The document is a training report submitted by Nishant Singh after completing a one-month training program at MECON Limited in their steel melting shop. It provides an overview of the key processes involved in steel melting including the basic oxygen furnace, continuous casting, and descriptions of the oxygen lance system and bottom stirring system used in the basic oxygen furnace. The summary focuses on the high-level details and learnings from the training.
Rourkela Steel Plant was the first in Asia to adopt the LD steelmaking process and the first in India to use external desulphurization. It is also the only plant where 100% of slabs are continuously cast. The steelmaking process in SMS involves charging hot metal, scrap, and fluxes into converters where oxygen is blown to remove impurities through oxidation, producing slag. Molten steel is tapped and further processed before continuous casting into slabs. Waste gases are captured and recycled while dust and slag are also recycled in the process.
Refractories and Operation of RH and RH-OB Processsampad mishra
This document discusses refractories and the operation of RH and RH-OB vacuum degassing processes. It provides details on the purpose, activities, and products of various refining units. It also summarizes the theoretical aspects and operational controls of RH processing, including factors that influence the removal of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen from steel. Finally, it discusses refractory materials used in RH degassers and strategies for improving RH lining performance and extending degasser lifetime.
The document provides an overview of the steel melting shop (SMS) at Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL). It describes the key equipment in the SMS including electric arc furnaces, ladle refining furnaces, vacuum degassing units, and continuous casters. It also summarizes the main processes like primary refining at the electric arc furnace and secondary refining at the ladle refining furnace. Safety rules and precautions for working in the SMS are highlighted at the end.
The document discusses various steel making processes including vacuum treatment, vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD), ladle desulfurization, and electroslag remelting. Vacuum treatment removes gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen from molten steel. VOD uses oxygen blowing and argon stirring under vacuum to decarburize steel and remove inclusions. Ladle desulfurization injects agents like calcium and magnesium to actively remove sulfur while stirring. Electroslag remelting melts a consumable electrode through an electrically conductive slag layer, producing very pure steel.
The document discusses the process of steelmaking at Tata Steel's plant in Jamshedpur, India. It describes the key units involved, including hot metal receiving and desulfurization, basic oxygen steelmaking in converter vessels, secondary metallurgy treatments in ladle furnaces, and continuous casting of final products. It focuses on the secondary metallurgy processes used to refine molten steel and achieve the desired compositions for different grades, such as additions of alloys and slag.
This training report summarizes Santosh Kumar's summer training at the Rourkela Steel Plant from May to July 2014. It thanks the employees who supported and guided his training, particularly Mr. Panda and Mr. Patra. The report focused on gaining knowledge about the various processes used at the steel plant, especially in Steel Melting Shop-II.
The steel making process involves three main stages:
1) Preparing iron ore by removing impurities through washing, crushing, and sieving.
2) Using a blast furnace to heat iron ore, coke, and limestone above 1500°C to produce pig iron.
3) Further processing pig iron in a converter to reduce its carbon content and remove impurities by adding oxygen and scrap, producing the final liquid steel.
Rourkela Steel Plant was the first in Asia to adopt the LD steelmaking process and the first in India to use external desulphurization. It is also the only plant where 100% of slabs are continuously cast. The steelmaking process in SMS involves charging hot metal, scrap, and fluxes into converters where oxygen is blown to remove impurities through oxidation, producing slag. Molten steel is tapped and further processed before continuous casting into slabs. Waste gases are captured and recycled while dust and slag are also recycled in the process.
Refractories and Operation of RH and RH-OB Processsampad mishra
This document discusses refractories and the operation of RH and RH-OB vacuum degassing processes. It provides details on the purpose, activities, and products of various refining units. It also summarizes the theoretical aspects and operational controls of RH processing, including factors that influence the removal of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen from steel. Finally, it discusses refractory materials used in RH degassers and strategies for improving RH lining performance and extending degasser lifetime.
The document provides an overview of the steel melting shop (SMS) at Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL). It describes the key equipment in the SMS including electric arc furnaces, ladle refining furnaces, vacuum degassing units, and continuous casters. It also summarizes the main processes like primary refining at the electric arc furnace and secondary refining at the ladle refining furnace. Safety rules and precautions for working in the SMS are highlighted at the end.
The document discusses various steel making processes including vacuum treatment, vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD), ladle desulfurization, and electroslag remelting. Vacuum treatment removes gases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen from molten steel. VOD uses oxygen blowing and argon stirring under vacuum to decarburize steel and remove inclusions. Ladle desulfurization injects agents like calcium and magnesium to actively remove sulfur while stirring. Electroslag remelting melts a consumable electrode through an electrically conductive slag layer, producing very pure steel.
The document discusses the process of steelmaking at Tata Steel's plant in Jamshedpur, India. It describes the key units involved, including hot metal receiving and desulfurization, basic oxygen steelmaking in converter vessels, secondary metallurgy treatments in ladle furnaces, and continuous casting of final products. It focuses on the secondary metallurgy processes used to refine molten steel and achieve the desired compositions for different grades, such as additions of alloys and slag.
This training report summarizes Santosh Kumar's summer training at the Rourkela Steel Plant from May to July 2014. It thanks the employees who supported and guided his training, particularly Mr. Panda and Mr. Patra. The report focused on gaining knowledge about the various processes used at the steel plant, especially in Steel Melting Shop-II.
The steel making process involves three main stages:
1) Preparing iron ore by removing impurities through washing, crushing, and sieving.
2) Using a blast furnace to heat iron ore, coke, and limestone above 1500°C to produce pig iron.
3) Further processing pig iron in a converter to reduce its carbon content and remove impurities by adding oxygen and scrap, producing the final liquid steel.
Industrial Training Report on Steel Melting Shop(SMS)Shani Kumar Singh
1. The document provides an overview of Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL), describing its facilities, products, and status as one of India's largest steel producers.
2. It then summarizes the steel melting shop (SMS) process, which involves primary and secondary steelmaking using equipment like electric arc furnaces, ladle refining furnaces, and continuous casters to produce high quality steel from raw materials.
3. Key equipment in the SMS plant are described briefly, including the electric arc furnace, ladle refining furnace, vacuum degassing unit, and various continuous casters.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
The document provides information about the steel melting shop (SMS) at Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) Raigarh plant. The key points are:
1. The SMS has a capacity of 3.2 million tonnes per year and includes 3 electric arc furnaces, a ladle refining furnace, and vacuum degassing units.
2. The melting process involves charging raw materials into the electric arc furnaces and applying electrical energy to melt them. Secondary refining then occurs in the ladle refining furnace and vacuum degassing units.
