Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizational settings. It examines how individuals, groups, and structures affect behavior within organizations for the purpose of improving organizational effectiveness. The scope of organizational behavior includes studying individuals, their attitudes, values, and motivation. It also includes studying groups, including dynamics, communication, leadership, and conflicts between groups. The goal is to understand and predict human behavior in organizations so managers can create environments that optimize performance.

2. WHAT IS ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR?
•“Organizational behavior is a subset of management activities concerned with
understanding, predicting and influencing individual behaviour in organizational setting.”—
Callahan, Fleenor and Kudson.
• “Organizational behavior is a branch of the social sciences that seeks to build theories
that can be applied” to predicting, understanding and controlling behavior in work
organizations.”—Raman J. Aldag.
• “Organizational behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people act
within an organization. It is A human tool for human benefit. It applies broadly to the
behavior of people in all types of organization.”— Newstrom and Davis.

3. • “Organizational behavior is directly concerned with the understanding,
production and control of human behavior in organizations.”—Fred luthans.
• “Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that
individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within the organizations for the
purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s
effectiveness.”—Stephens P. Robbins.
• Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in the workplace, the
interaction between people and the organization with the intent to understand and
predict human behavior.
WHAT IS ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR?

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
1. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT:
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR IS THAT PART OF WHOLE MANAGEMENT WHICH
REPRESENTS THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT. ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOR HAS EMERGED AS A DISTINCT FIELD OF STUDY BECAUSE OF THE
IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATIONS
2. CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP:
HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS GENERALLY TAKEN IN TERMS OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
RELATIONSHIP AND NOT IN PHILOSOPHICAL TERMS. IT HELPS IN PREDICTING THE
BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUALS. IT PROVIDES GENERALIZATIONS THAT MANAGERS CAN
USE TO ANTICIPATE THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN ACTIVITIES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR.

5. 3. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR IS A BRANCH OF SOCIAL SCIENCES:
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR IS HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY SEVERAL OTHER SOCIAL
SCIENCES VIZ. PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY. IT DRAWS A RICH
ARRAY OF RESEARCH FROM THESE DISCIPLINES.
4. THREE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS:
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR ENCOMPASSES THE STUDY OF THREE LEVELS OF
ANALYSIS NAMELY INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR, INTER-INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR AND THE
BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIZATIONS THEMSELVES. THE FIELD OF ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOR EMBRACES ALL THESE LEVELS AS BEING COMPLEMENTARY TO EACH
OTHER.
• 5. A SCIENCE AS WELLAS AN ART:
• ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR IS A SCIENCE AS WELLAS AN ART. THE SYSTEMATIC
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS A SCIENCE AND THE APPLICATION OF
BEHAVIORAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IS AN ART.

6. 6. A BODY OF THEORY, RESEARCH AND APPLICATION:
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR CONSISTS OF A BODY OF THEORY, RESEARCH AND
APPLICATION WHICH HELPS IN UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN
ORGANIZATION. ALL THESE TECHNIQUES HELP THE MANAGERS TO SOLVE HUMAN
PROBLEMS IN ORGANIZATIONS.
7. BENEFICIAL TO BOTH ORGANIZATION AND INDIVIDUALS:
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR CREATES AN ATMOSPHERE WHEREBY BOTH
ORGANIZATION AND INDIVIDUALS ARE BENEFITTED BY EACH OTHER. A REASONABLE
CLIMATE IS CREATED SO THAT EMPLOYEES MAY GET MUCH NEEDED SATISFACTION
AND THE ORGANIZATION MAY ATTAIN ITS OBJECTIVES.
8. RATIONAL THINKING:
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR PROVIDES A RATIONAL THINKING ABOUT PEOPLE AND
THEIR BEHAVIOR. THE MAJOR OBJECTIVE OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR IS TO
EXPLAIN AND PREDICT HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATIONS, SO THAT RESULT
YIELDING SITUATIONS CAN BE CREATED.

7. NATURE OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

8. 1. A SEPARATE FIELD OF STUDY AND NOT A
DISCIPLINE ONLY
• BY DEFINITION, A DISCIPLINE IS AN ACCEPTED SCIENCE THAT IS BASED ON A
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION. BUT, O.B. HAS A MULTI-INTERDISCIPLINARY
ORIENTATION AND IS, THUS, NOT BASED ON A SPECIFIC THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND. THEREFORE, IT IS BETTER REASONABLE TO CALL O.B. A
SEPARATE FIELD OF STUDY RATHER THAN A DISCIPLINE ONLY.

9. 2. AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
• ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR IS ESSENTIALLY AN INTERDISCIPLINARY
APPROACH TO STUDY HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AT WORK. IT TRIES TO INTEGRATE
THE RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE DRAWN FROM RELATED DISCIPLINES LIKE
PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY TO MAKE THEM APPLICABLE
FOR STUDYING AND ANALYZING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR.

10. 3.AN APPLIED SCIENCE
• EVERY NATURE OF O.B. IS APPLIED. WHAT O.B. BASICALLY DOES IS THE
APPLICATION OF VARIOUS RESEARCHES TO SOLVE THE ORGANIZATIONAL
PROBLEMS RELATED TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR. THE BASIC LINE OF DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN PURE SCIENCE AND O.B. IS THAT WHILE THE FORMER
CONCENTRATES OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCHES, THE LATTER
CONCENTRATES ON APPLIED RESEARCHES. O.B. INVOLVES BOTH APPLIED
RESEARCH AND ITS APPLICATION IN ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS. HENCE, O.B.
CAN BE CALLED BOTH SCIENCE AS WELL AS ART.

