The best known natural language processing tool is GPT-3, from OpenAI, which uses AI and statistics to predict the next word in a sentence based on the preceding words. NLP practitioners call tools like this “language models,” and they can be used for simple analytics tasks, such as classifying documents and analyzing the sentiment in blocks of text, as well as more advanced tasks, such as answering questions and summarizing reports. Language models are already reshaping traditional text analytics, but GPT-3 was an especially pivotal language model because, at 10x larger than any previous model upon release, it was the first large language model, which enabled it to perform even more advanced tasks like programming and solving high school–level math problems. The latest version, called InstructGPT, has been fine-tuned by humans to generate responses that are much better aligned with human values and user intentions, and Google’s latest model shows further impressive breakthroughs on language and reasoning.
For businesses, the three areas where GPT-3 has appeared most promising are writing, coding, and discipline-specific reasoning. OpenAI, the Microsoft-funded creator of GPT-3, has developed a GPT-3-based language model intended to act as an assistant for programmers by generating code from natural language input. This tool, Codex, is already powering products like Copilot for Microsoft’s subsidiary GitHub and is capable of creating a basic video game simply by typing instructions. This transformative capability was already expected to change the nature of how programmers do their jobs, but models continue to improve — the latest from Google’s DeepMind AI lab, for example, demonstrates the critical thinking and logic skills necessary to outperform most humans in programming competitions.
Models like GPT-3 are considered to be foundation models — an emerging AI research area — which also work for other types of data such as images and video. Foundation models can even be trained on multiple forms of data at the same time, like OpenAI’s DALL·E 2, which is trained on language and images to generate high-resolution renderings of imaginary scenes or objects simply from text prompts. Due to their potential to transform the nature of cognitive work, economists expect that foundation models may affect every part of the economy and could lead to increases in economic growth similar to the industrial revolution.
Natural Language Processing is a subfield of Artificial Intelligence and linguistics, devoted to make computers understand the statements or words written by humans.
In this seminar we discuss its issues, and its working etc...
myassignmenthelp is premier service provider for NLP related assignments and projects. Given PPT describes processes involved in NLP programming.so whenever you need help in any work related to natural language processing feel free to get in touch with us.
Natural Language Processing(NLP) is a subset Of AI.It is the ability of a computer program to understand human language as it is spoken.
Contents
What Is NLP?
Why NLP?
Levels In NLP
Components Of NLP
Approaches To NLP
Stages In NLP
NLTK
Setting Up NLP Environment
Some Applications Of NLP
A statistical model or a machine learning algorithm is said to have underfitting when a model is too simple to capture data complexities. It represents the inability of the model to learn the training data effectively result in poor performance both on the training and testing data. In simple terms, an underfit model’s are inaccurate, especially when applied to new, unseen examples. It mainly happens when we uses very simple model with overly simplified assumptions. To address underfitting problem of the model, we need to use more complex models, with enhanced feature representation, and less regularization.
A statistical model is said to be overfitted when the model does not make accurate predictions on testing data. When a model gets trained with so much data, it starts learning from the noise and inaccurate data entries in our data set. And when testing with test data results in High variance. Then the model does not categorize the data correctly, because of too many details and noise. The causes of overfitting are the non-parametric and non-linear methods because these types of machine learning algorithms have more freedom in building the model based on the dataset and therefore they can really build unrealistic models. A solution to avoid overfitting is using a linear algorithm if we have linear data or using the parameters like the maximal depth if we are using decision trees.