3. Final products are continuously cast into blooms, billets, rounds and other sections using various casters like the
This document discusses the process of steel making. It begins by introducing steel and its types, which are classified based on carbon percentage as carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloy steel. It then describes the main steel making methods. The basic oxygen furnace uses carbon-rich pig iron and oxygen to produce low-carbon steel. The electric arc furnace produces specialty steels by heating scrap metal with an electric arc. Secondary steelmaking processes such as argon oxygen decarburization further refine the steel through decarburization, desulphurization, and alloying.
BSP Project (Based on Continuous Casting) [Final]Subham Shit
MARS-2 is a machining, assembly, and re-engineering department of Bhilai Steel Plant. It has light and heavy machining bays and an assembly bay. MARS-2 specializes in machining high-value parts, repairing and reclaiming worn parts, and assembling machinery. Some key assemblies MARS-2 performs include five roll sets, ten roll sets, and pinch roll assemblies for the continuous casting shop. MARS-2 aims to support most departments of BSP. It is well-equipped with machines like lathes, mills, grinders, and has an annual machining capacity of 2,200 tons and assembly capacity of 6,000 tons.
Ladle Metallurgy: Basics, Objectives and ProcessesElakkiya Mani
Worldwide steel production in 2019 reached 1869 million tons, with China as the largest producer at 996 million tons. India was the second largest steel producer at 111 million tons. Ladle metallurgy involves further refining of molten steel in a ladle after tapping from a converter or electric furnace. It allows for homogenization, deoxidation, desulfurization, and other processes. Key ladle metallurgy techniques include ladle furnace treatment, argon stirring, vacuum degassing, and alloy additions to adjust steel chemistry and properties.
This document provides information about Shani Kumar Singh's 15-day industrial training report at the Blast Furnace 1 & 2 plant of Jindal Steel and Power Limited in Raigarh, India from March 25th to April 8th, 2017. It includes an acknowledgment, introduction on Jindal Steel and Power Limited, facilities at the Raigarh plant, an introduction and process of the blast furnace, and descriptions of major equipment like the stock house, blast furnace, stoves, slag granulation plant, gas cleaning plant, pulverized coal injection, and pig casting machine.
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This document provides details from Arijit Karmakar's industrial training report on working in the blast furnace area of Vizag Steel Plant. It describes the various departments in the blast furnace area, including the stock house, cast house, gas cleaning plant, and others. It discusses the stock house in detail, including how raw materials like iron ore, sinter, coke, and additives are received, stored in bunkers, and sent to the blast furnace according to requirements. It also covers dust control measures like electrostatic precipitators used in the stock house.
The document discusses refractories used in steel ladle linings. It describes the key functions of steel ladles in transferring molten steel. Different zones in ladle linings require different refractory materials due to varying temperatures and conditions. Magnesia, dolomite, zircon, carbon and spinel refractories are highlighted as important materials used in slag lines, sidewalls, and bottoms of ladles. Magnesia carbon bricks are well-suited for slag zones due to their thermal properties and corrosion resistance. Monolithic castables based on alumina spinel composites are used in ladle bottoms for their strength, thermal shock resistance and corrosion performance.
1) The document discusses different steelmaking processes including the Bessemer converter process, open hearth furnace process, and basic oxygen converter process.
2) The Bessemer converter process was the first major steelmaking technique but has been replaced by basic oxygen converters. It used hot metal and an oxygen blast to oxidize impurities.
3) The basic oxygen converter process is now the dominant steelmaking method. It uses a pear-shaped vessel, oxygen lancing, and produces steel in 40-60 minutes by oxidizing impurities into slag.
The document discusses sinter making technology used in iron ore mining. It describes how iron ore fines generated during mining cannot be directly charged in blast furnaces due to size restrictions. Sintering is used to agglomerate the fines into a porous mass that meets size requirements. The key steps in sinter making include: 1) raw material preparation through crushing, mixing and granulation to produce a homogeneous mixture, 2) ignition of the mixture on a traveling grate where combustion of fuel preheats and agglomerates the fines into sinter.
Pelletization of iron ores and the type of wear liners used in thier eqipmentsGulshan Kumar Singh
Now a days about 60% of iron ore converted to fines during mining, handling and transporting so pellet is a process of utilizing iron ore fines up to size of 0.15 microns. i investigate its process,equipment used in process, wear and other problems in them and its future scope
The document discusses the structure and properties of metallurgical slags. It states that slags comprise complex compounds of oxides from gangue minerals and sulphides that protect the metal melt. The structure and properties of slags, such as basicity and viscosity, are controlled by their composition. Network forming oxides like SiO2 form stable hexagonal networks, while network breaking oxides like CaO disrupt these networks. The fraction of ionic and covalent bonding in oxides determines their behavior in slags.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with less than 1.5% carbon, along with other elements like manganese, silicon, aluminum, and nickel. The percentage of carbon determines the type, with mild steel containing up to 0.25%, medium carbon steel 0.25-0.45%, and high carbon steel 0.45-1.5%. The compositions and hardness can vary greatly between different steel products. Steel is produced from raw materials like iron ore, limestone, and coal through processes like sintering, blast furnace production, basic oxygen furnace steelmaking, and continuous casting.
The LD process, also called the basic oxygen process, is a steelmaking method where scrap metal and iron ore are refined in an LD vessel. Key steps include charging materials, blowing oxygen through a lance at high pressure and temperature to burn off impurities, sampling the molten steel, and tapping purified steel into a ladle. The process is much faster than open hearth and produces steel with low sulfur and phosphorus using ordinary raw materials without external heat or fuel. However, it is limited in scrap usage and can result in steel wastage from splashing.
This document discusses the process of continuous casting of steel. It begins with an overview of steel composition and the continuous casting process, which solidifies molten metal directly into final form. Most metals are produced this way, including over 500 million tons of steel annually worldwide. The document then describes the steelmaking processes of basic oxygen furnaces and electric arc furnaces that prepare the molten steel. It focuses on the design, functions, and importance of tundishes in continuous casting, which hold molten steel and facilitate inclusion removal before casting. Key aspects of tundish design like features, insulation, nozzle placement, and refractory lining application are explained.
The document provides information about electric arc furnaces (EAF) used for steelmaking. It discusses that EAFs use electric arcs between graphite electrodes and metallic charges to melt scrap steel at temperatures over 4000°C. EAFs allow oxidizing or reducing conditions and can use different slags. While costly due to electrical energy needs, EAFs offer flexibility in steel grades produced and can use scrap steel or hot metal from blast furnaces. Modern developments aim to reduce energy use and emissions in EAF steelmaking.
IBM Vs Microsoft and the battle for the corporate cloud businessNancy Saini
IBM and Microsoft are battling for dominance in the corporate cloud business. While Microsoft overtook IBM in revenue last year, both companies are struggling with declining legacy businesses and are trying to transition to cloud-based services. However, IBM is still underperforming Microsoft, as every IBM division showed revenue declines in 2015, calling into question whether IBM is truly succeeding in its strategic shift or just cannibalizing existing business. The corporate cloud market is massive and competitive, favoring companies like Microsoft that can provide services at scale across public, private and hybrid models to support large corporate customers. For IBM to compete, it will need to provide significantly better service than Microsoft to justify its higher margin strategic imperatives.
