crop improvement of Aonla, Beal, ber, jackfruit, karonda, phalsa Crop improvement efforts for Aonla, Beal, Ber, Jackfruit, Karonda, and Phalsa involve breeding programs aimed at enhancing yield, quality, and resilience. Through traditional breeding methods and modern biotechnological approaches, varieties with improved traits such as disease resistance, higher fruit yield, better taste, and extended shelf life are developed. Emphasis is placed on selecting superior germplasm, incorporating desirable traits through hybridization, and utilizing molecular markers for precise trait selection. Additionally, conservation efforts for genetic diversity and participatory breeding involving farmers contribute to sustainable crop improvement strategies, ensuring the continued viability and adaptability of these important fruit crops.

1. A MASTER SEMINAR ON
CROP IMPROVEMENT OF AONLA, BEAL, BER,
JACKFRUIT, KARONDA, PHALSA
COURSE TITLLE-MASTERSEMINAR
COURSE NO-FSC(591)
CEDITHOUR-1(1+0)
PRESENTED TO,
Dr. Prabhakar Singh
Professor and Head,
Dept. Of Fruit Science
PRESENTED BY,
S.B.Archana Priyadarshani
M.Sc.(Hort.)
Fruit Science
Previous Year
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, RAIPUR, CG

2. INDEX
1.WHAT IS CROP IMPROVEMENT
2.CROP IMPROVEMENT OBJECTIVE, PROBLEM
AND METHODS
3. CROP IMPROVEMENT OF
AONLA
BER
BAEL
JACKFRUIT
KARONDA
PHALSA
1.WHAT IS CROP IMPROVEMENT
5.REFERENCES
6.CONCLUSION
4.CASE STUDY

3. WHAT IS CROP IMPROVEMENT?
• Crop improvement refers to the genetic
alternation of plants to satisfy human
wants.
• In other word, Crop improvement refers
to the ways of developing and breeding
of crop varieties which are better than
the pre existing cultivars in a number of
characters like taste, height, colour etc.
for a better yield.
• Crop improvement is defined as the
science that deals with the development
of new crop varieties with superior
quality and quantity.

4. AIMS OF CROP IMPROVEMENT
1. To improve the quality of produce.
2. To increase crop yield.
3. To adopt crop to adverse climatic condition.
4. To induce resistance to pest and disease in crop plants.
5. To produce flower of high sex ratio.
6. To conserve land resources.
7. To breed crops with uniform growth and maturity.
8. To meet particular needs of growers and consumers.
9. To improve harvesting quality thereby harvesting is done with ease.

5. Major Challenges in Perennial Fruit Breeding
Wannemuehler et al.,2020
Long
Juvenile
Phase
Highly
Heterozy
gous
Complex
traits
Genetic
Drag

6. Conventional
Method
• INTRODUCTION
• SELECTION
• HYBRIDIZATION
• PEDEGREE METHOD
• BULK METHOD
• BACKCROSS METHOD
• MUTATION
• POLYPLOIDY
Non Conventional
Method
• BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES
• TISSUE CULTURE
METHODS OF CROP IMPROVEMENT

7. INTRODUCTION
Taking a genotype or
a group of genotypes
of plants into new
area where they are
not grown before.
MASS
SELECTION:
A Large no of Plant
of similar
Phenotype are
selected and their
seeds are mixed
together to
constitute new
variety.
PURELINE
SELECTION:
A pureline is a
progeny of
single,homozygous
, self pollinated
plant.
HYBRIDIZATION:
Crossing of two
genetically Dis-similar
parents.
It may be
• Inter varietal
• Inter specific
• Inter generic

8. PEDIGREE METHOD
A proper detailed record of
relationships between the
selected plant and their
progeny is maintained here
BULK METHOD
Here in bulk method,f2 and
subsequent generations are
harvested in mass or bulk to
raise in next generation
BACK CROSS
METHOD:
The Hybrid and the
progenies in subsequent
generations are repeatedly
backcrossed to one of the
parents of F1.
MUTATION:
Sudden heritable changes in
the character of an
organism.

9. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL
APPROACH
PLANT TISSUE
CULTURE
1.Micropropagation
2.Embryo rescue
3.Protoplast culture
4.Haploid production
5. Somaclonal variation
TRANSGENIC
APPROACHES
1.Agrobacterium
mediated
2. Direct or Physical
transfer
MOLECULAR
BREEDING
1.Marker assisted
Selection
2.Identification of
breeding line

10. CROP IMPROVEMENT OF AONLA
Scientific Name: Emblica officinalis Gaertn
Family-Euphorbiaceae
Genus emblica (earlier phyllanthus) which comprises about 350 species to 500 species
DIFFERENT SPECIES OF AONLA
E. officinalis-largely used for cultivation.
E. acidus Skeel (star gooseberry)-mainly grown for
ornamental purpose
E. myrobalan -small or moderate sized deciduous
tree
E. fischeri-suitable for pickle making.
Phyllanthus indofischeri- is a monoecious tree
found in scrub forests of south India

11. Centre of Diversity
• Indigenous to Tropical South –Eastern Asia particularly central and southern
India.
• Wild and cultivated species available in the region extending from the base of
Himalayan to Srilanka and from Malaysia to South China.
• In India, it is widely grown in UP, Gujurat, Rajasthan, MP and TN.
• Major center where germplasm resources maintain are CIAH, Bikaner,
NDUAT, Faridabad, AAU, Anand and RBS College, Agra.
• In hill ecosystem of HP, where it was found that there is ample scope for
selection of frost tolerant type although fruit size smaller than existing one.
• Chomu, Pushkar valley and Badighati region of Rajasthan is hunting ground
for Aonla variability
Germplasm resources

12. SL NO METHODS VARIETIES SPECIAL FEATURE
2 Selection Banarasi • Seedling selection from Varanasi.
• Strongest self incompatibility.
• Shy Bearer.
Francis • Susceptible to Fruit necrosis
Chakiya • Alternate bearer
• Free from necrosis
Kanchan (NA-4) • seedling selection from Chakiya
• Early maturity.
• Skin very thin smooth.
• Good for chutney making.
Krishna(NA-5) • Chance seedling selection from
Banarasi
• High yielding with medium size
fruit.
• Average wt. (30-45g).
• Tolerant to salinity
• Biggest fruit

13. Sl. NO Methods Variety Features
2 Selection Amrit (NA-6) • Seedling selection from Chakiya.
• 95% pulp. And lowest Fiber content
• Skin is rough, yellowish green with pink
ting.
• Suitable for candy, preserve and jam.
Neelum (NA-7) • Selection from Francis
• Precocious and prolific regular bearers.
• Fruit medium to large with high pulp
recovery (93%).
• Suitable for chutney and jam.
Balwant (NA-10) • Fruit skin is Yellow with pink Tinge
Goma Aishwariya • Clonal selection from NA-7
• Early and Drought tolerant crop.
Lakshmi-52 • Selection from Francis
• Free from Necrosis.
• Suitable for candy .
ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner

15. HYBRIDIZATION:
• Not a single variety has been bred so far through this method.
• Occurrence of xenia effect between CHAKAIYA X KRISHNA, BANARASI
X NA-9, FRANCIS X NA-7, KANCHAN X NA-6 AND NA-6 X NA-9 for
fruit size and weight were reported from crosses.
Polyploidy
•Exact ploidy level is not known in aonla but it is realized by the Scientists that
Aonla is characterized by polyploidy behavior in composition of chromosome.
•It is mostly important in seedless cultivar.
This technique can also be helpful to modify particular traits and in turn provide
new avenue for improving both the color and quality of the fruit available for
industrial and domestic uses.

