specific Conductance Specific Conductance (µS) -0.30751 0.69249 499.6462043 500 -0.30751 0.69249 500.3682364 501 -0.30369 0.69631 501.2135399 502 -0.29605 0.70395 505.7177356 506 -0.29605 0.70395 512.9625684 511 -0.29605 0.70395 506.9962355 507 -0.29605 0.70395 505.0074579 505 -0.29605 0.70395 506.85418 506 -0.29223 0.70777 505.2488803 505
- 15. 15 -0.29223 0.70777 506.0966133506 -0.29032 0.70968 505.4390711 506 -0.29796 0.70204 510.3697795 507 -0.2865 0.7135 504.8353189 505 Table 3 T=Temperature TC=0.0191 Figure 5 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 DissolvedOxygen(%) Location Dissolved Oxygen (%) vs. Location 9/23/2011 9/30/2011 10/7/2011 10/14/2011 10/21/2011 Indicates Springs
- 16. 16 Figure 6 Figure 7 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 02 4 6 8 10 12 14 DissolvedOxygen(mg/L) Location Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) vs. Location 9/23/2011 9/30/2011 10/7/2011 10/14/2011 10/21/2011 Indicates Springs 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 0 2 4 6 Temperature(0F) Location Air Temperature vs. Location 10/7/2011before 10/7/11after 10/14/11before 10/14/11after 10/21/11before 10/21/11after 9/30/11before
- 17. 17 Figure 8 Figure 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 05 10 15 Temperature(0C) Location Water Temperature vs. Location 9/23/2011 9/30/2011 10/7/2011 10/14/2011 10/21/2011 Indicates Springs 495 500 505 510 515 520 525 530 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 SpecificConductance(µS) Location Measured Specific Conductance vs. Location 9/23/2011- *Error 9/30/2011 10/7/2011 10/14/2011 10/21/2011- new YSI
- 18. 18 Figure 10 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 0 24 6 8 10 12 14 Conductivity(µS) Location Measured Conductivity vs. Location 9/23/2011 9/30/2011 10/7/2011 10/14/2011 10/21/2011- newYSI
- 19. 19 Figure 11 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 MaximumWindVelocity(mph) Location Maximum Wind Velocity vs. Location 9/30/11/ before 9/30/11 after 10/7/11 before 10/7/11 after 10/14/11 before
- 20. 20 Figure 12 The figureabove (figure 11) is a general model for a variety of parameters in a ground water system. Temperature, Specific Conductivity and Dissolved Oxygen will vary depending on the source of the water as indicated. Discussion The data collected for each of the parameters gave an accurate representation of what would be expected in a spring-stream system such as this with the exception of Conductivity. The isolated pool (locations 4, 5 and 6) with the spring had very constant numbers for all of the parameters. The springs in the stream were less consistent from week to week, most likely, because of the flow from the stream, however those data still showed the overall trend that was indicated in the isolated pool. The parameter that was unusual was Conductivity. This data showed that the Conductivity was lower in the springs than in the stream. “Conductivity is also affected by temperature: the warmer the water, the higher the conductivity (5.9 Conductivity).” When this data was corrected for temperature, using Equation 1 and 2 the
- 21. 21 results were similar.Figure 13 and 14 show results of Conductivity using Equation 1 and 2. Figure 9 and 10 show measured results of Conductivity and Specific Conductance. These results may be a result of seasonal variation in water source. Figure 16 and 17 show the results of a previous study conducted earlier in the year. Both studies show lower Conductivity in the springs rather than the streams closer to the warmer season, spring or summer. However during the colder season, winter, the Conductivity is higher in the springs rather than the stream. “In a USGS study in Colorado, USA, specific conductance was found to vary during the year as a result of the temporal variability of streamflow. As this chart (figure 18) shows, specific conductance generally was lowest in the Arkansas River near Avondale, Colorado, in May to August, when streamflow generally was largest, and increased with decreasing streamflow in the fall, winter, and spring (Common Water Measurements).” Streamflow may have influenced the Specific conductance data for this study. K. R. Grote wrote a paper called “Identification and Characterization of Springs in West-Central Wisconsin.” He looked at Conductivity levels in a variety of springs at various locations. The springs in the Prairie du Chien group are most pertinent for a comparison to this study because this group is the uppermost bedrock group at this study location. His numbers ranged from 272 µS to 564 µS. This is consistent with measurements from this study. Figure 8 shows the spring and stream temperature at each location. Spring locations had a lower temperature than the stream locations. Figure 8 and 15 also indicates a decline in water temperature downstream from the springs. This is important to note because this is a cold water, class 1, trout stream (Wisconsin Trout Streams). Dissolved Oxygen measurements, both mg/L and %, were consistently lower at the spring locations than at the spring locations. Dissolved Oxygen data was reasonably consistency, however minor inconsistencies may be explained by variations in Streamflow. The more flow there is the more likely Dissolved Oxygen Data will be higher due to more interaction with the atmosphere. Measurement error occurred at the Spring locations on the date 9/23/2011. The YSI-85 probe was held too close to the sediment (slightly submerged in the sediment). As a result, the numbers at the Spring locations on that date were significantly off for both Conductivity and Specific Conductance as shown in figures 8, 9 and 12. Because of this error, a more accurate representation of the spring temperature can be seen in figure 7. The reason for this is that Stream Flow did not interfere with the data as much as a result of this slight submergence. Using the YSI-2030 as apposed to the YSI-85 on 10/21/2011 may have altered the numbers as well due to a slight variation in equipment sensitivity. Air temperature is shown in figure 6. Air location 4 indicates an elevated temperature for several separate days. This is the same location as Spring 3, location 12 (figure 2). One would expect a colder air temperature to be recorded at this location due to the close proximity to a cold water spring. Vegetation cover, figure 19, may have insulated the area causing an elevated temperature. The sensitivity of the Kestrel 3000 may have been underestimated as well. The walk from air
- 22. 22 location 3 toair location 4 may have picked up body temperature and not recalibrated long enough to get an accurate reading. Body temperature may have corrupted the data. The wind velocity data, figure 11, indicates a higher maximum wind velocity at location 3, 5, and 6. These are the locations away from the stream and vegetative cover, figure 19. Average wind velocity showed similar results. The other atmospheric data did not show any discernable patterns. Other variable, like wind direction, may have needed to be recorded to correlate patterns. Figure 13 345 355 365 375 385 395 405 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 ConductivityS Location Conductivity from equation vs. Location 9/23/2011 9/30/2011 10/7/2011 10/14/2011 10/21/2011
- 23. 23 Figure 14 Previous Study Figure15 495 500 505 510 515 520 525 530 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 SpecificConductance(uS) Location Specific Conductance from Equation vs. Location 9/30/11 10/7/11 10/14/11 10/21/11
- 24. 24 X-axis= Feet downstreamfrom location 12 Previous Study Figure 16 X-axis= Feet downstream from location 12
- 25.
