Performance Evaluation of Small Hydro Power PlantGirish Gupta
This is a project on the study of small hydro power plant of Khairana, Ramgarh, Uttrakhand which is of the capacity 100 KW. This project is done under Center of Excellence, Technical Educational Quality Improvement Programme - II (COE, TEQIP-II) funded by Ministry of Human Resource and Developement, Government of India
Gives a detailed analysis of environmental impact assessment and social impact assessment report..how to do them.. benefits cost benefit analysis..eia..clearance .. ideologies..methods..reports..baseline monitoring..different case studies ..natural preservation..airnimoact..air pollution water pollution noise pollution ..how a eia can be carried out methodological approach.. financial benefits..net present value ..present net value ..cost of incurred..accrued.. environmental effects on public..forest clearence .. it's effect on people ...case studies mrts project ..bridges ..road project ..if u want why the hell making us to type like this idiots..what more to type man.. huh ..why are u wasting our time..all for money stupids.. environment..eia .. environment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental environmental and social economic assessment social environmental and social economic assessment assessment environmental and environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment economic assessment Gives a detailed analysis of environmental impact assessment and social impact assessment report..how to do them.. benefits cost benefit analysis..eia..clearance .. ideologies..methods..reports..baseline monitoring..different case studies ..natural preservation..airnimoact..air pollution water pollution noise pollution ..how a eia can be carried out methodological approach.. financial benefits..net present value ..present net value ..cost of incurred..accrued.. environmental effects on public..forest clearence .. it's effect on people ...case studies mrts project ..bridges ..road project ..if u want why the hell making us to type like this idiots..what more to type man.. huh ..why are u wasting our time..all for money stupids.. environment..eia .. environment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental environmental and social economic assessment social environmental and social economic assessment assessment environmental and environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment economic assessment Gives a detailed analysis of environmental impact assessment and social impact assessment report..how to do them.. benefits cost benefit analysis..eia..clearance .. ideologies..methods..reports..baseline monitoring..different case studies ..natural preservation..airnimoact..air pollution water pollution noise pollution ..how a eia can be carried out methodological approach.. financial benefits..net present value ..present net value ..cost of incurred..accrued.. environmental effects on public..forest clearence .. it's effect on people ...case studies mrts project ..bridges ..road project ..if u want why the hell making us to type like this idiots..what more to
Performance Evaluation of Small Hydro Power PlantGirish Gupta
This is a project on the study of small hydro power plant of Khairana, Ramgarh, Uttrakhand which is of the capacity 100 KW. This project is done under Center of Excellence, Technical Educational Quality Improvement Programme - II (COE, TEQIP-II) funded by Ministry of Human Resource and Developement, Government of India
Gives a detailed analysis of environmental impact assessment and social impact assessment report..how to do them.. benefits cost benefit analysis..eia..clearance .. ideologies..methods..reports..baseline monitoring..different case studies ..natural preservation..airnimoact..air pollution water pollution noise pollution ..how a eia can be carried out methodological approach.. financial benefits..net present value ..present net value ..cost of incurred..accrued.. environmental effects on public..forest clearence .. it's effect on people ...case studies mrts project ..bridges ..road project ..if u want why the hell making us to type like this idiots..what more to type man.. huh ..why are u wasting our time..all for money stupids.. environment..eia .. environment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental environmental and social economic assessment social environmental and social economic assessment assessment environmental and environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment economic assessment Gives a detailed analysis of environmental impact assessment and social impact assessment report..how to do them.. benefits cost benefit analysis..eia..clearance .. ideologies..methods..reports..baseline monitoring..different case studies ..natural preservation..airnimoact..air pollution water pollution noise pollution ..how a eia can be carried out methodological approach.. financial benefits..net present value ..present net value ..cost of incurred..accrued.. environmental effects on public..forest clearence .. it's effect on people ...case studies mrts project ..bridges ..road project ..if u want why the hell making us to type like this idiots..what more to type man.. huh ..why are u wasting our time..all for money stupids.. environment..eia .. environment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental environmental and social economic assessment social environmental and social economic assessment assessment environmental and environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment economic assessment Gives a detailed analysis of environmental impact assessment and social impact assessment report..how to do them.. benefits cost benefit analysis..eia..clearance .. ideologies..methods..reports..baseline monitoring..different case studies ..natural preservation..airnimoact..air pollution water pollution noise pollution ..how a eia can be carried out methodological approach.. financial benefits..net present value ..present net value ..cost of incurred..accrued.. environmental effects on public..forest clearence .. it's effect on people ...case studies mrts project ..bridges ..road project ..if u want why the hell making us to type like this idiots..what more to
UNIT-I:Introduction:
Electric energy demand and growth in India, electric energy sources.
Thermal Power Plant: Site selection, general layout and operation of plant, detailed description and use of different parts.
Hydro Electric Plants: Classifications, location and site selection, detailed description of various components, general layout and operation of Plants, brief description of impulse, reaction, Kaplan and Francis turbines, advantages & disadvantages, hydro-potential in India.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
2. I WOULD LIKE TO THANK SENIOR MANAGER (HR - ED) SHRI
B. R. PRASOON FOR HELPING ME IN COMPLETING THE
VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN NTPC LIMITED KAHALGAON.
SECONDARY I WOULD LIKE TO THANK SHRI T.K. JHA DGM
(EMD), SHRI S. K. ROHELA DGM (C & I), SHRI R. C. JHA DGM
(OPN), SHRI R. SRIVASTAVA DGM (MM) FOR HELPING ME IN
COMPLETING THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN NTPC LIMITED
KAHALGAON. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK MY PARENT
AND THE ALMIGHTY FOR GIVING ME MORAL STRENGTH. I
AM HIGHLY OBLIGED TO SHRI R.K. GUPTA & ALL THE
RESPECTED PERSONS WHO HAVE HELPED ME IN
COMPLETING THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUCCESSFULLY.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. PREFA
TRAINING IS DEFINED AS ANY ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE
EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE ON A CURRENTLY HELD JOB OR
ONE RELATED TO IT. THIS USUALLY MEANS CHANGES IN
SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE ,SKILLS, ATTITUDES, OR BEHAVIOUR
;TO BE EFFECTIVE TRAINING SHOULD INVOLVE A LEARNING
EXPERIENCE, BE A PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITY
AND BE DESIGNED IN RESPONSE TO IDENTIFIED NEED.
IDEALLY TRAINING ALSO SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO MEET
THE GOAL OF THE ORGANIZATION WHILE
SIMULTANEOUSLY MEETING THE GOAL OF THE INDIVIDUAL
EMPLOYEES.
PREFACE
4. PA - PRIMARY AIR
IA - INDUCED AIR
ID - FAN INDUCED FAN
PF - FAN PRIMARY FAN
FD FAN - FORCED DRAFT FAN
D/A - DEAERATER
TG - TURBINE SIDE
SG - BOILER SIDE
KSC - 1KG/CM2
HPT - HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE
IPT - INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE TURBINE
LPT - LOW PRESSURE TURBINE
BFP - BOILER FEED PUMP
TDBFP - TURBINE DRIVEN BOILER FEED PUMP
MDBFP - MOTER DRIVEN BOILER PUMP
ESP - ELECTRO STATIC PRECIPITATER
GT - GENERATOR
ECN - ECONOMISER
RH - REHEATER
SH - SUPER HEATER
KEY WORD
5. SCAPH - STEAM COIL AIR PREHEATER
UT - UNIT TRANSFORMER
UAT - UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER
OAC - OPEN APPROACH CHANNEL
FST - FEED STORAGE TANK
FRS - FEED REGULATING STATION
FW - FEED WATER
DMW - DEMINERALIZED WATER
CFW - CLARIFIED WATER
ECW - EQUIPMENT COOLING WATER
ACF - ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER
GSF - GRAVITY SAND FILTER
OHT - OVER HEAT TANK
6. NTPC LIMITED, THE LARGEST THERMAL POWER
GENERATING COMPANY IN INDIA, WAS INCEPTED IN YEAR
1975. IT IS A PUBLIC SECTOR COMPANY WHOLLY OWNED BY
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (GOI). IN A SPAN OF 30 YEARS, NTPC
HAS EMERGED AS A MAJOR POWER COMPANY OF
INTERNATIONAL REPUTE AND STANDARD. NTPC’S CORE
BUSINESS INCLUDES ENGINEERING, CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION OF POWER GENERATING STATIONS AND
PROVIDING CONSULTANCY TO POWER UTILITIES AS WELL.