16. CROP IMPROVEMENT OF BAEL
Scientific name: Aegle marmelos (L.)
Family-Rutaceae
2n=18
Germ plasm resources
• In place of leaflets (trifoliate), 4-8 leaflets may also be found rarely in bael germplasm (Singh et
al., 2015b, 2019e, 2019f)
• Bael germplasm resources found at NDUAT, Faizabad, ICAR-CIAH and its regional station
CHES, Godhra, ICAR-CISH, Lucknow, CCSHAU, regional research station, Bawal, CAZRI,
jodhpur (Singh et al., 2019a).
• Singh (2021) reported 213 clonal and 129 seedling germplasm in the field repository of ICAR-
CHES, Godhra, Gujarat.
• Out of 5 Types of bael fruit analyzed in West Bengal, the spherical flattened one usually best on
weight and chemical composition basis

17. cultivars Place Special feature image
Goma Yashi CHES, Godhra • Mid maturing & TSS 380 brix
• Papery shell-<2mm
• Dwarf stature
• Spineless in nature
• Prolific bearer and suitable for
HDP
• Resistance to fruit drop and
cracking
Thar Divya CHES, Godhra • Earliest among variety
• Suitable for dry land condition
Thar Neelkanth CHES, Godhra • Highly suitable for drought prone
dry land area
Thar Shristi CHES, Godhra • Suitable for table as well as
processing purposes

18. NB-5 NDUAT, Faizabad • Straw yellow at maturity
• Less mucilage and
moderate fiber
NA 7 NDUAT, Faizabad • Largest beal
• Low mucilage and
Fiber
• Suitable for processing
NB-16 NDUAT, Faizabad • Precocious and prolific
bearer
• Suitable for Power
making.
Pant Aparna GBPANT, Pantnagar • Low Seed and Fiber
• Tree almost Thornless
• Trees are Dwarf with
Drooping sparse
foliage.

19. Some other varieties-Kagzi Etawah, Sewan large, Mirzapuri, Deoria large.
In general Pant Shivani, Pant Aparna and Pant Sujata were found better for
Physico chemical characteristics of fruit as compared to other clones.
NB-17,NB-16,NB-5 can be successfully planted in sodic soil upto 40ESP
Pant Shivani GBPANT,Pantnagar • Mid season variety
• Better storage quality
• Pulp is lemon yellow in color
Pant
Urvashi
GBPANT,Pantnagar • Mid season cultivar
• Tall, vigorous ,precocious tree
Pant Sujata GBPANT,Pantnagar • Mid Season
• Problem of Fruit splitting.
• Storage life better
References-CISH.ICAR.GOV.IN

20. CISH B-1:
• Seedling selection From open pollinated seedlings.
• Mid season variety.
• Precocious and prolific bearer.
• Fruit weight is 1.okg,Thin shelled, pulp dark yellow,
TSS-380 brix
• Also suitable for canning of slices & Power making
• A mature tree bear up to 50-80kg,
CISH B-2:
• Seedling selection from open pollinated seedlings
• Tree dwarf and moderately Spreading
• Few thorn and sparse foliage
• Precocious and prolific bearer
• Fruit weight is 1.80-2.70kg, TSS 31.90 degree brix
• A mature tree bear up to 60-90 kg
• TWO VARIETY OF BAEL IDENTIFIED FROM CISH,LUCKNOW

21. CROP IMPROVEMENT OF BER
Scientific name-Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.
Family-Rhamnaceae
2n-48
Different species and their diversity:
Species Location
Z.apatala, Z.funiculosa, Z.incurve North East hill
Z.mauritiana, Z.nummularia All over drier Track
Z. oenoplia, Z.rugosa Through out India Except drier
track
Z. vulgaris North western Himalayan
Z. rupicola Central and Eastern India
Z. xylocarpus MP and peninsular region
• Genus Ziziphus contain more than 600 spp.(Bailey)

22. Germplasm conservation
• Among various field gene bank centers CIAH, Bikaner; NBPGR, Jodhpur;
MPKV, Rahuri; CAZRI, Jodhpur; CCS HAU, Hisar are important center
• At CIAH, Bikaner highest collection (318) have been made in the National
field Repository.
Varietal improvement method:

23. • Chundawat and Srivastava (1980) attempted some inter-varietal crosses in which
he obtained hybrid seed of seb*katha, seb*umran and umran*seb.
• Vashishtha and Pareek(1983) attempted many crosses. Maximum fruit set was
recorded in umran*katha and minimum in gola*sanur 2
• The reason of not including ILLAICHI in hybridization programme was the
octaploid Nature (2n=96). And 95% pollen sterility is there.
• Seb and gola(tetraploid) having high commercial acceptability and earliness were
selected as recipient parents in hybridization program.
Hybridization
SELECTION:
• Cultivar Tikidi is a typical instance of such selection from natural Plantation of Z.
rotundifolia
• Generally the fruit shape of Z. rotundifolia are round but Fruit shape of Tikidi is
Ovate.

24. Varieties of Ber
Varieties Salient Features Photo
Gola  Early variety.
 it has round and bright yellow in colure.
 Smooth and shining pulp white.
It is tolerant to salinity and alkalinity.
Seb  An early and good variety.
 fruits roundish.
 Yellow in colour.
 Skin is tough.
 Flesh cavity is absent.
Umran Late season variety.
Fruit is big in size and oval shaped.
Color yellowish with brown ting.
Pulp hard with white and sweet.
24

25. Varieties/
Hybrids
Methods Institute Parents Salient Features Photo
Thar
Bhubhraj
selection CIAH,
Bikaner
2007
From local
cultivar of
Bharatpur dist.
of Rajsthan
 Mid and high
yielding
Thar
Sevika
Hybridiz
ation
CIAH,
Bikaner
2007
Seb x Katha Mid and high
yielding
Goma
Kirti
Clonal
Selection
CHES,
GODHRA
Umran Early maturity
than Umran ber
cultivar
25
ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner

26. CROP IMPROVEMENT OF JACKFRUIT
Scientific name- Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam
Family-Moraceae
2n=56
 A.hirsuta- (wild jack fruit)-used as root stock
 A.champedon-Has a strong odour like durian
 A.lakoocha-(Monkey jackfruit)-Found in West Bengle
 A.altilis(bread fruit)
 A.mariannensis-Contribution to evolution of domestic species.
 A.elasticus
Different species of Artocarpus:

27. Genetic diversity:
• At the IIHR,Banglore,under UTFANET Project the diversity
collected in jackfruit includes most of common type ranging
from 65kg to 350 kg.
• Fruit with low latex, firm flakes and color ranging from creamy
white, yellow, orange and deep red included in gene bank.
• Flakes with champak and rose scented collection are also survey.
• A lot of variability occurs in evergreen forests of Western ghats,
Gorakhpur, Dewaria (40kg sized fruits) and Allahabad (small
with white, juicy and soft pulp) district of Uttar Pradesh.
• Maximum diversity has been reported from Wynad plateau of
Western Ghat of Kerala

28. Crop improvement method
• Singapore or Ceylon Jack introduced from
Ceylon,
• It is highly precocious & offseason in nature
Broadly there are 2 type of variety
1.Soft fleshed
2. Firm fleshed.
Manjunath(1990) classified jackfruit into two type based on size
1. Barica-smaller fruit
2. Kapa- larger fruit
Types of JackFruit
Introduction:

29. SELECTION:
So far as selection from seedling population is the only breeding method used in
jackfruit because of monoecious in nature and commonly raised from seed.
• Gulabi- Rose scented
• Champa-Flavor like champak
• Hazari- Bearing large no of fruits
• Rudrakshi- Pummelo shaped fruit.
• New selections- NJT-1,2,3,4-(large size and excellent pulp)- for table purpose
NJC-1,2,3,4 (small to medium size with thin rind)-for culinary
purpose
Cultivar Scientists Features
Muttam Varikka Sreenivasan Fruit produce at ground level
Hairialyalva,Bhadunha,Zard
a and Bhusala
Singh Reported at Northern India
Safed,Khaja,
Busila,Bhadaiyan,Handia
Morton Superior quality fruits upto
55kg weight