- 26.
- 27. 27 Vegetation Map Figure 19 Theshaded areas are groups of clustered trees Conclusion The Springs at this study location influenced the Streams. This was best illustrated in figure 8. The water temperature declined downstream from the Springs. The Atmosphere may have also influenced the Stream at this study location. Figure 7 and 8 illustrate this best. The days with the warmest air temperature, 9/30/2011 and 10/7/2011, also had the warmest stream temperature. When similar parameters were compared during different seasons, it seems that seasonality plays a significant role in water quality. Spring water measurements in the stream were likely influence by the stream flow. This was illustrated in figure 8 on the sampling day N Detail of boiling spring area, eastern portion of restoration area
- 28. 28 9/30/2011. The instrumentationwas held too close to the stream for accurate Conductivity and Specific Conductance data, however accurate temperature data would have been collected using this method. The isolated spring flow parameters were reasonably consistent for all of the parameters. There was some variability for the Dissolved Oxygen measurements. More data would have to be collected to ascertain the cause of this variability or determine if this was simply an anomaly. More data needs to be collected to gather a better representation of the water quality in the South Fork. A year round study would be the best way to determine if there variation in water quality due to seasonality. Extending the study area to downstream farther would be a recommendation for future studies. This would help determine the extent of the Spring influence on the Stream. Both Stream flow and Spring Flow data would be an asset for future studies. Data such as Dissolved Oxygen could be analyzed more easily and accurately with flow data.
- 29. 29 Works Cited "5.9 Conductivity| Monitoring & Assessment | US EPA." Home | Water | US EPA. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. <http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms59.cfm>. "Common Water Measurements, from USGS Water Science for Schools." USGS Georgia Water Science Center - Home Page. Web. 06 Dec. 2011. <http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/characteristics.html>. Google Earth. Web. Nov. 2011. Grote, K. R. Identification and Characterization of Springs in West-Central Wisconsin. Thesis. University of Wisconsin- Eau Claire, 2006. Print. "Kestrel 3000 Wind Meter | Pocket Weather Meter | Kestrelmeters.com." Kestrel Meters - Handheld Weather and Wind Meters - KestrelMeters.com. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.kestrelmeters.com/products/kestrel-3000-wind-meter Patrick, Brad, Isaac Martin, Tim Plude, and Courtney Schlosser. "Hydrogeological Relationships of the South Fork River and Three Boiling Springs." (2011). Print. "RIVER FALLS EAST, WI." Map. USGS. 1974. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. <http://store.usgs.gov/b2c_usgs/catalog/setCurrentItem/%28isQuery=yes&layout=6_1_61_58& uiarea=2&ctype=catalogQuery&next=seeItem&carea=%24ROOT&citem=0000001561000000015 7%29/.do>. "South Fork of Kinnickinnic River, Stream Restoration Area East of River Falls, Wisconsin." Google Earth. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. "The Town of River Falls Land Use Element." Vierbicher Associates Inc, 2005. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. <http://riverfallstown.com/Comprehensive_Plan/-I-%20Land%20Use.pdf>.
- 30. 30 Young, H. L.,and S. M. Hindall. "Water Resources of Wisconsin St. Croix River Basin." Map. Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey. Washington D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, 1973. Atlas HA-451. Web. "YSI 85 Dissolved Oxygen Conductivity Salinity and Temperature Meter | Envco – Environmental Equipment – Environmental Equipment." Envco | Environmental Equipment. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.envco.co.nz/catalog/product/ysi-handhelds/ysi-85-dissolved-oxygen-conductivity-salinity- and-temperature-meter.ht>. YSI Incorporated | Water Sampling and Monitoring Equipment for Dissolved Oxygen, PH, Turbidity, Temperature, Level. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. http://www.ysi.com/index.php. "WFO Monthly/Daily Climate Data." National Weather Forecast Office- Twin Cities. National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). Web. 11 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/getclimate.php?wfo=mpx>. "What We Do." Kinnickinnic River Land Trust. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. <http://www.kinniriver.org/what-we- do/>. "Wisconsin Trout Streams." Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 19 Apr. 2002. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.