PRESENTLY, THE TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY OF NTPC/JVS
STANDS AT MORE THAN 27904 MW, WHICH INCLUDES 18
COAL AND 8 GAS/NAPHTHA BASED POWER STATIONS. NTPC
IS EXECUTING KOL DAM HYDRO POWER PROJECT ( 800 ) MW
IN HIMACHAL PRADESH AND TAPOBAN VISHUNGAD (520
MW) AND LOHARINAG PALA (600 MW) HYDRO PROJECTS IN
UTTARAKHAND.
SALIENT FEATURES OF KHSTPP
● LOCATION- KAHALGAON,DISTRICT BHAGALPUR
● NEAREST RAILWAY STAION- KAHALGAON
INTRODUCTION
7. ● NEAREST MAJOR TOWN- BHAGALPUR
● NEAREST AIRPORT- PATNA,KOLKATA
● NEAREST HIGHWAY- NH-80
● TOTAL LAND- 3360 ACRES
● LAND FOR PLANT- 833 ACRES
● LAND FOR TOWNSHIP- 432 ACRES
● LAND FOR MGR- 522 ACRES
● LAND FOR ASH DYKE- 1395 ACRES
● MAKE-UP WATER- 28 ACRES
● SYSTEM APPROACH ROAD- 70 ACRES
● OTHERS- 30 ACRES
● INSTALLED CAPACITY- 840 MW
● CONFIGURATION- STAGE-I 4*210 MW
STAGE-II 2*500 MW(PHASE-I)
1*500 MW(PHASE-II)
● FUEL- COAL
● SOURCE- RAJMAHAL HURRA,CHUPERBITA OF ECIL
● NEAREST WATER SOURCE- RIVER GANGES
● COOLING WATER SYSTEM- CLOSED CYCLE INDUCED
DRAFT SYSTEM
● BENEFICIARY STATES- THE STATES AND UT’S OF
NR,WR,ER,SR
● APPROVED PROJECT COST- RS 1715 CRORE(STAGE-I)
8. RS 6330 CRORE(STAGE-II)
KAHALGAON SUPER THERMAL POWER
PROJECT
BACKGROUND:
KAHALGAON SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT, STAGE II
BEING SET UP BY NTPC IS LOCATED NEAR KAHALGAON
TOWN IN BHAGALPUR DISTRICT OF BIHAR STATE. THE
STAGE II, OF THE PROJECT SHALL COMPRISE OF THREE (3)
UNITS OF 500 MW EACH. STAGE I OF THE PROJECT
COMPRISING OF FOUR (4) UNITS OF 210 MW EACH IS
PRESENTLY UNDER COMMERCIAL OPERATION. WITH
THE ADDITION OF 3X500 MW UNITS UNDER STAGE II,
THE ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF THE PROJECT WILL BE
2340 MW (STAGE I, 4X210 MW+ STAGE II, 3X500 MW).
9. LOCATION AND APPROACH:
THE PROPOSED EXPANSION STAGE II OF THE PROJECT IS
(KAHALGAON) RAILWAY STATION OF EASTERN RAILWAYS
IS APPROXIMATELY 2.0 KM AWAY FROM THE PROJECT SITE.
BHAGALPUR, THE NEAREST MAJOR TOWN, IS ABOUT 30 KM
SOUTHWEST OF THE PROJECT SITE. THE NEAREST
COMMERCIAL AIRPORT IS PATNA AND LOCATED AT A
DISTANCE OF 250 KM APPROXIMATELY.
LAND REQUIREMENT:
A TOTAL AREA OF 3360 ACRES OF LAND HAS BEEN
ACQUIRED FOR THE PROJECT IN STAGE I AND PROPOSED
STAGE II OF THE PROJECT IS TO BE LOCATED WITHIN THE
EXISTING AREA.
10. WATER REQUIREMENT:
THE PROJECT IS LOCATED NEAR RIVER GANGES. THE MAKE
UP WATER REQUIREMENT FOR THE PLANT IS PROPOSED TO
BE DRAWN FROM RIVER GANGES. THE WATER
REQUIREMENT FOR STAGE II OF THE PROJECT SHALL BE OF
THE ORDER OF 9000 CU.M/HR. THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS
FOR RUNNING A THERMAL POWER PLANT MAKE UP WATER
FOR COOLING TOWER SYSTEM AND OTHER PLANT
REQUIREMENT AND A CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF HIGH
QUALITY COAL.
MAKE UP WATER FOR COOLING WATER SYSTEM AND OTHER
PLANT REQUIREMENTS IS BEING DRAWN FROM NTPC’S RAW
WATER PUMP HOUSE LOCATED OVER AN INTAKE WELL IN
RIVER GANGES. THE INTAKE IS LOCATED ON RIGHT BANK
OF THE RIVER WHICH IS ABOUT 3KM FROM THE PROJECT /
PLANT SITE. DURING COMMISSIONING OF STAGE – I (4 X 210
MW) OF THE PROJECT, DEEP CHANNEL OF THE RIVER WAS
HUGGING THE RIGHT BANK OF THE RIVER AND THE INTAKE
WAS LOCATED CLOSE TO THE DEEP CHANNEL OF THE
RIVER.
SHOAL FORMATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED CLOSE TO THE
INTAKE WELL LOCATION DURING LEAN PERIOD, WHICH
MAY BE BECAUSE OF THE CHANGE IN RIVER COURSE. TO
11. ENSURE CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF MAKE UP WATER
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE STATION AFTER COMMISSIONING
OF STAGE – II OF THE PROJECT, A SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED
TO ASCERTAIN THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SHOAL
FORMATION AND HENCE, CARRY OUT SUCH REMEDIAL
MEASURES WHICH WILL BRING BACK THE DEEP CHANNEL
OF THE RIVER CLOSE TO THE INTAKE.
TOPOGRAPHIC AND HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY OF THE SAME
WAS CARRIED OUT AS A PART OF CONSULTANCY STUDIES
DURING 6TH DECEMBER 2006 TO 10TH JANUARY 2007.
COAL REQUIREMENT:
COAL REQUIRED FOR RUNNING THE POWER PLANT IS
PROCURED FROM LALMATIYA COALFIELD OF JHARKHAND.
THE REQUIREMENT IS ALSO MET FROM CHUPERBITA,
RAJMAHAL EXPANSION AND HURRA PROJECTS OF ECL.