30. PALUR-1 JACK/
PLR-1
• Developed by TNAU,
1992
• It is clonal selection from
Panikkankuppam of
Panruti taluk
• Produce offseason fruit
and suitable for
Highdensity planting
• TSS IS 190 BRIX
PLR(J)-2
• Developed by TNAU
2007
• Clonal selection from
Pathirakotai Local
• It is having Highly
palatable and edible
Flakes
PPI JACK
• Developed by
TNAU,1996
• Clonal selection from
Ulagumoodu near
Pechiparai.
• Suitable for home scale
planting
• Yield upto 105 kg
fruits/tree
INDIAN VARIETIES

31. SWARNA
• Released by university of agricultural, Bangalore.
• Fruitlets are golden brown in colour
• TSS 25-26O brix
KONKAN PROLIFIC
• Released by Regional Fruit Research
Station,Vengrurla,2004
• Yield-420kg/Tree
• TSS -250 brix
GUMLESS TYPE
• The selection has medium to low latex with medium
fruits
• Yield-420kg/Tree
• TSS -26-300 brix
• Released by IIHR, Bangalore
References-WS DHILLON,2013

32. BANGLADESH VARIETY
BARI Kanthal-1
• Developed by Horticulture Research Center,Bangladesh,2008.
• High yielding, Regular bearer, Early variety, Uniformly Shaped which weigh 9.5kg
each.
• Suitable for all over Bangladesh
HYBRIDIZATION:
• There is no published report on hybridization.
• The fruit experimental station at Kallar began breeding work in 1952 to develop short, compact,
many branched tree, which are precocious and productive .
• Singapore jack chosen as the female parents because of it's early and late crops
• Vellipala as male parent which is a local selection from the forest that has large fruits with large
flake of superior quality and is borne regularly in the main summer season was chosen.
• After 25years of testing ,one hybrid was rated as outstanding as precocity, fruit size,
offseason

33. Current improvement Efforts
• A major effort has been made to initiate selection by carrying out
standard characterization and identification of trees with desirable
characteristics. This was done under UTFANET
• Recently a crop improvement programme at University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad was initiated (Jagdish et al.,2007) evaluated and
selected 65 types from hilly zone and 30 from coastal zone.
• Farmers participatory method is also useful in varietal improvement

34. CROP IMPROVEMENT OF KARONDA
• Scientific name-Carrisa carandus
• Family-Apocynaceae
• 2n=22
Genus has nearly 30 species.
• Carrisa carandus L:Cultivated species
• Carrisa spinarum L: The hardiest spp of carrisa
Native to India .
• Carrisa ovata: Suitable for Jam making
Native of Austrelia
• Carrisa edulis: Straggling Shrub
Native USA
• Carrisa grandiflora: African Karonda
• Carrisa inermis
• Carrisa acuminate
Different Species of Carrisa

35. SELECTION:
• A survey of this fruit crop growing in eastern Uttar
Pradesh Identified 4 types of fruits viz. green, white with
pink blush, green with purple blush, maroon (Kumar and
Singh,1993)
• Mishra et al. (2007) develop three varieties by selection
viz. Pant Manohar, Pant Sudarshan, Pant Suvarna
Improvement methods

36. VARIETIES
Sl
no
Variety Releaseing
institute
Method Special character Image
1 Pant manohar GB pant
University
Selection  Dark pink with
white
background
 TSS-3.92%
2 Pant sudarshan GB Pant
Univarsity
Selection  Pink with white
background
 TSS-3.45%
3 Pant suvarna GB Pant
Univesity
Selection  Light brown
with Green
surface
 Growth is geo –
ve.
4 Konkan bold Konkan Krishi
vidyapeeth
selection  Fruit bear in
cluster

37. 5 CHES –k-2 CHES
,Chethali
Selection  Fruit colour is
blackish Violet
 Suitable for both
table and
processing
7 Thar kamal CIAH,
Bikaner
selection  Regular bearer
and Dwarf in
stature
 TSS-9.54 brix
 Maru Gaurav-
• It is a seedling selection. Released by Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur.
• Maroon in color.
• It yield more than 40kg/plant
A variety Fancy reported by Thompson in California.