11. 4. A NORMATIVE SCIENCE
• ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR IS A NORMATIVE SCIENCE ALSO. WHILE THE
POSITIVE SCIENCE DISCUSSES ONLY CAUSE EFFECT RELATIONSHIP. O.B.
PRESCRIBES HOW THE FINDINGS OF APPLIED RESEARCHES CAN BE APPLIED
TO SOCIALLY ACCEPTED ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS. THUS, O.B. DEALS WITH
WHAT IS ACCEPTED BY INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY ENGAGED IN AN
ORGANIZATION.

12. 5.A HUMANISTIC AND OPTIMISTIC
APPROACH
• ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR APPLIES HUMANISTIC APPROACH TOWARDS
PEOPLE WORKING IN THE ORGANIZATION. IT DEALS WITH THE THINKING AND
FEELING OF HUMAN BEINGS. O.B. IS BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT PEOPLE HAVE
AN INNATE DESIRE TO BE INDEPENDENT, CREATIVE AND PRODUCTIVE.IT ALSO
REALIZES THAT PEOPLE WORKING IN THE ORGANIZATION CAN AND WILL
ACTUALIZE THESE POTENTIALS IF THEY ARE GIVEN PROPER CONDITIONS AND
ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS PERFORMANCE OR WORKERS
WORKING IN AN ORGANIZATION.

13. 6. A TOTAL SYSTEM APPROACH
• THE SYSTEM APPROACH IS ONE THAT INTEGRATES ALL THE VARIABLES,
AFFECTING ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTIONING. THE SYSTEMS APPROACH HAS
BEEN DEVELOPED BY THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS TO ANALYZE HUMAN
BEHAVIOR IN VIEW OF HIS/HER SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK. MAN'S
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK MAKES MAN A COMPLEX ONE AND THE
SYSTEMS APPROACH TRIES TO STUDY HIS/HER COMPLEXITY AND FIND
SOLUTION TO IT.

14. SCOPE OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

15. 1. PEOPLE
• THE PEOPLE CONSTITUTE THE INTERNAL SOCIAL SYSTEM OF THE ORGANIZATION.
• THEY CONSIST OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS. GROUPS MAY BE LARGE OR SMALL, FORMAL
OR INFORMAL, OFFICIAL OR UNOFFICIAL. THEY ARE DYNAMIC. THEY FORM, CHANGE AND
DISBAND.
• HUMAN ORGANIZATION CHANGES EVERYDAY. TODAY, IT IS NOT THE SAME AS IT WAS
YESTERDAY. IT MAY CHANGE FURTHER IN THE COMING DAYS.
• PEOPLE ARE LIVING, THINKING AND FEELING BEING WHO CREATED THE ORGANIZATION AND
TRY TO ACHIEVE THE OBJECTIVES AND GOALS. THUS, ORGANIZATIONS EXIST TO SERVE THE
PEOPLE AND NOT THE PEOPLE EXIST TO SERVE THE ORGANIZATION.

16. 2. STRUCTURE
• STRUCTURE DEFINES THE SOLE RELATIONSHIP OF PEOPLE IN AN
ORGANIZATION.
• DIFFERENT PEOPLE IN AN ORGANIZATION ARE GIVEN DIFFERENT ROLES AND
THEY HAVE CERTAIN RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS. IT LEADS TO DIVISION OF
LABOR SO THAT PEOPLE CAN PERFORM THEIR DUTIES OR WORK TO
ACCOMPLISH THE ORGANIZATIONAL GOAL.
• STRUCTURE RELATES TO POWER AND DUTIES. ONE HAS THE AUTHORITY AND
OTHERS HAVE A DUTY TO OBEY HIM.

17. 3. TECHNOLOGY
• TECHNOLOGY IMPARTS THE PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS WITHIN WHICH
PEOPLE WORK.
• WITH THEIR BARE HANDS PEOPLE CAN DO NOTHING SO THEY ARE GIVEN
ASSISTANCE OF BUILDINGS, MACHINES, TOOLS, PROCESSES AND RESOURCES.
• THE NATURE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPENDS VERY MUCH ON THE NATURE OF THE
ORGANIZATION AND INFLUENCES THE WORK OR WORKING CONDITIONS.
• TECHNOLOGY BRINGS EFFECTIVENESS AND AT THE SAME RESTRICTS PEOPLE IN
VARIOUS WAYS

18. 4.SOCIAL SYSTEM
• SOCIAL SYSTEM PROVIDES EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT WHICH THE
ORGANIZATION OPERATES.
• A SINGLE ORGANIZATION CANNOT EXIST ALSO. IT IS A PART OF THE WHOLE.
ONE ORGANIZATION CANNOT GIVE EVERYTHING AND THEREFORE, THERE ARE
MANY OTHER ORGANIZATIONS. ALL THESE ORGANIZATIONS INFLUENCE EACH
OTHER. IT INFLUENCES THE ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE, THEIR WORKING
CONDITIONS AND ABOVE ALL PROVIDES COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES AND
POWER.

19. •O.B. IS THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR AT WORK IN
ORGANIZATIONS. THE SCOPE OF O.B. INCLUDES
1. INDIVIDUALS
• ORGANIZATIONS ARE THE ASSOCIATIONS OF INDIVIDUALS. INDIVIDUALS
DIFFER IN MANY RESPECTS. THE STUDY OF INDIVIDUALS, THEREFORE,
INCLUDES ASPECTS SUCH AS PERSONALITY, PERCEPTION, ATTITUDES,
VALUES, JOB SATISFACTION, LEARNING AND MOTIVATION.

20. 2. GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS
• GROUPS INCLUDE ASPECTS SUCH AS GROUP DYNAMICS, GROUP CONFLICTS,
COMMUNICATION, LEADERSHIP, POWER AND POLITICS AND THE LIKE.

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