KAHALGAON SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT
STAGE – II OF KAHALGAON SUPER THERMAL POWER
PROJECT INCLUDES COMMISSIONING OF 3 UNITS EACH OF
500 MW CAPACITIES. UNIT 7 IS ONE SUCH UNIT OF 500 MW. IT
12. SPANS FROM 1954 (S) TO 2260 (S) AND 3625 (E) TO 3797 (E)
ENCOMPASSING AN AREA OF ABOUT 52000 SQ.M. THE MAIN
AGENCY INVOLVED IN MAIN PLANT CIVIL WORKS IS M/S
HSCL. THE WORK STARTED ON 3RD FEB 2004 AND WAS
EXPECTED TO TAKE ABOUT 39 MONTHS. BUT BECAUSE OF
FEW PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED DURING THIS
TENURE, IT HAS CROSSED THE TIME LIMITS AND IS STILL
UNDER CONSTRUCTION.
THE ESTIMATED COST OF THE PROJECT IS 49.21 CRORE
WHICH INCLUDES STRUCTURAL WORKS AND CIVIL WORKS.
ESTIMATE FOR STRUCTURAL WORKS IS 13 CRORE WHEREAS
THE BALANCE BUDGET IS FOR CIVIL WORKS WHICH
INCLUDES PILING AND BALANCED CIVIL WORKS LIKE
FOUNDATION AND FINISHES. PILING ESTIMATE IS AROUND
13 CRORE AND THE REMAINING IS FOR THE BALANCED
CIVIL WORKS.
THE ENTIRE AREA IS SUPPORTED ON 2320 PILES OF WHICH
THERE ARE 1976 PILES OF 760 MM DIAMETER AND 344 PILES
OF 600 MM DIAMETER. THE PILE GOES TO A DEPTH OF 30 M.
THE MAIN PLANT CIVIL PACKAGE OF # 7 INCLUDES TWO
WIDE AREAS, WHICH ARE
13. TURBINE GENERATOR (T.G.) AREA THAT INCLUDES T.G.
HALL, ALL FLOORS AT EACH ELEVATION, AND
TRANSFORMER YARD AREA.
STEAM GENERATOR (S.G.) AREA THAT INCLUDES
BOILER, ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR (ESP) AND ESP
CONTROL ROOM BU
15. COAL IS A FUEL THAT IS FOUND IN THE GROUND. IT IS MADE
OF THE REMAINS OF PLANTS THAT DIED MILLIONS OF
YEARS AGO. SOIL PILED UP ON TOP OF THE REMAINS AND
THAT WEIGHT COMPACTED IT INTO A MORE DENSE
MATERIAL, CALLED COAL. THE ENERGY IN THE COAL CAME
FROM THE SUN AND WAS STORED IN THE PLANTS. WHEN
THE COAL IS BURNED, IT GIVES UP THAT ENERGY AS HEAT.
THE COAL'S HEAT ENERGY CAN THEN BE TURNED INTO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY. THIS HAPPENS AT A POWER PLANT.
• FIRST THE COAL IS MINED AND TAKEN TO A POWER PLANT.
• THEN THE COAL IS BURNED IN A BOILER WHICH CAUSES
THE WATER IN THE BOILER PIPES TO BECOME STEAM.
• THE STEAM TRAVELS THROUGH THE PIPES TO THE
TURBINE.
• THE STEAM SPINS THE TURBINE BLADES.
• THE SPINNING BLADES TURN A SHAFT CONNECTED TO THE
GENERATOR.
COAL TO ELECTRICITY
16. • IN THE GENERATOR, BIG MAGNETS SPIN CLOSE TO COILS
OF WIRE.
• WHEN THIS HAPPENS, ELECTRICAL CURRENT IS PRODUCED
IN THE WIRES.
• THEN THE ELECTRICITY GOES OUT THROUGH WIRES TO
HOMES, SCHOOLS, AND BUSINESSES.
• THE STEAM TRAVELS THROUGH THE PIPES TO THE
TURBINE.
• THE STEAM SPINS THE TURBINE BLADES.
• THE SPINNING BLADES TURN A SHAFT CONNECTED TO THE
GENERATOR.
• IN THE GENERATOR, BIG MAGNETS SPIN CLOSE TO COILS
OF WIRE.
• WHEN THIS HAPPENS, ELECTRICAL CURRENT IS PRODUCED
IN THE WIRES.
• THEN THE ELECTRICITY GOES OUT THROUGH WIRES TO
HOMES, SCHOOLS, AND BUSINESSES.
17. BOILER IS A DEVICE FOR GENERATING STEAM FOR POWER,
PROCESSING OR HEATING PURPOSES.BOILER IS DESIGNED
TO TRANSMIT HEAT FROM AN EXTERNAL COMBUSTION
SOURCE (USUALLY FUEL COMBUSTION TO A FLUID )
CONTAINED WITHIN THE BOILER ITSELF. THE HEAT
GENERATING UNIT INCLUDES A FURNACE IN WHICH THE
FUEL IS BURNED .WITH THE ADVANTAGE OF WATER
BOILER:
18. COOLED FURNACE WALLS, SUPERHEATERS,AIR HEATERS
AND ECONOMISERS, THE TERM ‘STEAM GENERATOR’ WAS
EVOLVED AS A BETTER DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS.
BOILER MAY BE CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF ANY OF THE
FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:
1. USE
2. PRESSURE
3. MATERIALS
4. SIZE
5. TUBE CONTENT
6. TUBE SHAPE AND POSITION
7. FIRING
8. HEAT SOURCE
9. FUEL
10. FLUID
11. CIRCULATIONS
12. FURNACE POSITION
13. FURNACE TYPE
14. GENERAL SHAPE
15. TRADE NAME
16. SPECIAL FEATURES
19. CATEGORIES OF BOILERS:
BOILERS ARE GENERALLY CATEGORISED AS FOLLOWS
1) STEEL BOILERS
2) FIRE TUBE TYPE
3) WATER TUBE TYPE
4) HORIZONTAL STRAIGHT TUBE
5) BENT TUBE
6) NATURAL CIRCULATION
7) POSITIVE CIRCULATION
8) SHELL TYPE
9) CAST IRON BOILERS
10) SPECIAL DESIGN BOILERS
11) NUCLEAR REACTORS
20. ARRANGEMENT OF MAIN PARTS OF BOILER :
THESE ACCESSORIES INCLUDE –
1) ECONOMISER
2) BOILER DRUM
3) DOWN COMERS
4) WATER WALLS
5) WATER WALL PLATEN(USED FOR PRESSURE BOILERS)
6) PRIMARY SUPER HEATER
7) PLATEN SUPER HEATER
8) FINAL SUPER HEATER
9) REHEATER
10) BURNER
11) IGNITORS
21.
22. ARRANGEMENT OF BOILER:
FURNACE
(A) TYPE : : FUSION WELDED
(B) WIDTH: :14.46MTRS.
(C) BREADTH : :11.85MTRS.
(D) VOLUME : :7664 M3
(E) FURNACE EXPLOSION/ IMPLOSION PRESSURE : ±
660MMWCL.
(F) FURNACE SURFACE : :2712 M2.
A BOILER FURNACE IS THAT SPACE UNDER OR ADJACENT
TO A BOILER IN WHICHFUEL IS BURNED AND FROM WHICH
THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS PASS INTO THE BOILER
PROPERLY. IT PROVIDES A CHAMBER IN WHICH THE
COMBUSTION REACTION CAN BE ISOLATED AND CONFINED
SO THAT THE REACTION REMAINS A CONTROLLED FORCE.
IN ADDITION IT PROVIDES SUPPORT OR ENCLOSURE FOR
THE FIRING EQUIPMENT.
THE FURNACE MUST PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING –
23. >> PROPER INSTALLATION,OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
OF FUEL BURNING
EQUIPMENT.