38. CROP IMPROVEMENT OF PHALSA
Scientific name-Grewia subeniqualis
Family-Malvaceae
2n=36
Species of Grewia
• Grewia asiatica L.(Tree Phalsa)
• Grewia subinacqualis DC.
• Grewia hainesiana Hole

39. Crop Improvement
Methods
Introduction
• Phalsa germplasm was obtained from all across the country.
• They include the states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra,
and Andhra Pradesh. Phalsa germplasm is being maintained at the
jodhpur field gene station. NBPGR in New Delhi has been
conducting basic research on seed physiology and storage.
Selection
• Selection not much attention has been given for the improvement of
phalsa.
• In phalsa Haryana agriculture university, Hisar, identified two
unique varieties, tall and dwarf.

40. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TALL AND DWARF TYPE
TALL DWARF
• Poor quality
• Production per plant is around 5.2
kg.
• TSS is 14 %, acidity is 4.64 %,
juice is 5.4 %, Pulp is 81.5 %, and
the fruit weighs 0.478 gm and a
diameter of 2.07 cm.
• Plant height is 4.5m.
• A bright green bottom leaf surface.
• Good blend of sugar and acid in the
fruit
• Production per plant is around 3.5
kg.
• 60-70 % juice, 23 % citric acid, and
18-20 % TSS, 30-40 mg/100g
vitamin C,
• Plant height is 3.4m,
• A greenish white bottom leaf surface
Thar Pragati:
• Developed Through Selection at CHES, Godhra. And Released by CIAH, Bikaner in 2016.
• It is a spreading Type and regular bearer
• Pulp %=90.45%
• TSS-20.16 Brix
Sharbati

41. CASE STUDY
The details of observations to be taken for improvement of Jackfruit
1. Crown shape
2. Leaf Characters
3. Flower Character
4. Fruit Character
5. Seed Character

42. RESULT:
The genetic improvement of jackfruit can be explored by utilizing great
variability present across the regions where it is cultivated.
There is great scope for simple selection to breed this variety,
hybridization followed by clonal propagation of superior hybrids is a
possibility: both approaches have been seldom applied in this crop and
there exist a greater opportunity.

43. CONCLUSION:
• Crop improvement refers to manipulation of a biological system with
the help of various traditional and novel technique to achieve the
results.
• Aonla, Ber, Bael, Jackfruit, Phalsa, Karonda are mainly underutilized
crops and are short lived and seasonal crops. They play a unique role
in term of nutritional point of view and important in subsistence
farming.
• These crop has tremendous potential for contributing monetarily to
indian economy and therefore needs popularization of cultivar having
desirable horticultural traits
• Intensification of research on high density planting, value addition and
marketing avenues for quicker disposal of produce is need of the hour
to increase area under cultivation of different fruits in country.

44. REFERENCES
1. DHILLON WS. 2013. FRUIT PRODUCTION IN INDIA. NARENDRA PUBLISHING
HOUSE, DELHI. PP. 127-130.
2. KOTHIYAL K. AND RAWAT H. 2022. PHALSA FRUIT BREEDING. TIMES OF
AGRICULTURE. PP.110-111
3. KOUR S , BAKSHI P, SHARMA A. 2018. STRATEGIES ON CONSERVATION,
IMPROVEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF UNDERUTILIZED FRUIT CROP.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY AND APPLIED
SCIENCES. ISSN: 638-650
4. PATIL P. 2015. FRUIT BREEDING. JACKFRUIT BREEDING. NEW INDIA PUBLISHING
AGENCY. NEW DELHI. PP.297-315
5. SINGH A.K., SINGH S., AND SAROJ P L. 2019. AONLA IN INDIA, A REVIEW OF ITS
IMPROVEMENT, PRODUCTION AND DIVERSIFIED USE. INDIAN JOURNAL OF
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES. 89(11) (1773-1781).
6. SINGH.A.K., SINGH. S., SAROJ P. L. 2021. IMPROVEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY
TECHNOLOGY OF BAEL IN INDIA. CURRENT HORTICULTURE. ISSN:3-14