A recurrent neural network (RNN) is one of the two broad types of artificial neural network, characterized by direction of the flow of information between its layers. In contrast to the uni-directional feedforward neural network, it is a bi-directional artificial neural network, meaning that it allows the output from some nodes to affect subsequent input to the same nodes. Their ability to use internal state (memory) to process arbitrary sequences of inputs makes them applicable to tasks such as unsegmented, connected handwriting recognition[4] or speech recognition. The term "recurrent neural network" is used to refer to the class of networks with an infinite impulse response, whereas "convolutional neural network" refers to the class of finite impulse response. Both classes of networks exhibit temporal dynamic behavior. A finite impulse recurrent network is a directed acyclic graph that can be unrolled and replaced with a strictly feedforward neural network, while an infinite impulse recurrent network is a directed cyclic graph that can not be unrolled.
Additional stored states and the storage under direct control by the network can be added to both infinite-impulse and finite-impulse networks. The storage can also be replaced by another network or graph if that incorporates time delays or has feedback loops. Such controlled states are referred to as gated state or gated memory, and are part of long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) and gated recurrent units. This is also called Feedforward Neural Network (FNN). Recurrent neural networks are theoretically Turing complete and can run arbitrary programs to process arbitrary sequences of inputs.
Natural Language Processing is a subfield of Artificial Intelligence and linguistics, devoted to make computers understand the statements or words written by humans.
In this seminar we discuss its issues, and its working etc...
myassignmenthelp is premier service provider for NLP related assignments and projects. Given PPT describes processes involved in NLP programming.so whenever you need help in any work related to natural language processing feel free to get in touch with us.
Natural Language Processing(NLP) is a subset Of AI.It is the ability of a computer program to understand human language as it is spoken.
Contents
What Is NLP?
Why NLP?
Levels In NLP
Components Of NLP
Approaches To NLP
Stages In NLP
NLTK
Setting Up NLP Environment
Some Applications Of NLP
A statistical model or a machine learning algorithm is said to have underfitting when a model is too simple to capture data complexities. It represents the inability of the model to learn the training data effectively result in poor performance both on the training and testing data. In simple terms, an underfit model’s are inaccurate, especially when applied to new, unseen examples. It mainly happens when we uses very simple model with overly simplified assumptions. To address underfitting problem of the model, we need to use more complex models, with enhanced feature representation, and less regularization.
A statistical model is said to be overfitted when the model does not make accurate predictions on testing data. When a model gets trained with so much data, it starts learning from the noise and inaccurate data entries in our data set. And when testing with test data results in High variance. Then the model does not categorize the data correctly, because of too many details and noise. The causes of overfitting are the non-parametric and non-linear methods because these types of machine learning algorithms have more freedom in building the model based on the dataset and therefore they can really build unrealistic models. A solution to avoid overfitting is using a linear algorithm if we have linear data or using the parameters like the maximal depth if we are using decision trees.
A recurrent neural network (RNN) is one of the two broad types of artificial neural network, characterized by direction of the flow of information between its layers. In contrast to the uni-directional feedforward neural network, it is a bi-directional artificial neural network, meaning that it allows the output from some nodes to affect subsequent input to the same nodes. Their ability to use internal state (memory) to process arbitrary sequences of inputs makes them applicable to tasks such as unsegmented, connected handwriting recognition[4] or speech recognition. The term "recurrent neural network" is used to refer to the class of networks with an infinite impulse response, whereas "convolutional neural network" refers to the class of finite impulse response. Both classes of networks exhibit temporal dynamic behavior. A finite impulse recurrent network is a directed acyclic graph that can be unrolled and replaced with a strictly feedforward neural network, while an infinite impulse recurrent network is a directed cyclic graph that can not be unrolled.
Additional stored states and the storage under direct control by the network can be added to both infinite-impulse and finite-impulse networks. The storage can also be replaced by another network or graph if that incorporates time delays or has feedback loops. Such controlled states are referred to as gated state or gated memory, and are part of long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) and gated recurrent units. This is also called Feedforward Neural Network (FNN). Recurrent neural networks are theoretically Turing complete and can run arbitrary programs to process arbitrary sequences of inputs.