>> SUFFICIENT VOLUME FOR COMBUSTION REQUIREMENTS .
>> ADEQUATE REFRACTORIES AND INSULATION
BOILER DRUM :
THE FUNCTION OF STEAM DRUM IS TO SEPARATE THE
WATER FROM THE STEAM GENERATED IN THE FURNACE
WALLS AND TO REDUCE THE DISSOLVED SOLID CONTENTS
OF THE STEAM TO BELOW THE PRESCRIBED LIMIT OF 1PPM.
THE DRUM IS LOCATED ON THE UPPER FRONT OF BOILER.
ECONOMISER :
THE PURPOSE OF ECONOMISER IS TO PREHEAT THE BOILER
FEED WATER BEFORE IT IS INTRODUCED INTO THE STEAM
DRUM BY RECOVERING HEAT FROM THE FLUE GASES
LEAVING THE BOILER. THE ECONOMISER IS LOCATED IN THE
BOILER REAR GAS PASS BELOW THE REAR HORIZONTAL
SUPERHEATER.THE ECONOMISER IS CONTINUOUS
24. UNFINNED LOOP TYPE AND WATER FLOWS IN UPWARD
DIRECTION AND GAS IN THE DOWNWARD DIRECTION.
SUPERHEATER:
THERE ARE THREE STAGES OF SUPERHEATER BESIDES
THE SIDE WALLS AND EXTENDED SIDEWALLS .THE FIRST
STAGE CONSISTS OF HORIZONTAL SUPERHEATER OF
CONVECTION MIXED FLOW TYPE WITH UPPER AND
LOWER BANKS LOCATED ABOVE ECONOMISER
ASSEMBLY IN THE REAR PASS.THE UPPER BANK
TERMINATES INTO HANGER TUBES,WHICH ARE
CONNECTED TO OUTLET HEADER OF THE FIRST STAGE
SUPERHEATER.THE SECOND STAGE SUPERHEATER
CONSISTS OF PENDANT PLATEN WHICH IS OF RADIANT
PARALLEL FLOW TYPE.THE THIRD STAGE SUPERHEATER
CONSISTS OF PENDANT PLATEN WHICH IS OF RADIANT
PARALLEL FLOW TYPE.THE THIRD STAGE SUPERHEATER
PENDANT SPACED IS OF CONVECTION PARALLEL FLOW
TYPE. THE OUTLET TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE OF THE
STEAM COMING OUT FROM THE SUPERHEATER IS 540
DEGREE CELSIUS AND 157KG/CM^2 RESPECTIVELY FOR
H.P. UNITS.
25. REHEATER:
THE FUNCTION OF REHEATER IS TO REHEAT THE STEAM
COMING OUT FROM THE HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE TO A
TEMPERATURE OF 540 DEGREE CELSIUS.THE REHEATER IS
COMPOSED OF TWO SECTIONS.THE FRONT PENDANT
SECTION AND REAR PENDANT SECTION.THE REAR PENDANT
SECTION IS LOCATED ABOVE THE FURNACE ARC AND THE
REAR WATER WALL AND FRONT PENDANT SECTION IS
LOCATED BETWEEN THE REAR WATER HANGER TUBES AND
THE SUPERHEATER PLATEN SECTION.
BURNERS :
THERE ARE TOTAL TWENTY FOUR PULVERISED COAL
BURNERS FOR CORNER FIRED C.E. TYPE BOILERS AND
TWELVE OIL BURNERS PROVIDED EACH IN BETWEEN TWO
PULVERISED FUEL BURNER.THE PULVERISED COAL
BURNERS ARE ARRANGED IN SUCH A WAY THAT SIX MILLS
SUPPLY THE COAL THE BURNERS AT 4 CORNERS,OF THE
FURNACE.ALL THE NOZZLES OF THE BURNERS ARE INTER
LINKED AND CAN BE TILTED AS A SINGLE UNIT FROM +30 TO
-30 DEGREE. THE OIL BURNER ARE FED WITH HEAVY FUEL
OIL TILL LOAD REACHES TO ABOUT 25%.
26. IGNITERS:
THERE ARE TWELVE SIDE EDDY PLATE OIL/H.E.A. IGNITERS
PER BOILER. THE ATOMISING AIR FOR IGNITORS ARE TAKEN
FROM PLANT AIR COMPRESSERS AT 7KG/CM^2(GAUGE). THE
BURNER ARE LOCATED AT THE THREE ELEVATIONS. EACH
ELEVATION HAS FOUR OPIL BURNERS AND IGNITORS.THESE
ELEVATIONS ARE NORMALLY KNOWN AS AB ELEVATION,CD
ELEVATION AND EF ELEVATION.MAINLY TWO TYPES OF
IGNITORS ARE USED.
>> EDDY PLATE IGNITOR
>> HIGH ENERGY ARC TYPE IGNITORS.
BOILER DESIGN & FIELD DATA:
RATING : MS 690 T/HR, 140 KG/CM^2, 540 0*C,
RH 569 T/HR, 27.6 KG/CM^2, 328 0*C/540 0*C .
FEED WATER TEMPERATURE: 248°C
BOILER DRUM PRESSURE : 161KGF/CM2
OVERALL DIMENSION : WIDTH (ALONG COLUMN AXIS)
:DEPTH (ALONG COLUMN AXIS) 42.01 M,
:HEIGHT (ELEVATION OF CENTER LINE) 68.9 M.
MASS OF PR. PARTS : 1954 TONS.
MASS OF BOILER METAL : 7250 TONS.
27. GUARANTEED BOILER EFFICIENCY AT AIR TEMP 30 0C
= 89 %.(AT NET COMBUSTIBLE BASIS)
= 87.15 %.(AT GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE BASIS)
DESIGN EFFICIENCY OF BOILER (APPROX.) : 91.64 %
LOSSES : IN FLUE GAS 5.97 %,
INTO AMBIENT 0.3%,
NON COMBUSTIBLE 2 % (CHEMICALS 0.15%,
MECH.BALANCE),
INTO ASHES 0.09 %.
EXIT FLUE GAS TEMP.: 137 0C, (WITH WORST COAL 142
0C).
FLUE GAS TEMP AT FURNACE OUTLET : APPROX. 1120
0C,
TEMP. OF HOT AIR : 388 0C, (WITH WORST COAL 391 0C)
LOAD WITHOUT FURNACE OIL : WITH GUARANTEED
FUEL : 70 TO 100%,
: WITH LOW GRADE FUEL : 85 TO 100%,
: WITH HIGH GRADE FUEL : 55 TO 100%.
BOILER LOAD WITH ALL 12 OIL BURNERS (APPROX.) : 30
% OF NOMINAL LOAD
TOTAL COAL FIRING RATE : 126.4 TO191T/ HR
28. TURBO GENERATOR HAS 3 CIRCUITS, A) MAGNETIC CIRCUIT, B) ELECTRIC CIRCUIT AND C)
MECHANICAL SUPPORTS AND AUXILIARIES.