Industrial Training Report on Steel Melting Shop(SMS)Shani Kumar Singh
1. The document provides an overview of Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL), describing its facilities, products, and status as one of India's largest steel producers.
2. It then summarizes the steel melting shop (SMS) process, which involves primary and secondary steelmaking using equipment like electric arc furnaces, ladle refining furnaces, and continuous casters to produce high quality steel from raw materials.
3. Key equipment in the SMS plant are described briefly, including the electric arc furnace, ladle refining furnace, vacuum degassing unit, and various continuous casters.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
The document provides information about the steel melting shop (SMS) at Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) Raigarh plant. The key points are:
1. The SMS has a capacity of 3.2 million tonnes per year and includes 3 electric arc furnaces, a ladle refining furnace, and vacuum degassing units.
2. The melting process involves charging raw materials into the electric arc furnaces and applying electrical energy to melt them. Secondary refining then occurs in the ladle refining furnace and vacuum degassing units.
3. Final products are continuously cast into blooms, billets, rounds and other sections using various casters like the
This document discusses the process of steel making. It begins by introducing steel and its types, which are classified based on carbon percentage as carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloy steel. It then describes the main steel making methods. The basic oxygen furnace uses carbon-rich pig iron and oxygen to produce low-carbon steel. The electric arc furnace produces specialty steels by heating scrap metal with an electric arc. Secondary steelmaking processes such as argon oxygen decarburization further refine the steel through decarburization, desulphurization, and alloying.
BSP Project (Based on Continuous Casting) [Final]Subham Shit
MARS-2 is a machining, assembly, and re-engineering department of Bhilai Steel Plant. It has light and heavy machining bays and an assembly bay. MARS-2 specializes in machining high-value parts, repairing and reclaiming worn parts, and assembling machinery. Some key assemblies MARS-2 performs include five roll sets, ten roll sets, and pinch roll assemblies for the continuous casting shop. MARS-2 aims to support most departments of BSP. It is well-equipped with machines like lathes, mills, grinders, and has an annual machining capacity of 2,200 tons and assembly capacity of 6,000 tons.
Ladle Metallurgy: Basics, Objectives and ProcessesElakkiya Mani
Worldwide steel production in 2019 reached 1869 million tons, with China as the largest producer at 996 million tons. India was the second largest steel producer at 111 million tons. Ladle metallurgy involves further refining of molten steel in a ladle after tapping from a converter or electric furnace. It allows for homogenization, deoxidation, desulfurization, and other processes. Key ladle metallurgy techniques include ladle furnace treatment, argon stirring, vacuum degassing, and alloy additions to adjust steel chemistry and properties.
This document provides information about Shani Kumar Singh's 15-day industrial training report at the Blast Furnace 1 & 2 plant of Jindal Steel and Power Limited in Raigarh, India from March 25th to April 8th, 2017. It includes an acknowledgment, introduction on Jindal Steel and Power Limited, facilities at the Raigarh plant, an introduction and process of the blast furnace, and descriptions of major equipment like the stock house, blast furnace, stoves, slag granulation plant, gas cleaning plant, pulverized coal injection, and pig casting machine.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document provides details from Arijit Karmakar's industrial training report on working in the blast furnace area of Vizag Steel Plant. It describes the various departments in the blast furnace area, including the stock house, cast house, gas cleaning plant, and others. It discusses the stock house in detail, including how raw materials like iron ore, sinter, coke, and additives are received, stored in bunkers, and sent to the blast furnace according to requirements. It also covers dust control measures like electrostatic precipitators used in the stock house.
The document discusses refractories used in steel ladle linings. It describes the key functions of steel ladles in transferring molten steel. Different zones in ladle linings require different refractory materials due to varying temperatures and conditions. Magnesia, dolomite, zircon, carbon and spinel refractories are highlighted as important materials used in slag lines, sidewalls, and bottoms of ladles. Magnesia carbon bricks are well-suited for slag zones due to their thermal properties and corrosion resistance. Monolithic castables based on alumina spinel composites are used in ladle bottoms for their strength, thermal shock resistance and corrosion performance.
1) The document discusses different steelmaking processes including the Bessemer converter process, open hearth furnace process, and basic oxygen converter process.
2) The Bessemer converter process was the first major steelmaking technique but has been replaced by basic oxygen converters. It used hot metal and an oxygen blast to oxidize impurities.
3) The basic oxygen converter process is now the dominant steelmaking method. It uses a pear-shaped vessel, oxygen lancing, and produces steel in 40-60 minutes by oxidizing impurities into slag.
The document discusses sinter making technology used in iron ore mining. It describes how iron ore fines generated during mining cannot be directly charged in blast furnaces due to size restrictions. Sintering is used to agglomerate the fines into a porous mass that meets size requirements. The key steps in sinter making include: 1) raw material preparation through crushing, mixing and granulation to produce a homogeneous mixture, 2) ignition of the mixture on a traveling grate where combustion of fuel preheats and agglomerates the fines into sinter.
Pelletization of iron ores and the type of wear liners used in thier eqipmentsGulshan Kumar Singh
Now a days about 60% of iron ore converted to fines during mining, handling and transporting so pellet is a process of utilizing iron ore fines up to size of 0.15 microns. i investigate its process,equipment used in process, wear and other problems in them and its future scope
The document discusses the structure and properties of metallurgical slags. It states that slags comprise complex compounds of oxides from gangue minerals and sulphides that protect the metal melt. The structure and properties of slags, such as basicity and viscosity, are controlled by their composition. Network forming oxides like SiO2 form stable hexagonal networks, while network breaking oxides like CaO disrupt these networks. The fraction of ionic and covalent bonding in oxides determines their behavior in slags.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with less than 1.5% carbon, along with other elements like manganese, silicon, aluminum, and nickel. The percentage of carbon determines the type, with mild steel containing up to 0.25%, medium carbon steel 0.25-0.45%, and high carbon steel 0.45-1.5%. The compositions and hardness can vary greatly between different steel products. Steel is produced from raw materials like iron ore, limestone, and coal through processes like sintering, blast furnace production, basic oxygen furnace steelmaking, and continuous casting.
The LD process, also called the basic oxygen process, is a steelmaking method where scrap metal and iron ore are refined in an LD vessel. Key steps include charging materials, blowing oxygen through a lance at high pressure and temperature to burn off impurities, sampling the molten steel, and tapping purified steel into a ladle. The process is much faster than open hearth and produces steel with low sulfur and phosphorus using ordinary raw materials without external heat or fuel. However, it is limited in scrap usage and can result in steel wastage from splashing.