Random Forest Algorithm widespread popularity stems from its user-friendly nature and adaptability, enabling it to tackle both classification and regression problems effectively. The algorithm’s strength lies in its ability to handle complex datasets and mitigate overfitting, making it a valuable tool for various predictive tasks in machine learning.
One of the most important features of the Random Forest Algorithm is that it can handle the data set containing continuous variables, as in the case of regression, and categorical variables, as in the case of classification. It performs better for classification and regression tasks. In this tutorial, we will understand the working of random forest and implement random forest on a classification task.
Principal Component Analysis(PCA) technique was introduced by the mathematician Karl Pearson in 1901. It works on the condition that while the data in a higher dimensional space is mapped to data in a lower dimension space, the variance of the data in the lower dimensional space should be maximum.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation that converts a set of correlated variables to a set of uncorrelated variables.PCA is the most widely used tool in exploratory data analysis and in machine learning for predictive models. Moreover,
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is an unsupervised learning algorithm technique used to examine the interrelations among a set of variables. It is also known as a general factor analysis where regression determines a line of best fit.
The main goal of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is to reduce the dimensionality of a dataset while preserving the most important patterns or relationships between the variables without any prior knowledge of the target variables.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimensionality of a data set by finding a new set of variables, smaller than the original set of variables, retaining most of the sample’s information, and useful for the regression and classification of data.
It is a classification technique based on Bayes’ Theorem with an independence assumption among predictors. In simple terms, a Naive Bayes classifier assumes that the presence of a particular feature in a class is unrelated to the presence of any other feature.
The Naïve Bayes classifier is a popular supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification tasks such as text classification. It belongs to the family of generative learning algorithms, which means that it models the distribution of inputs for a given class or category. This approach is based on the assumption that the features of the input data are conditionally independent given the class, allowing the algorithm to make predictions quickly and accurately.
In statistics, naive Bayes classifiers are considered as simple probabilistic classifiers that apply Bayes’ theorem. This theorem is based on the probability of a hypothesis, given the data and some prior knowledge. The naive Bayes classifier assumes that all features in the input data are independent of each other, which is often not true in real-world scenarios. However, despite this simplifying assumption, the naive Bayes classifier is widely used because of its efficiency and good performance in many real-world applications.
Moreover, it is worth noting that naive Bayes classifiers are among the simplest Bayesian network models, yet they can achieve high accuracy levels when coupled with kernel density estimation. This technique involves using a kernel function to estimate the probability density function of the input data, allowing the classifier to improve its performance in complex scenarios where the data distribution is not well-defined. As a result, the naive Bayes classifier is a powerful tool in machine learning, particularly in text classification, spam filtering, and sentiment analysis, among others.
For example, a fruit may be considered to be an apple if it is red, round, and about 3 inches in diameter. Even if these features depend on each other or upon the existence of the other features, all of these properties independently contribute to the probability that this fruit is an apple and that is why it is known as ‘Naive’.
An NB model is easy to build and particularly useful for very large data sets. Along with simplicity, Naive Bayes is known to outperform even highly sophisticated classification methods.
The field of artificial neural networks is often just called neural networks or multi-layer perceptrons after perhaps the most useful type of neural network. A perceptron is a single neuron model that was a precursor to larger neural networks.
It is a field that investigates how simple models of biological brains can be used to solve difficult computational tasks like the predictive modeling tasks we see in machine learning. The goal is not to create realistic models of the brain but instead to develop robust algorithms and data structures that we can use to model difficult problems.
The power of neural networks comes from their ability to learn the representation in your training data and how best to relate it to the output variable you want to predict. In this sense, neural networks learn mapping. Mathematically, they are capable of learning any mapping function and have been proven to be a universal approximation algorithm.
The predictive capability of neural networks comes from the hierarchical or multi-layered structure of the networks. The data structure can pick out (learn to represent) features at different scales or resolutions and combine them into higher-order features, for example, from lines to collections of lines to shapes.
Long short-term memory (LSTM) network is a recurrent neural network (RNN), aimed to deal with the vanishing gradient problem present in traditional RNNs. Its relative insensitivity to gap length is its advantage over other RNNs, hidden Markov models and other sequence learning methods. It aims to provide a short-term memory for RNN that can last thousands of timesteps, thus "long short-term memory". It is applicable to classification, processing and predicting data based on time series, such as in handwriting, speech recognition, machine translation, speech activity detection, robot control, video games, and healthcare.
A common LSTM unit is composed of a cell, an input gate, an output gate and a forget gate. The cell remembers values over arbitrary time intervals and the three gates regulate the flow of information into and out of the cell. Forget gates decide what information to discard from a previous state by assigning a previous state, compared to a current input, a value between 0 and 1. A (rounded) value of 1 means to keep the information, and a value of 0 means to discard it. Input gates decide which pieces of new information to store in the current state, using the same system as forget gates. Output gates control which pieces of information in the current state to output by assigning a value from 0 to 1 to the information, considering the previous and current states. Selectively outputting relevant information from the current state allows the LSTM network to maintain useful, long-term dependencies to make predictions, both in current and future time-steps.
linear regression is a linear approach for modelling a predictive relationship between a scalar response and one or more explanatory variables (also known as dependent and independent variables), which are measured without error. The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression; for more than one, the process is called multiple linear regression. This term is distinct from multivariate linear regression, where multiple correlated dependent variables are predicted, rather than a single scalar variable. If the explanatory variables are measured with error then errors-in-variables models are required, also known as measurement error models.
In linear regression, the relationships are modeled using linear predictor functions whose unknown model parameters are estimated from the data. Such models are called linear models. Most commonly, the conditional mean of the response given the values of the explanatory variables (or predictors) is assumed to be an affine function of those values; less commonly, the conditional median or some other quantile is used. Like all forms of regression analysis, linear regression focuses on the conditional probability distribution of the response given the values of the predictors, rather than on the joint probability distribution of all of these variables, which is the domain of multivariate analysis.
Linear regression was the first type of regression analysis to be studied rigorously, and to be used extensively in practical applications.[4] This is because models which depend linearly on their unknown parameters are easier to fit than models which are non-linearly related to their parameters and because the statistical properties of the resulting estimators are easier to determine.
Linear regression has many practical uses. Most applications fall into one of the following two broad categories:
If the goal is error reduction in prediction or forecasting, linear regression can be used to fit a predictive model to an observed data set of values of the response and explanatory variables. After developing such a model, if additional values of the explanatory variables are collected without an accompanying response value, the fitted model can be used to make a prediction of the response.
If the goal is to explain variation in the response variable that can be attributed to variation in the explanatory variables, linear regression analysis can be applied to quantify the strength of the relationship between the response and the explanatory variables, and in particular to determine whether some explanatory variables may have no linear relationship with the response at all, or to identify which subsets of explanatory variables may contain redundant information about the response.
The K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm is a robust and intuitive machine learning method employed to tackle classification and regression problems. By capitalizing on the concept of similarity, KNN predicts the label or value of a new data point by considering its K closest neighbours in the training dataset. In this article, we will learn about a supervised learning algorithm (KNN) or the k – Nearest Neighbours, highlighting it’s user-friendly nature.
What is the K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm?
K-Nearest Neighbours is one of the most basic yet essential classification algorithms in Machine Learning. It belongs to the supervised learning domain and finds intense application in pattern recognition, data mining, and intrusion detection.
It is widely disposable in real-life scenarios since it is non-parametric, meaning, it does not make any underlying assumptions about the distribution of data (as opposed to other algorithms such as GMM, which assume a Gaussian distribution of the given data). We are given some prior data (also called training data), which classifies coordinates into groups identified by an attribute.
The Hidden Markov model (HMM) is a statistical model that was first proposed by Baum L.E. (Baum and Petrie, 1966) and uses a Markov process that contains hidden and unknown parameters. In this model, the observed parameters are used to identify the hidden parameters. These parameters are then used for further analysis. The HMM is a type of Markov chain. Its state cannot be directly observed but can be identified by observing the vector series. Since the 1980s, HMM has been successfully used for speech recognition, character recognition, and mobile communication techniques. It has also been rapidly adopted in such fields as bioinformatics and fault diagnosis. The basic principle of HMM is that the observed events have no one-to-one correspondence with states but are linked to states through the probability distribution. It is a doubly stochastic process, which includes a Markov chain as the basic stochastic process, and describes state transitions and stochastic processes that describe the statistical correspondence between the states and observed values. From the perspective of observers, only the observed value can be viewed, while the states cannot. A stochastic process is used to identify the existence of states and their characteristics. Thus, it is called a “hidden” Markov model.
Statistical methods are used to build state changes in HMM to understand the most possible trends in the surveillance data. HMM can automatically and flexibly adjust the trends, seasonal, covariant, and distributional elements. HMM has been used in many studies on time series surveillance data. For example, Le Strat and Carrat used a univariate HMM to handle influenza-like time series data in France. Additionally, Madigan indicated that HMM needed to include spatial information based on existing states.
One of the first uses of ensemble methods was the bagging technique. This technique was developed to overcome instability in decision trees. In fact, an example of the bagging technique is the random forest algorithm. The random forest is an ensemble of multiple decision trees. Decision trees tend to be prone to overfitting. Because of this, a single decision tree can’t be relied on for making predictions. To improve the prediction accuracy of decision trees, bagging is employed to form a random forest. The resulting random forest has a lower variance compared to the individual trees.
The success of bagging led to the development of other ensemble techniques such as boosting, stacking, and many others. Today, these developments are an important part of machine learning.
The many real-life machine learning applications show these ensemble methods’ importance. These applications include many critical systems. These include decision-making systems, spam detection, autonomous vehicles, medical diagnosis, and many others. These systems are crucial because they have the ability to impact human lives and business revenues. Therefore ensuring the accuracy of machine learning models is paramount. An inaccurate model can lead to disastrous consequences for many businesses or organizations. At worst, they can lead to the endangerment of human lives.
Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a regularized type of feed-forward neural network that learns feature engineering by itself via filters (or kernel) optimization. Vanishing gradients and exploding gradients, seen during backpropagation in earlier neural networks, are prevented by using regularized weights over fewer connections. For example, for each neuron in the fully-connected layer 10,000 weights would be required for processing an image sized 100 × 100 pixels. However, applying cascaded convolution (or cross-correlation) kernels, only 25 neurons are required to process 5x5-sized tiles. Higher-layer features are extracted from wider context windows, compared to lower-layer features.
CNNs are also known as Shift Invariant or Space Invariant Artificial Neural Networks (SIANN), based on the shared-weight architecture of the convolution kernels or filters that slide along input features and provide translation-equivariant responses known as feature maps. Counter-intuitively, most convolutional neural networks are not invariant to translation, due to the downsampling operation they apply to the input.
Feed-forward neural networks are usually fully connected networks, that is, each neuron in one layer is connected to all neurons in the next layer. The "full connectivity" of these networks make them prone to overfitting data. Typical ways of regularization, or preventing overfitting, include: penalizing parameters during training (such as weight decay) or trimming connectivity (skipped connections, dropout, etc.) Robust datasets also increases the probability that CNNs will learn the generalized principles that characterize a given dataset rather than the biases of a poorly-populated set.
Convolutional networks were inspired by biological processes in that the connectivity pattern between neurons resembles the organization of the animal visual cortex. Individual cortical neurons respond to stimuli only in a restricted region of the visual field known as the receptive field. The receptive fields of different neurons partially overlap such that they cover the entire visual field.