TURBO GENERATORS: STEAM TURBINES RUN EFFICIENTLY
ONLY AT HIGH SPEEDS, SO THAT 2-POLE GENERATOR IS
COMMON EVEN AT HIGH RATINGS. THE ELECTRIC AND
MAGNETIC LOADING IS EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH. THE ROTOR
DIAMETER IS LIMITED TO 1.2M. THE ACTIVE CORE LENGTH
MUST BE OF THE ORDER OF 10MM PER MVA. THUS THE
GENERATOR
29. LENGTH OF A 500MW GENERATOR MAY BE 5M AND SHAFT
LENGTH MAY BE 12M. STATOR CORE DIAMETER 3M AND
CASING 4M. THE STATOR WINDINGS ARE DOUBLE LAYER
FORM SO THAT HARMONICS CAN BE REDUCED BY
CHORDING. FOR LARGE GENERATORS THE STATOR MMF
MAY REACH UP TO 300KA-T PER POLE AND TO AVOID
EXCESSIVE DEMAGNETISATION EFFECT THE ROTOR MMF
MUST BE OF COMPARABLE MAGNITUDE AS DEFINED BY THE
SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO. AS IT IS UNDESIRABLE TO HAVE
HIGH TOOTH SATURATION, LONG AIR GAP IS NECESSARY-
5MM FOR 1MVA MACHINE TO 100MM FOR 500MVA MACHINE.
ROTOR: THE I2R LOSS PER UNIT MASS OF CONDUCTOR
MATERIAL IS OF THE ORDER OF 150W/KG IN STATOR AND
500W/KG IN THE ROTOR. THEREFORE THE ROTOR IS THE
LIMITING MEMBER. THE DIAMETER IS LIMITED BY THE
CONSIDERATIONS OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE, DEFLECTION
AND CRITICAL SPEED. AN EXCITATION HAS TO BE PROVIDED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE STATOR ELECTRIC LOADING
AND SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO. THE EXCITATION WINDING
MUST BE CONTAINED IN THE SLOTS OF SUCH WIDTH SO AS
TO LEAVE TEETH ADEQUATE TENSILE STRENGTH AND
BENDING STRENGTH AND TO CARRY MAGNETIC FLUX
WITHOUT EXCESSIVE SATURATION. ROTOR: CYLINDRICAL
30. TYPE, SHAFT AND BODY FORGED IN ONE PIECE FROM
NICKEL-CHROMIUM- VANADIUM-MOLYBDENUM STEEL
HAVING ULTIMATE STRENGTH UP TO 800N/ M2. SLOTS ARE
MILLED OUT AXIALLY. DYNAMICALLY BALANCED WITH
HIGH DEGREE OF ACCURACY UP TO 20% OVER SPEED FOR 2
MINUTES. CRITICAL SPEED IS AT 1200RPM (1370RPM) AND 2.7
AND 3.0 TIMES THIS SPEED.
WINDING: HARD DRAWN SILVER BEARING COPPER,
INSULATION: EPOXY GLASS, NONMAGNETIC STEEL
RETAINING RING FOR OVERHANG
FANS: PROPELLER TYPE, SHAFT MOUNTED ON EITHER
SIDES
SLIP RINGS: FILED LEAD: SLIP RINGS TO WINDINGS VIA
SEMI FLEXIBLE COPPER LEADS.
STATOR: COLD ROLLED GRAIN ORIENTED SILICON STEEL,
MECHANICALLY STRONG TO WITHSTAND INTERNAL
PRESSURE OF EXPLOSION OF HYDROGEN AND AIR MIXTURE.
MECHANICAL PROBLEMS ARISE BECAUSE OF THE DOUBLE
FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS SET UP BY THE ROTATION OF THE
AXIS OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND FROM INTERNAL
PRESSURE OF THE HYDROGEN COOLANT. CORE VIBRATION
31. IS PREVENTED FROM BEING TRANSMITTED TO THE CASING
BY A FORM OF FLEXIBLE MOUNTING.
WINDING: 3 PHASE, DOUBLE LAYER, SHORT CHORDED,
SINGLE TURN, TWO PARALLEL WINDING (DOUBLE STAR).
EACH CONDUCTOR IS ELABORATELY SUBDIVIDED TO LIMIT
EDDY CURRENT LOSS. THE INSULATION MAY BE MICA
PAPER AND ASBESTOS OR GLASS FIBRE TAPE WITH
POLYESTER OR EPOXY BONDING TO GIVE MECHANICAL
STRENGTH. THE END WINDINGS MUST BE VERY SECURELY
BRACED AGAINST MOVEMENT UNDER THE IMPACT OF
SHORT CIRCUIT.
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES, HARD WOOD BLOCKS WITH
GLASS FIBRE CORD OR TAPE MAY BE USED, WITH METALLIC
(NON-MAGNETIC) BRACKETS AS ANCHORAGE.
EDDY CURRENTS: THE PARASITIC EDDY CURRENTS IN AN
ISOLATED CONDUCTOR DUE TO ITS OWN FIELD ARE CALLED
THE SKIN EFFECT. THEY ARISE ON ACCOUNT OF THE
INDUCTANCE OF THE CENTRAL PART OF THE CONDUCTOR
EXCEEDS THAT OF THE OUTER PARTS. THEREFORE THE
CURRENTS ARE CONFINED TO THE PERIPHERY. THE
GREATER INDUCED EMF OF SELF INDUCTION IN THE MIDDLE
PARTS OF THE CONDUCTOR CAUSES CIRCULATING
CURRENTS WHICH, SUPERIMPOSED ON THE MAIN CURRENT
32. INCREASES THE I2R LOSS. THE EFFECTS OF ALTERNATING
LEAKAGE FIELDS ARE INTENSIFIED BY THE PROXIMITY OF
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL.
SLOT CONDUCTORS: THE FIRST ORDER EDDY CURRENT
DISTURB THE ORIGINALLY UNIFORM CURRENT DENSITY,
SUPERIMPOSING A SECOND ORDER MMF, FLUX, EMF AND
EDDY CURRENTS WHICH IN TURN DEVELOP THIRD ORDER
COMPONENT AND SO ON. NOT ONLY DOES EDDY CURRENT
THE I2R LOSS, BUT ALSO DISTURB THE FIELD DISTRIBUTION.
THE LARGE CURRENTS IN STATOR PRODUCE HIGH
PULSATIONAL FORCES BETWEEN CONDUCTORS, REACHING
UP TO 80KN/M IN 500MW MACHINES.
DISTILLATE HEADER: RING TYPE WATER HEADER OF
COPPER INLET AND OUT LET HEADERS –TURBINE SIDE.
TERMINAL BUSHINGS: WATER-COOLED; THEY ARE
HOUSED IN A CHAMBER MADE OF NONMAGNETIC STEEL
PLATES.
AIR GAP: TURBO GENERATORS HAVE LARGE RADIAL GAPS
FOR REASONS OF OPERATIONAL STABILITY. IN
CONVENTIONAL TOOTHED STATOR, THE SLOTTING
CONCENTRATES THE FLUX INTO THE TEETH, SATURATION
AND CORE LOSS LEVELS ARE HIGH AND POLE FACE LOSSES
OCCUR. THE DEEP SLOTS MAKE CONDUCTOR
33. TRANSPOSITION ESSENTIAL AND INTRODUCE SOME
DIFFICULTIES IN DIRECT WATER-COOLING. THE HIGH
VOLTAGE INSULATION IN WINDINGS RESULTS IN LOW
SPACE FACTOR AND END WINDINGS BULKY AND NEEDS
ELABORATE SUPPORT.
LARGE TURBO GENERATORS:
THE SPEED IS FIXED BY THE FREQUENCY. THE DIMENSIONS
ARE FIXED BY THE ROTOR DIAMETER (D) AND THE ACTIVE
CORE LENGTH (L). THE LIMIT OF D IS SET BY THE
CENTRIFUGAL FORCES WHILE THOSE OF L CONCERNS THE
RIGIDITY OF THE ROTOR. THE PRESENT LIMIT OF D FOR 50HZ
IS 1.2M, AND LENGTHENING OF ROTOR BEYOND L=5D, GIVES
NO IMPROVEMENT. BUT A SMALL IMPROVEMENT OF D WILL
GIVES SUBSTANTIAL RISE IN CAPABILITY. FOR ROTATIONAL
SPEED N, THE ROTATIONAL STRESS IS PROPORTIONAL TO
D2N2.THE DL PRODUCT AFFECTS THE CRITICAL SPEED. FOR
LARGE MACHINES COMPLEX CALCULATIONS ARE
REQUIRED, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT DIFFERING RIGIDITIES
OF THE DIRECT AND QUADRATURE AXES OF ROTOR,
EFFECTS OF BEARING DEFORMATION AND
34. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERATOR-TURBINE
COUPLING.