This document discusses the process of continuous casting of steel. It begins with an overview of steel composition and the continuous casting process, which solidifies molten metal directly into final form. Most metals are produced this way, including over 500 million tons of steel annually worldwide. The document then describes the steelmaking processes of basic oxygen furnaces and electric arc furnaces that prepare the molten steel. It focuses on the design, functions, and importance of tundishes in continuous casting, which hold molten steel and facilitate inclusion removal before casting. Key aspects of tundish design like features, insulation, nozzle placement, and refractory lining application are explained.
The document provides information about electric arc furnaces (EAF) used for steelmaking. It discusses that EAFs use electric arcs between graphite electrodes and metallic charges to melt scrap steel at temperatures over 4000°C. EAFs allow oxidizing or reducing conditions and can use different slags. While costly due to electrical energy needs, EAFs offer flexibility in steel grades produced and can use scrap steel or hot metal from blast furnaces. Modern developments aim to reduce energy use and emissions in EAF steelmaking.
IBM Vs Microsoft and the battle for the corporate cloud businessNancy Saini
IBM and Microsoft are battling for dominance in the corporate cloud business. While Microsoft overtook IBM in revenue last year, both companies are struggling with declining legacy businesses and are trying to transition to cloud-based services. However, IBM is still underperforming Microsoft, as every IBM division showed revenue declines in 2015, calling into question whether IBM is truly succeeding in its strategic shift or just cannibalizing existing business. The corporate cloud market is massive and competitive, favoring companies like Microsoft that can provide services at scale across public, private and hybrid models to support large corporate customers. For IBM to compete, it will need to provide significantly better service than Microsoft to justify its higher margin strategic imperatives.
Este documento presenta las aspiraciones de un estudiante para su universidad, la Universidad del Atlántico (UNIATLANTICO). El estudiante sueña con una universidad donde todos se sientan incluidos y aceptados, con más espacios de recreación y áreas de comida. También desea una universidad donde se escuche a todos los estudiantes, se aproveche el tiempo libre, y se acepte cometer errores como parte del aprendizaje. El estudiante cree que si se realizan estas aspiraciones, ayudará a resolver
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, and business management. It originated with Toyota in the 1950s and was popularized in the Western world by Masaaki Imai in the 1980s and 1990s. Kaizen focuses on continual small improvements through standardized work and identifying and addressing problems to minimize waste and costs, increase safety and efficiency, and improve customer satisfaction. When implemented successfully, kaizen results in major benefits to businesses through faster delivery, lower costs, and greater customer satisfaction.
Este documento presenta información sobre medidas de prevención de desastres naturales como inundaciones, sismos, incendios, huracanes y erupciones volcánicas. Detalla acciones específicas a tomar en cada caso, como evacuar zonas de riesgo, apagar fuegos, protegerse debajo de mesas y puertas, y preparar kits de emergencia con máscaras y radios.
This document provides an overview and objectives for a mentor initial training program at SMIC schools. It outlines that mentors will support both level 1 teachers, who are new to teaching, and level 2 teachers, who have more experience. Key responsibilities for mentors include providing classroom and transition support, meeting regularly with mentees, and completing summary of interaction logs. The training emphasizes the importance of effective communication and creating a nurturing relationship to improve teaching performance and retain promising teachers.
Para crear un programa de desarrollo Android se debe:
1) Crear un nuevo proyecto Android en Android Studio y darle un nombre
2) Eliminar el texto predeterminado "Hello World" y agregar cajas de texto y botones
3) Escribir código para que el botón calcule la suma de los números ingresados en las cajas de texto y muestre el resultado
Michaela Belbin offers visual design services such as webpage design, magazine spreads, slide presentations, poster design, photography, and typography. She provides contact information and is interested in being part of client teams for visual needs. The document also includes a quote about the bond between a mother and child being the purest love.
This document summarizes a pedagogical study on students' perceptions of the SCIENCE 1A03 course over time. It provides results from 2014 when the course was first piloted, including that students most enjoyed the introductory lectures and mini-research investigations. It also shares new results from 2014 on students' positive impressions of the beneficial peer mentors. Preliminary findings are presented from focus groups in 2015, finding that the course influenced some students' level II decisions and that skills like teamwork transferred. The study aims to continue comparisons and gather perspectives from mentors, instructors, and follow up with students in later levels.
Dharmendra Singh is an Assistant Hardware Design Engineer currently working at Securico Electronics India Ltd in Faridabad, Haryana. He has a diploma in Electronics and Communication from Sai Nath Engineering College. His work involves embedded hardware design using microcontrollers from manufacturers like Renessas and Microchip. He also has experience with software development using PIC microcontrollers and interfacing technologies like LCDs, sensors and communication protocols. Previously he worked for 7 months at Interface Micro System in Gurgaon.
AX-SOM-CL335x – is a high-performance, highly integrated, compact and low consumption microprocessor module. This module is the ideal solution for portable devices that combine high performance, a wide range of wireless interfaces and low power consumption.
NERI SEminar - Investment and the Fiscal Rules - Eddie Casey - IFAC - 8/2/17NevinInstitute
NERI Seminar Dublin: Investment and the Fiscal Rules - presentation by Eddie Casey, Chief Economist & Head of Secretariat, Irish Fiscal Advisory Council on 8th February, 2017.
Mary murphy nui maynooth post budget seminar slides 19 oct 16NevinInstitute
This document discusses advancing human rights and equality proofing in the Irish budgetary process. It outlines IHREC's goals and powers, as well as UN recommendations to ensure austerity measures are phased out and rights are protected. It proposes establishing a national proofing committee and conducting social impact assessments of budgets. Developing the parliamentary budget office and departmental capacity for proofing is emphasized. Future steps include ministerial statements on rights and equality in budgets, piloting proofing models, and promoting public support.
This document is a training report submitted by Nishant Singh after completing a one-month training at Mecon Limited in Ranchi, India. The report focuses on the cold rolling mills section of the company. It provides details on the different types of cold rolling mills, the cold rolling process, annealing and skin passing processes. It also includes a basic overview of hydraulics and hydraulic components used in rolling mills like directional control valves, pumps and accumulators. The conclusion expresses gratitude to the officials at Mecon Limited for their support and for helping the author gain fundamental knowledge on cold rolling and mill operations.
summer training report of bhushan steel pvt. ltd at vaishali.
the slide is all about the things i have learned in my summer training. i hope it would provide you the required information you are looking for.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Akhilesh Kumar on his semester training at Tata Iron & Steel Company Limited from January to May 2014. It discusses Tata Steel's history and operations, the steel making process, hydraulics at the batch annealing furnace, and problems in the hydraulic system. Potential future advancements including the use of servo valves for more precise electro-hydraulic control are also mentioned.
This document summarizes a seminar on ductile iron. Ductile iron has graphite present in the form of spheroids or nodules, giving it higher ductility than cast iron. It has high strength similar to steel, good castability, machinability, and damping characteristics. Ductile iron production involves melting base iron, desulfurization, magnesium treatment, and post-inoculation. Magnesium treatment is important for nodularization and occurs via various methods like open ladle transfer, tundish cover, or in-mold. Ductile iron finds applications in components like crankshafts, brake parts, and gears due to its combination of castability and mechanical properties.
Critical Aspects of Condensate Polishers, Its Impact on Feed Water Quality & ...IRJET Journal
1) Condensate polishers are used in power plants to remove contaminants from boiler feed water after condensation. They remove silica, iron oxides, and other scaling substances that can cause corrosion.
2) The efficient operation of condensate polishers improves feed water quality and helps maintain boiler health by reducing scaling and corrosion. For advanced boilers, high-quality feed water is critical.
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1. 1
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JAMSHEDPUR
TRAININGREPORT
STEEL MELTING SHOP
TRAINING ORGANISATION
-MECON LIMITED, RANCHI
(DURATION-MAY 25th TO JUNE 24th 2015)
NISHANT SINGH
2013UGME076
SEMESTER-V
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
2. 2
ABSTRACT
THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE LEARNINGS ACHIEVED IN 2 WEEKS OF THE
ONEMONTH TRAINING SESSION IN MECON LTD. UNDER THE STEEL MELTING
SECTION AND ROLLING MILLS SECTION.
THIS REPORT PARTICULARLY FOCUSES ON THE STEEL MELTING SECTION’S
TWO MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS- BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE AND
CONTINUOUS CASTING SHOP.
THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THIS REPORT IN BASED ON THE
CUMULATIVEACCUMULATION OF ALL THE INFORMATION GAINED FROM THE
RESPECTIVE OFFICIALS AND READING THE PROVIDED DOCUMENTS.
3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I WOULD LIKE TO SINCERELY THANK ALL THE OFFICIALS OF THE STEEL
MELTING SECTION OF MECON LIMITED (A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
ENTERPRISE) FOR THEIR GENEROUS AND AVID CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS MY
KNOWLEDGE IN THE SUBJECT WHICH WAS COMPLETELY NEW TO ME.
BECAUSE OF THEIR CONTRIBUTION, AT THE END OF THE TRAINING I HAVE
BEEN ABLE TO GAIN ATLEAST THE BASICS OF BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE AND
CONTINUOUS CASTING SHOP, AND ALSO SOME KNOWLEDGE OF THE
NATURE AND TYPE OF WORK ACCOMPLISHED HERE IN MECON LIMITED.
OVERALL THIS LEARNING EXPERIENCE IN MECON LIMITED PROVIDED ME
WITH AN IDEA OF THE CHALLENGES FACED BY THE ENGINEERS IN
PROFESSIONAL LIFE AND AS A MATTER OF FACT TAUGHT ME THAT EVEN AN
IOTA OF NEGLIGENCE BY THE ENGINEERS CAN CAUSE GREAT HAZARDS
DURING UPCOMING PROCESSES AND SO THE JOB OF AN ENGINEER IS THAT
OF GREAT RESPONSIBILITIES.
REMARKS:
4. 4
CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO.
1) THE TRAINING ORGANISATION 5
2) THE PROCESS 6
3)STEELMELTING SECTION
7
4)BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE 8-10
5)OXYGEN LANCE SYSTEM 11
6) BOTTOM STIRRING SYSTEM 12
7) CONVERTER TAPPING, ALLOYING AND
DESLAGGING
13
8)CONTINUOUS CASTING 14-15
9)CASTING MECHANISM 16-23
10)CONCLUSION 24
5. 5
THE TRAINING ORGANISATION
MECON LIMITED, FORMERLY KNOWN AS (METALLURGICAL & ENGINEERING
CONSULTANTS (INDIA) LIMITED) IS A PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKING UNDER
THE MINISTRYOF STEEL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.ITBEGANIN 1959 AS
THE CENTRAL ENGINEERING AND DESIGNING BUREAU (CEDB) OF THE
HINDUSTANSTEEL LIMITED (HSL), THE FIRST PUBLIC SECTOR STEEL COMPANY.
SUBSEQUENTLY, CEDB GREW AS METALLURGICAL AND ENGINEERING
CONSULTANT (MECON), A SUBSIDIARY OF THE STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA
LIMITED (SAIL) IN 1973. IT LATER BECAME AN AUTONOMOUS COMPANY
REPORTING TO THE MINISTRY OF STEEL IN 1978. 1 APRIL IS OBSERVED AS
FOUNDATION DAY IN MECON.
MECON LTD. IS A GOVERNMENTOF INDIA ENTERPRISEWHICH BASICALLYACTS
AS A HOUSEOF ENGINEERS WHO ASSIST VARIOUS STEEL MAKING COMPANIES
IN SETTING UP THEIR RESPECTIVE PLANTS AT PARTICULAR LOCATIONS FOR A
GIVEN REQUIRED PRODUCTION OF STEEL.
IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ENGINEERS OF MECON LTD. TO ENSURE
THAT ALL THE EQUIPMENTS, LAYOUTS AND OTHER DESIGN RELATED
INFORMATION SENT BY THE CONTRACTOR WHO HAS TAKEN UP THE WORK,
ARE COMPLETELY UP TO THE MARK AND ARE FIT ENOUGH TO BE INSTALLED IN
THE STEEL PLANT.
THE WORK ENVIRONMENT IS EXTREMELY SUITABLE WITH STATE-OF-THE-ART
FACILITIES FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES AND THROUGHOUT THE TRAINING
PERIOD ALL THE ASSIGNED ENGINEERS WERE VERY CO-OPERATIVE AND
PROVIDED ALL THE REQUIRED INFORMATION IN APPROPRIATE MANNER.
6. 6
THE PROCESS
HOT METAL HANDLING:
HOTMETAL DELIVERED BY TORPEDO CARS IS RECEIVED INTHE RELADLING PIT.
THEN THE HOT METAL IS TRANSFERRED TO THE CHARGING LADLES PLACED ON
ONE OF THE HOT METAL TRANSFER CARS RUNNING IN A RELADLING PIT.
THE HOT METAL TRANSFER CAR HAS A WEIGHING FACILITY.
HOT METAL DE SULPHURISATION UNIT:
NEXT THE HOT METAL INTHE CHARGING LADLE IS TRANSFERRED BY CRANE TO
THE HOT METAL DESULPHURISATION UNIT OR DIRECTLY TO THE CONVERTER
FOR CHARGING. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE DESULPHURISATION UNIT IS TO
REDUCE THE PERCENTAGE OF SULPHUR IN THE HOT METAL
SCRAP HANDLING:
A BAY ADJACENT TO THE CONVERTER CHARGING BAY IS NECESSARILY
PROVIDED FOR THE PURPOSE OF SCRAP PREPARATION AND LOADING
PURPOSES.
THE SCRAP IS USUALLY TRANSFERRED BY RAILWAY WAGONS/ OR BY THE
TRUCKS AND THEN BY CRANES INTO THE SCRTAP PITS IN THE YARD.THE
CRANES ARE EQUIPPED WITH A WEIGHING FACILITY AND THEY ADJUST THE
AMOUNT OF SCRAP.
ADDITIVE HANDLING SYSTEM:
EACH CONVERTER IS EQUIPPED WITH ITS OWN ADDITIVE HANDLING SYSTEM.
THE ADDITIVES ARE DELIVERED THROUGH CONVEYOR SYSTEM.
FERRO ALLOYS ARE TRANSPORTED FROM STORAGE YARD TO A BUNKER
THROUGH THE CONVEYOR GROUP SYSTEM INSIDE THE CONVERTER BAY BY
MEANS OF BOTTOM DISCHARGER.
7. 7
STEEL MELTING SECTION
AS DESCRIBED IN THE FLOW CHART, STEEL MELTING SHOP IS AN
INTEGRAL PART OF STEEL MAKING PLANT.THEHOTMETAL COMING FROMTHE
BLAST FURNACE NEEDS PROPER TREATMENT AND REFINING AS PER THE
QUALITY OF STEEL REQUIRED. THE TWO MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE BASIC
OXYGEN FURNACE ARE OXYGEN LANCE SYSTEM AND THE BOTTOM STIRRING
SYSTEM. A DESCRIPRION OF THE VARIOUS PROCESSES TAKIN PLACE INSIDE A
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE IS FURTHER PROVIDED IN THE REPORT.
FINAL PRODUCT
ROLLING
CASTING
SECONDARY TREATMENT
STEEL MELTING SHOP
HOT METAL
BLAST FURNACE
ORE+COKE+LIME+SLAG
8. 8
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE (BRIEF OVERVIEW)
A BOF BASICALLY COMPRISES OF A REFRACTORY LINED CONVERTER WITH A
VERTICAL OXYGEN BLOWING LANCE ENTERING THE CONVERTER FROM ABOVE
WITH INERT GAS INJECTED THROUGH THE CONVERTER BOTTOM FOR PROPER
CHURNING OF THE MATERIAL INSIDE.
THE CONVERTER IS FURTHER EQUIPPED WITH A PNEUMATIC SLAG STOPPER
WITH SLAG DETECTIONSYSTEMTO MINIMIZESLAG CARRYOVER FROM THE LD
CONVERTER INTO THE CASTING LADLE TAPPING.
THE TILTING OF THE CONVERTER IS CARRIED OUT AT AUXILIARY CONTROL
STANDS LOCATED AT THE CHARGING AND TAPPING SIDEOF EACH CONVERTER.
THE CONVERTER IS TILTABLE FOR CHARGING, TAPPING AND DESLAGGING.
THE CHARGE IS NORMALLY MADE UP OF HOT METAL, DRI, SCRAP AND
ADDITIVES.
D.R.I (DIRECTREDUCEDIRON)
IN THIS, IRON ORE IN THE SOLID FORM IS COMPLETELY COATED WITH COAL
AND THEN HEATED BY MEANS OF A TUNNEL FURNACE AT ABOUT 500
DEEGRES CENTIGRADE. DUE TO THIS THE COAL REDUCES THE OXYGEN
PRESSURE IN THE IRON ORE AND THE OXYGEN MOLECULES CREATE VERIOUS
PORE LININGS ON THEIR WAY OUT. DUE TO THIS DRI HAS A LARGE SURFACE
AREA AND HENCE IS VERY REACTIVE.
9. 9
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
THE BASIC ADVANTAGES OF BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE ARE:
• OXYGEN BLOWN AT
SUPERSONIC SPEED
• FOR REFINING
OXYGEN
LANCE
SYSTEM
• INERT GASES LIKE ARGON
OR NITROGEN BLOWN
• FOR PROPER CHURNING
AND HOMOGENIZING
BOTTOM
STIRRING
SYSTEM
HIGH SPEED OF REFINING
HIGH PRODUCTIVITY
ECONOMY OF LABOUR
LOW REFRACTORY CONSUMPTION
HIGH QUALITY OF PRODUCTS
10. 10
CONVERTER RELINING:
CONVERTER RELINING IS NECESSARY BEACUSE THE INNER WALL GETS
CARRODED WITH TIME. OUT OF THE 3 FUNCTIONAL CONVERTERS AT A TIME
ONE IS RELINED WHILE THE OTHER 2 REMAIN FUNCTIONAL IN ORDER TO
MAINTAIN CONTINUITY IN PRODUCTIVITY.
CONVERTER RELINING IS DONE FROM TOP.FOR THIS PURPOSE THE MOVABLE
HOODE IS MOVED OUT BY THE HOOD TRANSFER CART AND A RELINING
MACHINE AND RELINING PLATFORM ASSIST IN THE RELINING.
TAKE OVER POINTS:
THESE ARE WELL DEFINED LOCATIONS WHERE THE SCOPE OF ENGINEERING
ENDS FOR ONE ENGINEERING PACKAGEAND THESCOPEOF ENGINEERING FOR
THE OTHER PACKAGE STARTS.
11. 11
OXYGEN LANCE SYSTEM
IN EACH CONVERTER AN OXYGEN LANCE SYSTEM IN PROVIDED.EACH OXYGEN
LANCE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO OXYGEN LANCES WHICH BOTH ARE
PERMANENTLY CONNECTED TO OXYGEN AND COOLING WATER HOSES, READY
FOR OPERATION. THE OXYGEN LANCES ARE AUTOMATICALLY EXCHANGED IN
POSITION BY HORIZONTAL MOVEABLE LANCE CARRIERS.EACH OXYGEN LANCE
IS EQUIPPED WITH A SEPARATE HOISTING DRIVE.
FOR THE REFINING PROCESS THE OXYGEN LANCE IS LOWERED THROUGH A
SOCKET INTO CONVERTER UNTIL THE LANCE TIP HAS REACHED THE
PREDETERMINED HEIGHT ABOVE THE BATH LEVEL.
THE OXYGEN LANCE SYSTEM IN MEANT TO MEET THE FOLLOWING
REQUIREMENTS:
1) HIGH OXYGEN BLOWING RATE.
2) FLOW AND PRESSURE CONTROL OF OXYGEN AND COOLING WATER.
3) EXACT POSITIONING OF OXYGEN LANCE.
THR LANCE DESIGN IS PROVIDED WITH AN INTERNAL TRIPPLE SAFETY O-RING
SEALING ARRANGEMENT AND IS MANUFACTURED FROM HIGH PURITY, HIGH
CONDUCTIVITY COPPER WITH THE LATEST NOZZLE DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE
WITH OPERATING PARAMETERS.
FOR EMERGENCY LIFTING OF THE OXYGEN LANCE AN AIR MOTOR IS
PROVIDED.
PRECISION MACHINED LAVALL NOZZLES IN THE LANCE TIP ARE SIZED TO
PERMIT THE REQUIRED FLOW OF OXYGEN TO EXIT AT A SPECIFIC VELOCITY
AND TO PROVIDE THE BEST OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION PATTERN.
12. 12
BOTTOM STIRRING SYSTEM
BOTTOM STIRRING WITH INERT GAS IS AN ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT OF THE
STEEL MAKING PROCESS. IT OFFERS ADVANTAGES WITH REGARD TO
METALLURGICAL AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS. IN PARTICULAR THE PROCESS
KUNETICS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED AND THE DECARBURIZATION
REACTION AT LOW CARBON CONTENT IS FAVOURISED.
THUS A VERY LOW CARBON CONTENT AT REASONABLE OXYGEN CONTENTS AS
WELL AS LOWER CONTENTS OF PHOSPHOROUSD AND SULPHUR ARE
ACHIEVED. THE IRON LOSS IN THE SLAG IS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED.
THE BOTTOM STIRRING SYSTEM CONTINUOUSLY CHURNS THE HOT METAL
AND SO THE OXYGEN BLOWN BY THE LANCE EFFICIENTLY REACHES EVERY
PART OF THE HOT METAL. ALSO DUE TO THIS CHURNING THE PROBABILITY
OXYGEN GETTING TRAPPED IN THE METAL DECREASES. THOUGH NOT ALL THE
GAS ESCAPES BUT OPTIMISATION IS ACHIEVED BY THIS PROCESS.
13. 13
CONVERTER TAPPING AND ALLOYING
ONCE THE TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS ARE ADJUSTED, THE CASTING LADLE IS
BROUGHT INTO POSITION UNDERNEATH THE CONVERTER AND THE
CONVERTER IS TURNED DOWN FOR TAPPING (TAPPING SIDE). THE STEEL IS
TAPPED VIA THE CONVERTER TAP HOLE.
DURING TAPPING FERRO ALLOYS, DEOXIDANTS AND TOP SLAG ARE ADDED
INTO THE CASTING LADLE ACCORDING TO REQUIREMENTS.
GAS STIRRING AFTER SOME TIME OF TAPPING IS APPLIED IN THE LADLE TO
IMPROVE DISSOLUTION OF FERRO ALLOYS AND HOMOGENIZATION OF THE
STEEL BATH.
CONVERTER DESLAGGING
AFTER TAPPING IS COMPLETED, THE CONVERTER IS TILTED TOWARDS THE
DESLAGGING POSITION (CHARGING SIDE). THE SLAG IS POURED VIA THE
CONVERTER MOUTH INTO A SLAG POT WHICH IS BROUGHT INTO POSITION
UNDERNEATH THE CONVERTER BY MEANS OF A TRANSFER CAR.
A PNEUMATIC CONTROL IS PROVIDED IN ORDER TO DETECT THE SLAG AND
PREVENT THE FLOW OF SLAG ALONG WITH THE METAL.
14. 14
CONTINUOUS CASTING
AFTER THE SECONDARY REFINING UNIT ( OUT OF FURNACE REFINING) THE
STEEL OF THE DESIRED GRADEIS FINALLYSENT TO THE CONTINUOUS CASTING
SHOP IN ORDER TO CAST IT INTO DESIRED SHAPES AND SIZES. USUALLY THE
FOLLOWING CASTERS ARE PROVIDED:
BILLET CASTER
BLOOM CASTER
BILLET CUM BLOOM CASTER( COMBI CASTER)
BEAM BLANK CASTER
SLAB CASTER( CONVENTIONAL SLAB CASTER)
THIN SLAB CASTER
ROUND CASTER
NOW THE FINISHED OR THE SEMI FINISHED PRODUCT IS OF THE FOLLOWING
TYPES:
SEMI
FINISHED
PRODUCT
LONG
PRODUCTS
BILLETS BLOOMS
BEAM
BLANKS
ROUNDS
FLAT
PRODUCTS
SLABS THIN SLABS
16. 16
CASTING MECHANISM
LADLE TURRET:
THE BASICUSE OF LADLE TURRET IS TO CHANGE THE POSITION OF THE LADLE.
IN RECENT YEARS A BUTTERFLY TYPE LADLE TURRET HAS BEEN EVOLVED IN
ORDER TO SUPPORT CONTINUOUS CASTING AND MAINTAIN SIMULTAINEITY
SO AS TO REDUCE THE TIME LAG.
ARMS
CASTING SIDE
LADLEPLACEMENT SIDE
THE ABOVE FIGURE IS THE BASIC TOP VIEW OF A LADLE TURRET.
THE TWO UNITS OF THE LADLE TURRET SIMULTANEOUSLY EXCHANGE THEIR
POSITIONS. WHEN MOLTEN STEEL IN THE CASTING SIDE REACHES A CERTAIN
MINIMUM LEVELTHE ENTIRE SETUP ROTATES AND THE PLACEMENT SIDE
BECOMES THE CASTING SIDE AND VICE VERSA.
18. 18
SLIDE GATE MECHANSM/PLATE IN THE LADLE:
THE SLIDEGATEPLATE WAS ORIGINALLYINTRODUCED TO CONTROL THEFLOW
OF MOLTEN STEEL FROM STEEL LADLES. THE CONCEPT OF SLIDE GATE SYSTEM
WAS HOWEVER PATENTED AS EARLY AS 1885 BY MR. DAVID D. LEWIS OF USA
BUT IT WAS FIRST SUCCESSFULLY INTRODUCED IN GERMANY IN 1964 ONLY.
SOON AFTER THIS SYSTEM WAS ADOPTED IN 9 STEEL PLANTS IN USA BY 1969.
THIS SYSTEMWAS FIRSTINTRODUCED INJAPANIN1968 AND BY 1970 ALL THE
LADLES IN JAPAN ADOPTED SLIDE GATE SYSTEM.AND OVER THE YEARS THIS
HAS BECOME PREVALENT IN INDIA AS WELL.
HYDRAULIC MECHANISM SLIDEGATE(PLATE)
THE ABOVE FIGURE SHOWS THE SLIDE GATE MECHANISM
PICTORIALLY.
THE SLIDE GATE IS CONTROLLED BY A HYDRAULIC FUEL-PISTON MECHANISM.
AND ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT PRESSURE CAN BE APPLIED ON THE
SLIDING GATE IN ORDER TO OPEN IT OR CLOSE IT OR PARTIALLY CLOSE IT AS
THE CASE MAY BE. WHEN THE LADLEIS ON THE PLACEMENT SIDE THE SLIDING
GATE IS CLOSED WHILEWHENONTHE CASTING SIDE IT IS CONTROLLED AS TO
HOW MUCH IT HAS TO BE OPENED. MANY A TIMES SILICA ETC. GET
19. 19
DEPOSITED ATTHEBASE OF THE PLATER AND THEN A MANYALLY CONTROLLED
OXYGEN LANCING IS DONE IN ORDER TO REMOVE THE DEPOSITS.
LADLE SHROUD:
WHEN THE MOLTEMETAL FLOWS FROMTHE LADLEINTHE CASTING POSITION
THEN IT IS VERY VULNERABLE TO THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR AND NEEDS TO BE
PROTECTED FROM IT THEREFORE A SHROUD OF I SIMPLE TERMS BASICALLY A
COVER IS PROVIDED AT THE FLOW AREA IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE MOLTEN
STEEL FROM ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION.
TUNDISH:
THE MOLTEN STEEL FLOWS FROM THE LADLE INTO THE TUNDISH WHERE IT IS
ALLOWED TO SETTLE FOR SOME TIME IN ORDERTO LET THE STEEL SETTLE
DOWN DUE TO MGRAVITY AND WHATEVER IMPURITIES,IF PRESENT, TO RISE
ABOVE.
FROM THE TUNDISH THE MOLTEN METAL IS FINALLY SENT TO THE MOULD IN
ORDER TO CAST IT INTO DESIRED SHAPES.
IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE FLOW OF MOLTEN METAL FROM THE TUNDISH A
STOPPER ROD MECHANISM IS PROIVIDED.
STOPPER ROD MECHANISM:
AT THE OUTLET OF THE TUNDISH A STOPPER ROD MECHANISM IS PROVIDED
WHICH IS CONTROLLED BY A SERVO MOTOR. THE STOPPER ROD HAS A
GRADUALLY DECREASING CROSS SECTION AND IT IS INSERTED INTO THE
OUTLET AT THE TUNDISH. A GRADUALLY DECREASING CROSS SECTION IS
PROVIDED SO THAT THE FLOW CAN BE CONTROLLED MORE EFFICIENTLY.
SUBMERGED ENTRY NOZZLE:
FROM THE TUNDISH THROUGH A SUBMERGED ENTRY NOZZLE THE MOLTEN
STEEL IS POURED INTO THE MOULD FOR CASTING. AFTRE THIS A WORK OF
GREAT PRECISION AND CARE STARTS. HERE ALSO THE ENTRY IS SUBMERGED
SO AS TO PREVENT ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION OF THE MOLTEN STEEL.
20. 20
THE ABOVE DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION DEPICTS THE ENTIRE
CONTINUOUS CASTING PROCESS IN BRIEF FOR ANY REFERENCE.
21. 21
FORMATION OF SOLIDIFIED SHELL:
THIS IS BY FAR THE MOST CRUCIAL STEP IN CASTING AS A SLIGHT ERROR IN
THIS STEP AND THE ENTIRE CAST WILL GET DEFORMED.
THE ENTRY TO THE MOULD IS WATERCOOLED ATALL THE FOUR SIDES. SO THE
OUTER SURFACE OF THGE MOLTEN STEEL, BY EXCHANGING HEAT FROM THE
WALLS OF THE MOULD STARTS GETTING SOLIDIFIED FORMING A SHEEL OF
SOLIDIFIED STEEL WHICH HAS TO BE STRONG ENOUGH SO AS TO WITHSTAND
THE PRESSURE OF THE MOLTEN STEEL WITHIN, IN ORDER TO PREVENT
SPILLING.
WATER COOLING
WATER COOLING
MOULD ENTRY
DUMMY BAR SHELL FORMATION
22. 22
SEGMENTS:
SEGMENTS ARE A GROUP OF SUPPORT ROLLETS PROVIDD IN ORDER TO
FURTHER ASSISTINTHESOLIDIFICATION OF THE SHELL IN ORDER TO PREVENT
THE SPILLING OF MOLTEN STEEL.
THE SEGMENTS ARE PROOVIDED WITH WATER SPRAY NOZZLES OR AIR MIST
SPRAY NOZZLES. WATER KEEPS CONTINUOUSLY CIRCULATING THROUGH
THESE PROVIDING CONSTANT COOLING.
THE ABOVE FIGURE IS A REPRESENTATION OF A SEGMENT UNIT. PASSING
THROUGH A SERIES OF SUCH WATER COOLED SEGMENTS THE MOLTEN METAL
INSIDETHESOLIDIFIED SHELL GETS COMPLETELYSOLIDIFIED AND THENCOMES
THE WITHDRAWING AND STRAIGHTENING UNIT.
23. 23
WITHDRAWAL AND STRAIGHTENING UNIT:
WHEN THE SOLIDIFICATION PROCESS IS ON THE VERGE OF COMPLETION, THE
SEGMENTS ARE EQUIPPED WITH A HYDRASULIC PINCHING MECHANISM. NOT
THE SEGMENTS SERVE FOR THE PURPOSE OF STRAIGHTENING. THE PRESSURE
HELPS IN STRAIGHTENING THE STEEL. VERY HIGH PRESSURE NEEDS TO BE
APPLIED THROUGH THE HYDRAULIC PINCHING MECHANISM.
MEASURING ROLL:
A MEASURING ROLL MEASURES THE LENGTH OF THE BEAM OR THE BILLET OR
ANY OTHER SHAPE AND WHEN WHE REQUIRED LENGTH HAS BEEN
WITHDRAWN THEN SENDS A SIGNAL TO THE TORCH CUTTING MACHINE.
TORCH CUTTING MACHINE:
THE TORCH CUTTING MACHINE, ON RECEIVING THE SIGNAL FROM THE
MEASUTING ROLL, CUTS THE STEEL IN ORDER TO GET THE FINAL PRODUCT.
CASTING SPEED:
THE CASTING SPEED BASICALLY DEPENDS ON TWO FACTORS NAMELY THE
SECTION SIZE AND THE STEEL GRADE.
24. 24
CONCLUSION
THE PROJECT REPORT CONSTITUTES ALL THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE AS
RECEIVED DURING THE 2 WEEKS IN STEEL MELTING SECTION OF
MECON LIMITED, RANCHI. ALL POSSIBLE EFFORS HAVE BEEN MADE
TO PROVIDE LEGITIMATE INFORMATION IN THE REPORT BUT A
KIND CONSIDERATION IS EXPECTED FROM THE READERS IN CASE
ANY INEVITABLE ERROR MIGHT HAVE CREPT IN.
THE SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE OF ALL THE OFFICIALS DESPITE THEIR
OWN WORKLOAD THROUGHOUT THE COMPLETION OF THE
REPORT IS HIGHLY COMMENDABLE AND APPRECIATED FROM THE
STUDENT'S END.
THANK YOU.