CNNs use relatively little pre-processing compared to other image classification algorithms. This means that the network learns to optimize the filters (or kernels) through automated learning, whereas in traditional algorithms these filters are hand-engineered. This independence from prior knowledge and human intervention in feature extraction is a major advantage.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs, also shortened to neural networks (NNs) or neural nets) are a branch of machine learning models that are built using principles of neuronal organization discovered by connectionism in the biological neural networks constituting animal brains.
An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to other neurons. An artificial neuron receives signals then processes them and can signal neurons connected to it. The "signal" at a connection is a real number, and the output of each neuron is computed by some non-linear function of the sum of its inputs. The connections are called edges. Neurons and edges typically have a weight that adjusts as learning proceeds. The weight increases or decreases the strength of the signal at a connection. Neurons may have a threshold such that a signal is sent only if the aggregate signal crosses that threshold.
Typically, neurons are aggregated into layers. Different layers may perform different transformations on their inputs. Signals travel from the first layer (the input layer), to the last layer (the output layer), possibly after traversing the layers multiple times.
In this slide we have coverd the following topices
What is Artificial Intelligence?
What is Machine Learning?
Relationship among AI, ML and DL.
Human Brain Learning Process
Learning Vs Recognition
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
Definition of Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement Learning Application: AWS Deep racer
Markov Decision Process
Understanding Q-Learning Algorithm
Q-Learning Algorithm Example
Session on evaluation of DevSecOps. This tutorial is made the very basic process of the DevOps cycle for the beginner level. So sometimes we won’t use very deep technical terms to understand.
DevOps is a set of practices that aims to provide superior quality software quickly by integrating the processes between the development and the operation teams. DevOps is an agile relationship between development and IT operations. DevOps is the abbreviation for Development and Operations. The development includes Plan, Create, Verify and Package. Operations include Release, Configure, and Monitor.
When developing software with Python, a basic approach is to install Python on your machine, install all your required libraries via the terminal and write all of the source code. This works fine for simple Python scripting projects.
An approach to empirical Optical Character recognition paradigm using Multi-L...Abdullah al Mamun
Here presenting the architecture of Optical Character Recognition that converting from visual
character to the machine readable format. To present this
architecture, several stages are associate like take the character input image, preprocessing the image, feature extraction of the image and at last take a decision by the artificial computational model same as biological neuron network. Decision making system by the Artificial Neural Network associated with two steps; first is adapted the artificial neural network throughout the Multi-Layer Perceptron learning algorithm and second is recognition or classification process for the character image to comprehensible for the machine in a way that what character is it. Our proposal architecture achieved 91.53% accuracy to recognize the isolated character image and 80.65% accuracy for the sentential case character image.
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
2. • What is NLP?
• Input and Output of NLP
• NLP Tools
• Components of NLP
• Broad Classification of NLP
• Natural Language Understanding (NLU)
• Natural Language Generation (NLG)
• Difficulties in NLU
• Steps of NLP
• Context Free Grammar
• Top-Down Parser
• Benefits of NLP
• Why NLP matters?
• How NLP works?
• Challenges of NLP
• NLP Pipeline
• Real World Applications of NLP
• Recent Developments in NLP
• Conclusion
• References
Outlines
3. • Ability of a computer program to
understand human language as it is
spoken and written.
• Gives computers the ability to
interpret, manipulate, and
comprehend human language.
• Example: Language translation,
Search results, Predictive text.
What is NLP?
4. The input and output of an NLP
system can be
Speech
Written Text
Input and Output of NLP
5. NLP Tools:
MonkeyLearn:
• platform for text analysis, allowing users to get
actionable data from text.
• provides instant data visualizations and detailed insights
for when customers want to run analysis on their data.
• Customers can choose from a selection of ready-
machine machine learning models or build and train
their own.
OpenAI:
• used for NLP tasks such as text classification, sentiment
analysis, language translation, text generation, and
question answering.