VIBRATION PROBLEMS CAN BE COMPLEX. A 2-POLE STATOR
IS DEFORMED INTO AN ELLIPSE BY INTENSE MAGNETIC
ATTRACTION; WITH MINOR AXIS DIRECTED ALONG THE
AXIS OF THE AIR GAP FLUX, AS THE ROTOR ROTATES SO
DOES THE DEFORMATION. THIS INITIATES A STRONG
VIBRATION AT TWICE THE ROTATIONAL SPEED. VIBRATION
AFFECTS THE WINDING BOTH IN THE SLOTS AND IN THE
OVERHANG. THE HEAT TRANSFER CAPACITY OF WATER IS
50 TIMES THAT OF AIR, BUT ITS DENSITY IS 1000 TIMES
GREATER. GAS COOLERS: MADE OF ADMIRALITY BRASS
TUBES. END COVER OF WATER CHAMBERS CAN BE
REMOVED WITHOUT PURGING HYDROGEN FROM
GENERATOR. BRUSH GEAR: BRUSHES IN THE UPPER 2/3RD
PERIPHERY, BRUSHES CAN BE CHANGED DURING NORMAL
RUNNING. SHAFT SEALS: TO PREVENT ESCAPE OF
HYDROGEN. EXCITATION SYSTEM: WHY NOT DC EXCITERS?
LARGE NUMBERS OF BRUSHES, EXTENSIVE COMMUTERS
AND BRUSH GEAR MAINTENANCE.
DURING CHANGE OF LOAD CHANCES OF FLASH OVER.
FOR RELIABILITY EXCITERS ARE DIRECTLY COUPLED, THIS
MEANS REDUCTION IN GEARS THAT ARE NECESSARY.
35. AT HIGHER SPEEDS INVARIABLY COMMUTATION
PROBLEMS.
AVR: STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM, AUTOMATIC AND
SEPARATE VOLTAGE REGULATORS
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM EXCITATION LIMITERS
CHANGE OVER TO MANUAL CON TROL IN CASE OF
FAULT IN AUTO MODE.
GENERATOR OPERATIONAL LIMITS:
TERMINAL VOLTAGE - ± 5% (AT RATED POWER AND PF)
STATOR CURRENT - ± 5% (AT RATED POWER AND PF)
VOLTAGE - ± 10% CURRENT - +105%
FREQUENCY - ± 5 ( DUE TO TURBINE LIMITATIONS, +2%
AND –3%)
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROGEN AS COOLANT:
1) LESSER DENSITY, LESSER WINDAGE LOSS
1/14TH THE AIR DENSITY
ADVANTAGE IS LIMITED TO 1/10TH
USE OF HYDROGEN INCREASES THE EFFICIENCY BY ½
TO 1%
2) REDUCTION IN SIZE OF THE MACHINE
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IS 7 TIMES THAT OF AIR.
36. HEAT TRANSFER IS 1.5 TIMES.
AT 0.5 PSI –RATING IS INCREASED BY 20-25%
AT 30 PSI – RATING IS INCREASED BY 35%
4) INCREASE IN OUT PUT FROM THE SAME MACHINE
EVERY 0.07 AT. PRESSURE INCREASE UP TO 1 AT.
INCREASE THE MACHINE OUT PUT BY 1%.
EVERY 0.07 AT. PRESSURE INCREASE FROM 1AT. TO 2
AT. INCREASE THE MACHINE OUT PUT BY 0.5%.
INCREASE IN HYDROGEN PRESSURE ENHANCES THE
WIND AGE LOSSES.
DISADVANTAGES: FORMS EXPLOSIVE MIXTURE WITH
AIR BETWEEN 5 / 95% TO 75 / 25%.
COMPLICATED CONTROL AND GAS TIGHT SEAL
SYSTEM.
EXPLOSION PROOF CONSTRUCTION – INCREASED COST.
PURGING OUT FACILITY WITH CO2.
37. TECHNICAL DATA OF GENERATOR OF
KAHALGAON
TYPE TBB-220-2ET3
POWER 247.059MVA,
RATED VOLTAGE 15.75KV
RATED CURRENT 9056A,
POWER
FACTOR
0.85PF,
EFFICIENCY 98.55%
SPEED 3000RPM, 50HZ
CONNECTION DOUBLE STAR
INSULATION
CLASS
CLASS F
CONDUCTOR /
SLOT
2
TURNS / PHASE 10
TERMINALS /
PHASE
3
NO. OF SLOTS 60
NO. OF
TERMINALS
9
38. EFFECTIVE
CORE LENGTH
(L)
4.06M
CRITICAL SPEED 1370, 3400
MAX. TORQUE AT
SC IN STATOR
8 FOLD
CAPACITANCE STATOR –0.69 MICRO F,
MAX. TEMP. STATOR WINDING –75C, STATOR CORE –
105C
DC RESISTANCE 1.6 MILLI
CRITICAL SPEED 1370, 3400
REACTANCE XD X’D X’’D X2 X
206% 26% 17.5% 21.3% 1
0
3
%
O/L CAPACITY OF
STATOR
1.1 1.15 1.2 1.3 PU
30 15 3 1 MIN
NEG. SEQ. O/L
CAPACITY
0.25 0.50 1.0 2.0 PU
128 32 8 2.0 SEC
39. TESTED HI VOLTAGE 49KV PEAK-TO-PEAK, 34.5KV RMS.
MOTORING MODE STEAM LESS CONDITION IS OF NO
DIRECT HAZARD TO GENERATOR.
BECAUSE CONDITIONS OF TURBINE IT
IS NOT OPERATED FOR MORE THAN 3
MIN. IN STEAM LESS CONDITION
MANOEUVRING 330 STARTS AND STOPS PER YEAR.
RATE OF LOAD PICK UP 6 % PER MIN.
RATE OF REACTIVE LOAD PICK UP
6% PER MIN.
ROTOR 2330A, 303V, CLASS F
NO. OF TURNS 9
DAMPER WINDING (4 INNER + 4 OUTER) DAMPER
SEGMENTS
TESTED HI VOLTAGE 3.33KV FOR 1 MIN.
CAPACITANCE 0.29 MICRO F,
MAX. TEMP. ROTOR WINDING -
IMPEDANCE 4.54
OVER SPEED TEST 3600 RPM FOR 2 MIN.
TOTAL LOSSES 2892 KW
EXCITATION LOSS 818 KW
40. COPPER LOSS 964 KW
MECHANICAL LOSS 730 KW
NO LOAD LOSS 380 KW
ROTOR EARTH
FAULT -FIRST
5 K
LOSS OF FIELD GEN. CAN RUN WITH OUT FIELD FOR A
MAX. 15 MIN. AT 40% THE RATED
LOAD.
IN CASE OF LOSS FIELD, REDUCE THE
LOAD TO 60% WITHIN 30 SEC. AND TO
40% LOAD IN 1.5 MIN.
