In this slide, you can understand the concept of Nausea and vomiting normally called "puke.''
Difference between Nausea and vomiting.
Causes of Vomiting.
Diet in Vomiting
Treatment in Vomiting.
Treatment of Vomiting in Pregnancy.
PPT download link.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1beZMVQ75fdiGJlJDbGJKK3MGio6zgpLfTu9flkBSutk
Video Link:
https://youtu.be/ZvUiGpjt3zc
In this slide, you can understand the concept of Nausea and vomiting normally called "puke.''
Difference between Nausea and vomiting.
Causes of Vomiting.
Diet in Vomiting
Treatment in Vomiting.
Treatment of Vomiting in Pregnancy.
PPT download link.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1beZMVQ75fdiGJlJDbGJKK3MGio6zgpLfTu9flkBSutk
Video Link:
https://youtu.be/ZvUiGpjt3zc
Abdominal pain Health information mymedhealthinfoHarshini Agarwal
We Have to Know about the Abdominal Pain
When the problem is in your abdomen: The site, duration, character, relieving and aggravating factors of the pain are taken into consideration.
Dr. Guy Nicastri, Associate Professor of Surgery and Family Medicine at the Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University takes us through some of the pearls of the Acute Abdomen Examination in the Adult
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Definitions
Nausea : Feeling of needing to vomit / unpleasant feeling preceding vomiting
Vomiting/ Emesis : Expulsion of gastric contents by forceful contractions of
abdominal and thoracic muscles
4. Pathophysiology
Neurons in medulla oblongata(area postrema) activated in sequence to induce vomiting
Receptors : D2, 5HT3 , H1, M1
1. Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in 4th Ventricle - Drugs , Toxins
2.Vagal/Visceral afferents : Vomiting induced by parts of GI / extra GI
3. Vestibular Nuclei : Motion sickness
4. Higher Centres : Pain , Smell, Memory
Same pathways for Nausea and Vomiting - Intensity of stimulation different
5.
6.
7. Stages of Vomiting
1. Nausea : Unpleasant sensation preceding vomiting associated with
hypersalivation , repetitive swallowing , tachycardia
2. Retching: Gastric/Esophagus relaxation with rhythmic , synchronous
contraction of diaphragm and abdominal (External oblique & Abdominal
rectus) muscles - creates pressure gradient
3. Vomiting : Actual retrograde expulsion of gastric content in response
to the pressure gradient created by retching - glottis closes - prevents
aspiration.
* All three don’t need to be present*
8. Diagnosis of Nausea and Vomiting
The list is - Very large
Every organ pathology can cause Nausea and Vomiting
Can narrow down by history and examination
9. Important History Points
Number of Episodes
Interval between episodes
Timing of episodes
Contents of Vomit - BIle / Blood stained
If blood + : Color of Blood
LMP in reproductive age group females
Prior abdominal surgeries - risk of obstruction due to adhesion formation
11. Physical Examination
Vitals
Hydration status (especially in multiple episodes):
Look for icterus
Complete Abdominal examination - IAPP
If association with vertigo - diff Central vs Peripheral
ECG : If indicated
13. Imaging Indicated if
Central Cause of Vomiting - CT / MRI Brain
CT Chest / Chest X ray - Suspect Esophageal Rupture (Boerhaave syndrome)
Abdominal Imaging if Vomiting secondary to bowel obstruction , kidney stones ,
USG abdomen - if suspecting Pancreatic / Gallbladder / Hepatic/ Appendix / Renal
pathology
14. Treatment in ER
ABC - stabilize the patient
Both ondansetron and prochlorperazine are equally effective to stop vomiting
Antihistamine : Motion sickness / Labrirythitisis induced
Metoclopramide : If Vomiting + Headache
If dehydrated : Oral / IV fluids
Take History and Examination
Labs
Imaging if indicated
15. Complications
1. Hypochloremic, Hypokalemic, Metabolic alkalosis - due to H+ ion loss
Alkalosis → Increased Sodium Bicarb to Kidney (distal Tubules) →
Secondary Hyperaldosteronism causes increased NaCo3 reabsorption and K+
excretion
2. Esophageal tear : Complete: Boerhaave Syndrome
Partial: Mallory Weiss
3. Dehydration : Chronic / massive vomitings