7. NATURAL LANGUAGE Processing
Natural Language Understanding
(Linguistics)
Natural
Language Text
Phonology
Morphology
Pragmatics
Syntax
Semantics
Natural Language
Generation
Broad Classification of NLP
8. Natural Language Understanding (NLU)
• deals with the ability of computers to
understand human language
• Mapping the given input in natural
language into useful representations.
• Analyzing different aspects of the
language.
9. Natural Language Generation (NLG)
In many of the most interesting problems in natural language processing,
language is the output. Natural language generation focuses on three
main scenarios:
It involves –
Text planning − It includes retrieving the relevant content from knowledge base.
Sentence planning − It includes choosing required words, forming meaningful
phrases, setting tone of the sentence.
Text Realization − It is mapping sentence plan into sentence structure.
10. Difficulties in NLU
The NLU is harder than NLG.
NL has an extremely rich form and structure.
Lexical ambiguity − It is at very primitive level such as word-level.
For example: treating the word “board” as noun or verb?
Syntax Level ambiguity − A sentence can be parsed in different ways.
For example: “He lifted the beetle with red cap.” − Did he use cap to lift the beetle
or he lifted a beetle that had red cap?
Referential ambiguity − Referring to something using pronouns. For example, Rima
went to Gauri. She said, “I am tired.” − Exactly who is tired?
• One input can mean different meanings.
• Many inputs can mean the same thing.
11. Steps of NLP
Lexical Analysis −
• identifying and analyzing the structure of words.
• dividing the whole chunk of txt into paragraphs, sentences, and words.
Syntactic Analysis (Parsing) −
• analysis of words in the sentence for grammar
• arranging words in a manner that shows the relationship among the words.
• The sentence such as “The school goes to boy” is rejected by English
syntactic analyzer.
• CFG and Parsing.
Semantic Analysis −
• The text is checked for meaningfulness.
• The semantic analyzer disregards sentence such as “hot ice-cream”.
Discourse Integration −
• The meaning of any sentence depends upon the meaning of the sentence
just before it. In addition, it also brings about the meaning of immediately
succeeding sentence.
Pragmatic Analysis −
• what was said is re-interpreted on what it actually meant.
12. Context-Free Grammar
The rewrite rules or grammer for the
sentence are as follows −
S → NP VP
NP → DET N | DET ADJ N
VP → V NP
Lexocon −
DET → a | the
ADJ → beautiful | perching
N → bird | birds | grain | grains
V → peck | pecks | pecking
The parse tree can be created as shown −
It is the grammar that consists rules
with a single symbol on the left-hand
side of the rewrite rules. Let us create
grammar to parse a sentence −
“The bird pecks the grains”
• The parse tree breaks down the
sentence into structured parts so
that the computer can easily
understand and process it.
13. Top-Down Parser
• the parser starts with the S symbol
• attempts to rewrite it into a sequence of terminal symbols that matches
the classes of the words in the input sentence until it consists entirely of
terminal symbols
• checked with the input sentence to see if it matched
• If not, the process is started over again with a different set of rules.
• repeated until a specific rule is found which describes the structure of
the sentence.
14. Benefits of natural language processing
• By enabling computers to understand human language, interacting with computers
becomes much more intuitive for humans.
• improved accuracy and efficiency of documentation;
• ability to automatically make a readable summary of a larger, more complex original
text;
• useful for personal assistants such as Alexa, by enabling it to understand spoken word;
• enables an organization to use chatbots for customer support;
• easier to perform sentiment analysis; and
• provides advanced insights from analytics that were previously unreachable due to data
volume.
22. Conclusion
In conclusion, Natural Language Processing is revolutionizing the way
we interact with technology. Its applications are diverse and its
potential is vast. As we move forward, it's crucial to embrace and
understand the power of NLP in shaping the future of human-
computer interaction. Thank you for your attention! I'm happy to
answer any questions you may have.