GENERATOR SCC
IF, A 193 570 985 1390 1760
STATOR, A 975 2980 5080 7160 9020
GENERATOR OCC
STATOR
VOLTAGE, KV
5.12 5.8 7.87 10.0 11.8 15.75 17.1
O/L CAPACITY OF
ROTOR
1.1 1.2 1.5 2.0 PU
3600 240 60 20 SEC
41. IF, A 237 267 362 464 560 800 920
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF 6.6KV HT.SW.GR OF
MAINPLANT SCHEME
THE PURPOSE OF AN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM IS TO
GENERATE AND SUPPLY ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO THE
CONSUMER SAFELY & RELIABLY. THE PURPOSE OF A
PROTECTIVE SYSTEM IS TO ISOLATE THE FAULTY SECTION
OF THE POWER SYSTEM AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE FROM
THE HEALTHY SYSTEM.
(a) TO AVOID DAMAGE TO THE HEALTHY PARTS OF THE
SYSTEM.
(b) TO AVOID DAMAGE TO THE AFFECTED PARTS.
(c) TO AVOID LOSS OF SYNCHRONISM OF THE HEALTHY
GENERATOR OF THE PLANT.
IN ASSOCIATION WITH C.T./P.T AND (C.B) CIRCUIT
BREAKERS, THE PROTECTIVE RELAY AVERTS THE ABOVE
EFFECTS.
AC.T / P.T. / OR C.V.T/ PROVIDED INFORMATION TO THE
RELAY REGARDING THE ELECTRICAL STATE OF THE
SYSTEM;
42. WHENEVER THE ELECTRICAL STATE OF THE SYSTEM
GOES BEYOND A PREDETERMINED VALUE, THE RELAY
GIVES A TRIPPING SIGNAL TO THE CIRCUIT BREAKER;
THE CIRCUIT BREAKER THUS TRIPS AND DISCONNECTS
THE FAULTY ELEMENTS OF THE POWER SYSTEM. C.B.
LOCATION IS SO CHOSEN THAT EACH GEN.
TRANSFORMER, BUS, TRANSMISSION LINE ETC. CAN BE
COMPLETELY DISCONNECTED FROM REST OF SYSTEM.
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
THE RELAY IS USED TO DETECT THE ABNORMAL
CONDITIONS SUCH AS SHORT CIRCUITS, EARTHING OF
LIVE EQUIPMENT / PARTS, OVERLOADS, OVER VOLTAGES,
UNDER VOLTAGES, UNBALANCED LOAD, UNDER
FREQUENCY, ABNORMAL GAS PRESSURE IN THE
TRANSFORMER ETC. THE BASIC FUNCTION OF RELAY IS
TO DISCONNECT THE FAULTY OR ABNORMAL SYSTEM
EQUIPMENT THROUGH CIRCUIT BREAKER TO AVOID
DAMAGE TO THE EQUIPMENT OR INSTABILITY OF THE
SYSTEM IN THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME.
PRIMARILY THE RELAY SOUNDS AN ALARM TO INDICATE
EXISTENCE OF AN ABNORMALITY. NORMAL AND
ABNORMAL CONDITIONS ARE DISTINGUISHED BY RELAY
43. SENSING ELEMENTS WHICH REPPOND TO SET ACTUATING
PARAMETERS LIKE CURRENT, VOLTAGE, PHASE ANGLE,
FREQUENCY, WAVW SHAPE ETC.
SWITCH-GEAR
SWITCH GEAR IS A CONTROL SWITCH THAT CONTROL THE
OPERATION OF A POWER CIRCUIT. THE TWO FUNCTION OF
A SWITCH IN POWER SYSTEMS ARE –
I). TO PERMIT THE TRANSMISSION LINES TO BE
CONVENIENT PUT INTO AND TAKEN OUT FROM SERVICE.
II). TO DISABLE THE SOME PLANT AND LINES WHEN THESE
BECOME FAULTY, TO BE RAPIDLY AND SAFELY ISOLATED
BY AUTOMATIC MEANS.S
BREAKER
THE BREAKER USE AT OUR MAIN PLANT AT KAHALGAON
STPP, ARE OF RUSSIAN MAKE. AIR CIRCUIT BRE1600 AMP
BREAKERS ARE USED IN ALL FEEDERS, WHEREAS, 2500
AMP BREAKERS ARE USED FOR STATION & UAT
INCOMERS. THE 3200 AMP RATED BREAKERS ARE USED IN
BV01, BW01, BL12, BM12, BV02 & BW02. THESE BREAKERS
CONSIST OF A 900 WATT. UNIVERSAL. SPRING CHARGING
MOTOR FOR CHARGING THE ACTUATING SPRINGS.
A BLOW OUT DEVICE IS ALSO FITTED IN THE BREAKER TO
QUENCH THE ARE GENERATED DURING OPERATION OF
THE SAME. THIS BLOW OUT DEVICE PUSHES THE ARC IN
TO THE ARC CHUTE AND EXPANDS THE SAME TO
EXTINGUISH IN MINIMUM POSSIBLE TIME.
44. THE BREAKERS ARE KEPT IN SPECIAL TYPE OF
CABINET, WHERE DROPPERS OF BUS AND OUTGOING
CABLES ARE TERMINATED. THESE BREAKERS
OPERATES ON DUAL OPERATING SYSTEM - ELECTRICAL
& MANUAL. MANUAL OPERATION SHOULD BE DONE
ONLY IN EMERGENCY. THE BREAKER OPERATES
THROUGH CLOSING & TRIPPING MECHANISM, WHEN A
COMMAND IS GIVEN ELECTRICALLY.
6.6 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER
AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER
45. ALL AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER REQUIRES AN AUXILIARY
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM WHICH SUPPLIES AIR TO THE
BREAKER AIR RECEIVER. WHEN OPENING IS REQUIRED,
COMPRESSED AIR IS ADMITTED TO THE ARC EXTINCTION
CHAMBER. IT PUSHES AWAY THE MOVING CONTACTS. IN
DOING SO THE CONTACTS ARE SEPARATED AND THE AIR
BLAST TAKES AWAY THE IONIZED GASES ALONG WITH IT
AND ASSISTS ARC EXTINCTION. AIR BLAST CIRCUIT
BREAKER EXTINGUISHES THE ARC. WITHIN ONE OR TWO
CYCLE AND ARC CHAMBER IS FILLED WITH A HIGH
PRESSURE AIR, WHICH PREVENTS RESTRIKE.
SULPHER HEXAFLURID CIRCUIT BREAKER
IN SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER SF6 GAS IS BLOWN AXIALLY
ALONG THE ARC. THE HEAT IS REMOVED FROM THE ARC BY
AXIAL CONVECTION AND RADIAL DISSIPATION.
CONSEQUENTLY, THE ARC DIAMETER REDUCES DURING
THE DECREASING NODE OF THE CURRENT WAVE. THE
DIAMETER BECOMES SMALL DURING CURRENT ZERO.
TURBULENT FLOW IS INTRODUCED AROUND.
47. OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER
IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT WHEN A CIRCUIT CARRYING A
LARGE CURRENT IS BROKEN, AN ARC OCCURS AT THAT
POINT WHERE THE CONTACTS ARE SEPARATE; THE
ARCHING IS SPECIALLY SEVERE WHEN HIGH VOLTAGES
ARE INVOLVED AND IF A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS ON A
HIGH VOLTAGE CABLE WHICH IS SUPPLIED FROM LARGE
POWER STATION. THE ARC WOULD BE POWERFUL TO
BRIDGE THE CONTACTS OF THE SWITCH AND DESTROY IT
BY BURNING. THE DEVICE IS EMPLOYED AS AN OIL
BREAKER. AN OIL BREAKER POSSES THE PROPERTY OF
ALWAYS BREAKING AN ALTERNATIVE CURRENT AT ITS
ZERO VALUE. THESE SWITCHES ARE SUITABLE FOR A
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE OF 6.6 KV. THE CONTACTS OF THESE
SWITCHES, WHICH BREAK HIGH TENSION CIRCUIT, ARE
IMMERSED IN OIL TO ENSURE RAPID & EFFECTIVE
RAPTURE OF THE CIRCUIT. WHEN THE ARC OCCURS, THE
OIL IN ITS PATH IS VAPORIZED AND THE GAS THEREBY
GENERATED EXTRACT A PRESSURE ON THE
SURROUNDING OIL.
SAFETY
THOUGH THE DESIGN OF THE BREAKER CABINET AT
KAHALGAON IS VERY SAFE, BUT SAFETY ASPECT FOR
48. OPERATION SHOULD NEVER BE OVER LOOKED. BY
KEEPING A FEW THINGS IN THE MIND AND IN DAILY
ROUTINE, MANY ACCIDENTS CAN BE AVOIDED. HERE ARE
A FEW TIPS, WHICH AN OPERATION MAN MUST CHECK
WHILE OPERATING THE BREAKERS.
1. ALWAYS SEE THE EARTH SWITCH POSITION, WHILE
RACKING - IN THE BREAKER. THE EARTH SWITCH POSITION
MUST BE IN 'OFF' POSITION, WHEN THE BREAKER IS PUSHED
IN SERVICE POSITION.
2. NEVER OPERATE EARTH SWITCH OF UAT, STATION
INCOMER, BV01, BW01, BL12, BM12, BV02 OR BW02 WITHOUT
CONFIRMING THE PROPER ISOLATION.
3. BEFORE OPERATING EARTH SWITCH IN A TRANSFORMER
FEEDER. LT INCOMER ISOLATION MUST BE CONFIRMED.
4. ALL FLAGS SHOULD BE RESET BEFORE SWITCHING ON
THE CONTROL SUPPLY.
5. NEVER USE EXCESSIVE FORCE TO INSERT THE BREAKER
IN TO SERVICE POSITION. CHECK THE FINGER CONTACT OF
THE BREAKER AND SHUTTER MECHANISM OF THE CABINET,
IF THE SAME IS NOT GOING IN THE SERVICE POSITION.
6. FREENESS OF THE PAD LOCK SHOULD BE ENSURED AFTER
PUTTING THE BREAKER IN SERVICE OR TEST POSITION.
49. 7. THE MULTI-PIN OF THE BREAKER SHOULD BE TIGHTENED
AFTER KEEPING THE CONTROL SUPPLY OFF.
8. THE DOOR OF THE BREAKER CABINET MUST BE CLOSED
BEFORE MAKING THE CONTROL SUPPLY 'ON'.
EMERGENCY
AN OPERATION STAFF SHOULD KNOW TO COPE WITH
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. THE MAY ARISE IN CASE OF DC
(CONTROL SUPPLY) FAILURE, BLACK OUT, FIRE, ETC. IN
CASE OF DC FAILURE, ALTERNATIVE SOURCE MAY BE
SWITCHED 'ON' WHOSE SWITCHES ARE IN SINGLE CONTROL
CABINET, LOCATED AT THE BOTH END OF SWITCHGEAR.
IF THE DC SUPPLY DOES NOT RESTORE BY ALTERNATIVE
SOURCE ALSO, ALL THE BREAKERS OF THE PARTICULAR
BUS SHOULD BE MANUALLY TRIPPED IN CONSULTATION
WITH SHIFT - IN - CHARGE, AS ALL THE CONTROL &
PROTECTION SYSTEM WILL BE OUT. THE SAME THING
SHOULD ALSO BE DONE IN BLACK OUT CONDITION.
IN CASE OF FIRE, THE SUPPLY OF THE PARTICULAR FEEDER
SHOULD BE MADE OFF, IF POSSIBLE AND THE FIRE SERVICES
MAY BE CALLED IN IMMEDIATELY. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
MAY BE USED FOR PUTTING OFF THE FIRE. SHOULD BE OPEN
AND VENTILATION FANS MAY BE SWITCHED ON.
50. TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
MAJORITY OF LINE FAULTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE
SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULTS. THE PROTECTION
SCHEMES FOR TRANSMISSION LINES ARE QUITE
STANDARDIZED AND LOTS OF IMPROVEMENTS HAVE
RECENTLY BEEN INCORPORATED. THE BASIS PROTECTIVE
SCHEMES.WHERE LENGTH OF TRANSMISSION IS LONG
CARRIER CURRENT PROTECTION IS PROVIDED FOR
SIMULTANEOUS OPENING OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS AT BOTH
ENDS OF THE LINE. WITH STEPPED TIME – DISTANCE
CHARACTERISTIC OF DISTANCE RELAYS, THE FIRST
DISTANCE STEP IS GENERALLY TO COVER ABOUT 80% OF
FIRST LINE SECTION. THE RELAY AT REMOTE AND IS
ARRANGED IN A SIMILAR WAY BUT IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
WHEN THE FAULT OCCURS IN ZONE I, A SIGNAL RECEIVED
FROM A RELAY AT OPPOSITE AND IS USED TO EXTEND THE
FIRST ZONE FROM 80% TO ALMOST 100% OF THE LINE BY
SHUNTING THE TIME ELEMENT OF ZONE – 2 RELAY ARE
SHUNTED BY NORMALLY OPEN CARRIER RECEIVER RELAY
CONTACTS. THUS ALL FAULTS WITH IN THE PROTECTED.
51. THE TRANSFORMER IS THE MOST CONVENIENT &
ECONOMICAL DEVICE FOR TRANSFER OF POWER FROM ONE
VOLTAGE TO ANOTHER VOLTAGE AT THE SAME
FREQUENCY. IT WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. THERE IS HARDLY ANY
INSTALLATION WITHOUT A TRANSFORMER. DUE TO THIS
EQUIPMENT, IT HAS BEEN POSSIBLE TO TRANSMIT BULK
POWER TO LOAD CENTERS FROM FAR OFF POWER HOUSES
AND TO VARIOUS MACHINERIES AND SWITCHGEARS OF THE
POWER PLANT. TRANSFORMERS ARE OF TWO TYPES:-
1STEP-UP TRANSFORMER - WHICH STEP-UP THE VOLTAGE
AT SECONDARY SIDE CALLED STEP-UP TRANSFORMER.
2STEP-DOWN TRNSFORMER- WHICH STEP-DOWN THE
VOLTAGE AT SECONDARY SIDE ARE CALLED STEP-DOWN
TRANSFORMER.
1. GENERATOR TRANSFORMER ( 240 MVA, 15.75 KV/220KV)
–IT CONVERTS 15.75 KV WHICH IS SUPPLIED FROM
GENERATOR TO 220KV AND SUPPLIED IT TO THE BUS BAR/
GRID.
TRANSFORMERS
52. GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
2.STATION SERVICE TRANSFORMER (40MVA,
220KV/7KV) – IT CONVERTS 220KV WHICH IS COMING
TO STATION FROM BBMB TO 7KV AND FED TO STATION.
STATION SERVICE TRANSFORMER
53. 3. UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER (15MVA, 15.75KV/7KV) –
IT CONVERTS 15.75KV WHICH IS SUPPLIED FROM
GENERATOR AND STEP DOWN TO 7KV TO FED UNIT
AUXILIARY. THE UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS ARE OF
TWO IN NO.
UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER