National and International Scenario in Fruit Production, Improved Varieties & Hybrids, Recent Advances in Propagation and Rootstock Influence of Important Fruit Crops Sapota, Aonla, Ber, Custard Apple, Pineapple, Jackfruit, Litchi and Pomegranate Introduction National scenario of fruit crops International scenario of fruit crops Improved Varieties And Hybrids Of Fruit Crops Recent advances in Propagation Rootstocks influences References

1. Indira
Gandhi
Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya,
Raipur
Indira
Gandhi
Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya,
Raipur

2. DOCTORAL SEMINAR
ON
National and International Scenario in Fruit Production, Improved
Varieties & Hybrids, Recent Advances in Propagation and Rootstock
Influence of Important Fruit Crops Sapota, Aonla, Ber, Custard
Apple, Pineapple, Jackfruit, Litchi and Pomegranate
COURSE CODE: FSC-691
CREDIT HOURS: 1(0+1)
Seminar Incharge:
Dr. Prabhakar Singh
(Head, Dept. of Fruit Science)
Prepared By:
Yogesh K. Chandrakar
Ph.D. 1st year 1st Sem.
Dept. of Fruit Science

3. CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. National scenario of fruit crops
3. International scenario of fruit crops
4. Improved Varieties And Hybrids Of Fruit Crops
5. Recent advances in Propagation
6. Rootstocks influences
7. References

4. • India ranked second and accounted for 20 % of world production of
fruits.(FAOSTAT, 2020).
• Over 90% of India’s export fresh products goes to West Asia and East
European markets.
• India is one of the major fruit producer but account for nearly 1% of
International fruit trade. (APEDA , 2020-21).
• India is the largest producer of Mango, Banana, Papaya and Guava
fruits in the world.
Introduction

5. NATIONAL SCENARIO OF FRUIT CROPS
CROPS 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22
AREA PRODUCTION AREA PRODUCTION AREA PRODUCTION
SAPOTA 84 906 79 822 80 834
AONLA 97 1164 100 1197 100 1206
BER 54 606 53 580 53 570
LITCHI 97 726 98 720 98 724
PINEAPPLE 106 1732 106 1799 106 1808
JACKFRUIT 187 1739 188 1893 187 1877
POMEGRANATE 283 3186 288 3271 282 3216
CUSTARD APPLE 50 395 47 407 45 387
Area in '000 Ha & Production in '000 MT
Source: Agricoop
First Advance Estimates of 2021-22

6. AREA OF FRUIT CROPS IN INDIA
84
97
54
97
106
187
283
50
79
100
53
98
106
188
288
47
80
100
53
98
106
187
282
45
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
SAPOTA AONLA BER LITCHI PINEAPPLE JACKFRUIT POMEGRANATE CUSTARD APPLE
AREA
'000
HA
AXIS TITLE
2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

7. PRODUCTION OF FRUIT CROPS IN INDIA
906
1164
606
726
1732 1739
3186
395
822
1197
580
720
1799
1893
3271
407
834
1206
570
724
1808
1877
3216
387
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
SAPOTA AONLA BER LITCHI PINEAPPLE JACKFRUIT POMEGRANATE CUSTARD APPLE
PRODUCTION
'000
MT
AXIS TITLE
2019-20 2020-20 2021-22

8. STATE WISE AREA OF FRUIT CROPS
CROPS STATE SHARE IN AREA OF FRUIT CROPS (Area in '000 Ha)
1ST RANK 2ND RANK 3RD RANK
SAPOTA GUJRAT
(26.99)
MAHARASTRA
(14.02)
ANDHRAPRADESH
(13.48)
AONLA UTTARPRADESH
(36.71)
MADHYAPRADESH
(26.02)
TAMILNADU
(7.30)
BER MADHYAPRADESH
(11.92)
GUJRAT
(10.68)
ODISHA
(6.23)
LITCHI BIHAR
(36.67)
UTTRAKHAND
(10.72)
WEST BENGAL
(10.23)
PINEAPPLE ASSAM
(17.85)
MEGHALAYA
(12.22)
MANIPUR
(12.12)
JACKFRUIT KERLA
(91.70)
ASSAM
(22.51)
JHARKHAND
(15.26)
POMEGRANATE MAHARASTRA
(166.20)
GUJRAT
(44.57)
KARNATAKA
(28.20)
CUSTARD APPLE MAHARASTRA
(15.75)
CHHATTISGARH
(9.55)
GUJRAT
(7.29)
First Advance Estimates of 2021-22 Source: Agricoop

9. CROPS STATE SHARE IN PRODUCTION OF FRUIT CROPS
1ST RANK 2ND RANK 3RD RANK
SAPOTA GUJRAT
(273.87)
ANDHRAPRADESH
(202.20)
MAHARASTRA
(109.10)
AONLA MADHYAPRADESH
(403.77)
UTTARPRADESH
(402.79)
TAMILNADU
(173.93)
BER MADHYAPRADESH
(121.76)
GUJRAT
(103.09)
ODISHA
(38.89)
LITCHI BIHAR
(308.06)
WEST BENGAL
(71.76)
UTTRAKHAND
(24.72)
PINEAPPLE ASSAM
(338.98)
MEGHALAYA
(138.93)
MANIPUR
(134.82)
JACKFRUIT KERLA
(263.00)
ASSAM
(212.16)
JHARKHAND
(199.96)
POMEGRANATE MAHARASTRA
(1764.00)
GUJRAT
(684.32)
KARNATAKA
(305.72)
CUSTARD APPLE MAHARASTRA
(120.88)
GUJRAT
(73.50)
CHHATTISGARH
(53.50)
STATE WISE PRODUCTION OF FRUIT CROPS
Production in '000 MT
First Advance Estimates of 2021-22 Source: Agricoop

10. Leading Fruit producing countries worldwide
Sr. No. Country Production (in ‘000 MT)
1 China 242.79
2 India 105.97
3 Brazil 39.75
4 Turkey 24.15
5 Mexico 23.83
6 United states 23.74
7 Indonesia 22.74
8 Spain 19.47
9 Iran 18.96
10 Italy 17.82
Source: FAOSTAT 2020

11. China
45%
India
20%
Brazil
7%
Turkey
5%
Mexico
4%
United states
4%
Indonesia
4%
Spain
4%
Iran
4%
Italy
3%
Share of Production by Countries in Percentage
China India Brazil Turkey Mexico United states Indonesia Spain Iran Italy
Source: FAOSTAT 2020

12. India export fruits and Nuts to World
Values in Billion

13. India export fruits and Nuts to United States
Values in Billion

14. India export fruits and Nuts to United Arab Emirates
Values in Billion

15. India export fruits and Nuts to Netherlands
Values in Billion

16. India export fruits and Nuts to Singapore
Values in Billion

17. India export fruits and Nuts to South Africa
Values in Billion

18. Improved Varieties And Hybrids Of Fruit Crops

19. Varieties/
Hybrids
Institute Breeding Methods Parents Salient Features Photo
CO-1 TNAU
Coimbatore
Cricket Ball x
Oval.
 TSS 18°brix
 Fruit weighs about 125g
 Yield of 175 to 200
kg/tree/year
 Granular in texture
CO-3 TNAU
Coimbatore
Cricket Ball x
Vavilavalasa
 Suitable for HDP
 Yields 40-50t/ha
CO-2 TNAU
Coimbatore
From
Baramasi
 Number of seeds per fruit
varies between two and eight
 Two bearing seasons
Varieties of Sapota
Hybridization
Hybridization
Clonal selection

20. Varieties/
Hybrids
Institute Breeding
Methods
Parents Salient Features Photo
PKM-2 Periyakula
m
Guthi x
Kirtibarthi
 TSS 26.3°brix
 80kg of fruits/tree
PKM-3 Coimbatore Guthi x
Cricket Ball
 Tolerant to leaf spot and leaf
webber
 High density planting
DHS-1 UAS
Dharwad
Kalipatti x
Cricket Ball
 Very sweet
 Soft granular and mellowing
flesh
Hybridization
Hybridization
Hybridization

21. Varieties/
Hybrids
Institute Breeding
Methods
Parents Salient Features Photo
DHS-2 UAS
Dharwad
Kalipatti x
Cricket Ball
 Light orange brown pulp
 High yielder, yielding 25 to
30 % more than cricket ball
Cricket
Ball
 Calcutta large
 Pulp is gritty
 Arid and humid climate
Kalipatti  Leading variety of
Maharashtra
 Less seeded
Hybridization
Clonal
Selection

22. Name of
variety
Institute, Breeding Methods
and Parents
Salient Features Photo
Krishna
(NA-5)
ANDUAT Faizabad
Chance Selection from
Banarasi
Tree - spreading type
 High yielding with medium
size fruit.
 Average wt. (30-45g).
Tolerant to salinity
Kanchan
(NA-4)
ANDUAT Faizabad
Chance Selection from
Chakaiya
Early maturity.
Moderately Bearer .
Fruit large size
flattened, conical angular in
shape
Skin very thin smooth.
Fiberless fruit.
Good for chutney making.
Varieties of Aonla

23. Amrit
(NA-7)
ANDUAT ,Faizabad
Selection from
Francis
Fruit is medium to large
95% pulp.
Skin is rough, yellowish green with pink
ting.
Suitable for candy, preserve and jam.
Neelam
(NA-9)
ANDUAT ,Faizabad
Selection from
Banarasi
Precocious and prolific regular bearers.
Fruit medium to large with high pulp
recovery (93%).
Suitable for chutney and jam.
Banarasi Seedling Selection Early maturing.
Vita. C - 625mg/100g pulp.
Prone to heavy fruit drop.
Poor self life.

24. Francis Seedling
selection
Regular bearing habit.
Fruit are large sized (40-60g).
Oval round shape, light green and
slightly fibrous.
Mid season variety.
Prone to fruit necrosis.
Chakaiya Varanasi, UP
Seedling
selection
Alternate bearer.
Fibrous fruit.
Small size fruit.
Resistant to sodic soil.
Laxmi-52 Pandey et al.,
2003.
Chance
seedling
selection of
Francis
Free from necrosis.
Suitable for candy .

25. Varieties of Ber
Varieties Salient Features Photo
Gola  Early variety.
 it has round and bright yellow in colure.
 Smooth and shining pulp white.
Seb  An early and good variety.
 fruits roundish.
 Yellow in colour.
 Skin is tough.
 Flesh cavity is absent.
Umran Late season variety.
Fruit is big in size and oval shaped.
Colour yellowish with brown ting.
Pulp hard with white and sweet.

26. Varieties/
Hybrids
Institute Breeding
Methods
Parents Salient Features Photo
Thar
Bhujraj
CIAH,
Bikaner
2007
From local
cultivar of
Bharatur dist. of
Rajsthan
 Early and high yielding
Thar
Sevika
CIAH,
Bikaner
2007
Seb x Katha Early and high yielding
Goma
Kirti
CHES,
GODHRA
Clonal
Selection
Umran Early maturity than
Umran ber cultivar
Selection
Hybridization

27. Varieties of Pomegranate
Varieties Salient Features Photo
Ganesh Dr. Cheema at pune.
 Selection from alandi.
Very large fruit and soft seeded.
Commercially MH.
Yield= 8-10 kg/tree.
Bedana Cracking tolerant.
Soft seeded.
Brownish or whitish rind.
Fleshy testa.

28. Varieties Inst./BM Parents Salient Features Photo
Super
Bhagwa Bhagwa
Larger fruits.
Attractive red skin and
deep red arils.
 More juice content.
Export quality fruits.
Solapur Lal NRC on
Pomegranate,
Solapur
Bhagawa
x [(Ganesh
x Nana)
x Daru]
Biofortified.
Deep red aril.
Fe & Zn rich.
Processing &
Table purpose.
TSS : 17.5-17.7 ˚Brix
Selection
MPKV,
Rahuri
2013

29. Varieties Salient Features Photo
Amlidana F1 hybrid from Ganesh Nana.
Most suitable for anardana.
Dholka Popular in Gujrat.
Pinkish white arils.
 Juice acidic.
Processing.

30. Hybrids of Pomegranate
Varieties Inst./BM Parents Salient Features Photo
Mridula
(Arakta)
MPKV,
Rahuri
Hybridization
Ganesh
x
Gulsha
Rose Pink
Blood red aril.
Soft seeded.
All the characters of the
 Ganesh variety except
 arils are dark red in
colour.
Ruby Ganesh
x
Kabul
x
Yercaud
Dark red aril.
Soft seeded.
Skin colour of Ruby is
reddish brown with green
streaks.
Fruit weight 270 g
IIHR,
Bangalore
Hybridization

31. Varieties Inst./BM Parents Salient Features Photo
Bhagwa
MPKV,
Rahuri
Hybridization
Ganesh
x
Red Gul
Shah Red
Glossy red fruit.
 Soft seeded.
High TSS.
Also known as Shendria
or Sinduri, Astagandha
and Kesar.
 Tolerant to thrips.

32. Varieties Salient Features Photo
Shahi
o Commercial cultivar of Bihar.
o Heavy and large fruit size.
o Suitable for canning.
o GI Tag in Muzaffapur region.
Rose
Scented
o Popular variety of India.
o Mid season variety.
o Fruit are medium to large sized.
o Heart shaped.
o Pulp is greyish white.
o Famous for distinct rose aroma.
Varieties of Litchi

33. Hybrids Institute&Parents Salient Features Photo
Sabour
Madhu
FRS
Sabour, Bihar
Purbi × Bedana
Higher number of fruits (24)
per panicle.
Late maturing
Higher TSS.
High aril percentage than
Purbi.
Sabour
Priya
FRS
Sabour,Bihar
Purbi × Bedana
Better fruit quality than
Purbi.
 Fruit shape has combination
of both the parents.
 The fruit weight is higher
than the better parents (Purbi).
Hybrids of Litchi

34. Varieties Institute, BM & Parents Salient Features
Ambika
Litchi-1
IGKV- RMD CARS, Ambikapur.
Selection from local cultivar.
Average yield – 31.41kg./tree
Less fruit cracking (6%).
It has desirable levels of sugar and TSS.
 Tolerant to leaf minor, grey weevil, stink
bug, leaf folder and bark eating caterpillar.
Indira
Litchi-2
Less fruit cracking (5.91%).
TSS – 72.2 °Brix.
Pulp-72.2%.
Fruit wt. – 16.62g.
Yield/tree – 42.62kg.
Suitable – North Hilly Region of CG.
Varieties Released From IGKV

35. Varieties of Jack Fruit
Cultivars BM /
Institute
Parents Salient Features Photo
PLR -1 Selection
TNAU
Local It is high yielding tree, medium
height, less spreading.
Suitable for HDP.
In addition to regular bearing.
It produces fruit during off-season.
TSS -19°brix
Average yield 105 fruit /tree
PLR-2 Selection
TNAU
Local  Good quality & bigger sized
fruits.
Highly palatable& edible, flakes,
which fetch more prices due to
attractive characters & keeping
quality.
Lesser incidence of pest &
diseases.

36. Name of
Cultivars
BM/
Institute
Parents Salient Features Photo
Singapur Introduced
from
Ceylone
This is a highly precocious type
produces fruit with in 2-3 year
Time.
Sometimes produces off season
crops also.
Rudrakshi Selection
TNAU
Local
Parent
Produces small round fruits.
Having smooth rind with fewer spines.
Inferior quality fruits.
Varieties of Jack Fruit

37. Varieties Inst./BM Parents Salient Features
Arka Sahan
IIHR,
Banglore
Hybridization
A. atemoya
x A.squomosa
L.
Fruit wt. – 210g.
Seeds- 10/100g fruit
TSS- 31ºBrix(very high)
Flash- creamy white
Suitable – drought prone area.
Having long self life.
Balanagar Green skinned fruits of medium size.
Fruit wt. – 137g. Pulp – 44.9%
TSS – 20.7 ºBrix. Yield / tree – 48 fruits
Fruit wt. – 161g.
Pulp – 38.1%.
TTS – 20.8 ºBrix.
Washington
Varieties of Custard Apple

38. Originated as a chance seedling selection.
Fruits are dark pinkish with average quality.
More number of seeds
 Attractive but poor in quality.
Red Sitaphal

39. Varieties of Pineapple
Varieties Salient Features Photo
African
Sugarloaf
Exceedingly sweet with hints of honey
and almost no acidity.
 Flesh is whiter than other varieties.
Deep golden at maturity.
Hawaiian
Sugarloaf
Characterized by its smooth,
cylindrical shape.
Sweet & juicy flesh.
 Smaller and more acidic than other
types.

40. Varieties Salient Features Photo
Singapore
Red
 Fruits are reddish, cylindrical, and
small with golden-yellow flesh.
 Canning.
 Green leaves with a reddish stripe at
the end.
Red Spanish  Sweet and tangy flavor.
 Red color flesh.
 Great option for snacking or adding
to a fruit salad.

41. Varieties Salient Features Photo
Queen, or
Cayenne
 Yellow skin and a sweet, juicy, white
flesh.
 Cayenne is mostly eaten fresh.
 Used in juices, jams, and jellies.
 Three-quarters of the world’s crop.
Honey
Cream
 Honey Cream pineapples smell
fragrant, sweet and floral and taste
extremely sweet, with hints of honey
and coconut.
 Squat fruit with a dark orange or
red skin.

42. Varieties Salient Features Photo
Abacaxi
Pineapples
 Abacaxi pineapples are very sweet.
 A little too soft to use for commercial
purposes.
 Juicy flesh that is white and nearly
translucent in color.
Mauritius  Very prominent eyes.
 Table and fresh juice purpose.
 Commercial in India and Malysia

43. Varieties Inst./BM Parents Salient Features
Amritha Kew x Ripley Queen 1st hybrid in India.
Seeds- 10/100g fruit
TSS- 31ºBrix(very high)
Flash- creamy white
Suitable – drought prone area.
Having long self life.
H-7 Valera Monendi x Kew Large fruit size.
Fruit wt. – 3.0 to 3.5 kg.
Hybrids of Pineapple
KAU
Hybridization

44. Recent advances in Propagation

45. Micropropagation in Aonla
Sr. No. Explant Media Responses
1 Shoot apices MS + 0.4mg/l Kinetin +
1mg/l GA3
Bud break, shoot proliferation
2 Shoot apices Modified MS + 0.4mg/l kinetin Slightly green and moderately hard
shoot gave better culture
establishment
3 Shoot apices MS + 4.33 mM GA3 + 13.99 mM
Kinetin + 342.11 mM Glutamin
Complete regeneration of plantlets
4 Cotyledonary nodes MS + 2 mg/l 2, 4-D + 25 mg/l
Ascorbic acid
Callus mediated shoot differentiation
5 Mature endosperm MS + 2, 4-D and MS + 0.2 mg/l
BAP + 0.1mg/l IAA
Callus production, plant regeneration
Source: Mishra and Chandra, 2015

46. In vitro bud induction Micro shoot establishment Proliferation of micro shoots
Rhizogenesis Micro propagated plant in pot
Acclimatization
Source: Mishra and Chandra, 2015

47. Micropropagation in Jackfruit
• Propagation of jackfruit plant (Artcarpus heterophyllus Lam.) from seeds is not
widely accepted, because of high heterozygosis.
• To maintain the true type quality fruit, tissue culture technique could be used for
the vegetative propagation of jackfruit throughout the year.
• Healthy and juvenile shoot tips and nodal segments were collected during the four
different seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) and were cultured on
Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium.

48. Season Survival % Browning % Growth to survival %
Shoot Tips Nodal Segments Shoot Tips Nodal Segments Shoot Tips Nodal Segments
Winter 100 100 0 0 90 50
Spring 70 60 30 40 60 20
Summer 20 10 80 90 40 10
Autumn 70 50 30 50 50 20
Effect of seasonal variations and explant type on survival, browning and growth percentages of
Artocarpus heterophyllus cultured on MS medium
Source: Harb et al., 2015

49. Cytokinin's concentration (mg/l) Average number of shoots/ explant Average shoot length (cm)
BA Kinetin
0.0 0.0 2.12 3.7
1.0 0.5 2.60 3.2
1.0 1.0 3.20 3.4
1.0 1.5 3.72 3.8
1.0 2.0 4.00 3.4
2.0 0.5 6.60 2.8
2.0 1.0 5.60 2.9
2.0 1.5 6.00 3.1
2.0 2.0 6.26 2.8
5.0 0.5 4.40 3.4
5.0 1.0 4.50 3.4
5.0 1.5 4.60 1.8
5.0 2.0 4.20 1.8
Effect of BA and Kn combinations in MS medium on shoots multiplication of Artocarpus heterophyllus
Source: Harb et al., 2015

50. .
Effect of IBA and NAA in ½ MS medium on rooting of in vitro derived
shoots of Artocarpus heterophyllus
Auxins conc. (mg/l)
Rooting % No. of roots/ shoot Average root length (cm)
IBA NAA
0.5 0.0 30 1.60 2.20
1.0 0.0 40 1.75 2.80
0.0 0.5 10 1.00 2.50
0.0 1.0 30 1.00 2.20
0.5 0.5 60 3.30 3.60
1.0 1.0 80 4.30 4.00
Source: Harb et al., 2015

51. Micropropagation in Sapota
Yuniastuti et al. (2016) studied effect of type of explant and different
concentrations of 6-Benzyl Adenine (BAP) cytokinin supplemented in
WPM on in vitro multiplication. They observed shoot and leaf
regeneration in all the combinations but root induction was observed in
few treatments. Among type of explant, lateral meristem showed
encouraging results when cultured in media supplemented with 2 ppm
BAP.

52. Shoot Induction
• The result shows that the mean of lateral shoots emerges faster
than apical shoots.
• Apical shoot is induced on apical meristem without BAP
application (17.7 days after planting) and lateral shoot is
induced on lateral meristem + BAP 4 (15.7 days after
planting).
• This result indicates that BAP application promote axillary
shoot formation.
• The highest mean of lateral shoot length on lateral meristem +
BAP 3 ppm is 1.3 cm, while the highest mean of apical shoot
length on apical meristem + BAP 5 ppm is 1.2 cm.

53. Root Induction
• Apical meristem with application of
BAP 3 ppm take 65 days after
planting to induce root with 1.5 cm in
length (Fig. A).
• Lateral meristem with application of
BAP 4 ppm take 67 days after
planting with 6.2 cm in length (Fig.
B).

54. Micropropagation in Pomegranate
Effect of silver nitrate and adenine sulphate in MS medium on the rates of nodal explants regenerating
shoots for establishment stage.
Sr. No. Medium Concentration (mg/L) Number of shoot/ explant Shoot length (cm)
1 MS+ Silver nitrate 0.5 4 ± 1 1.9 ± 0.9
2 MS+ Silver nitrate 1.0 6 ± 1 2.5 ± 1.3
3 MS+ Silver nitrate 1.5 4 ± 1 1.6 ± 0.5
4 MS+ Silver nitrate 2.0 3 ± 1 0.9 ± 0.3
5 MS+ Silver nitrate 2.5 2 ± 1 0.6 ± 0.1
6 MS+ Adenine sulphate 10 3 ± 1 0.7 ± 0.2
7 MS+ Adenine sulphate 20 4 ± 1 1.2 ± 0.6
8 MS+ Adenine sulphate 30 5 ± 1 2.5 ± 0.8
9 MS+ Adenine sulphate 40 4 ± 1 0.7 ± 0.3
10 MS+ Adenine sulphate 50 3 ± 1 0.5 ± 0.1
Source: Patil et al., 2011

55. The highest average growth response as recorded on MS medium containing 1.0
mg/L silver nitrate and 30 mg/L adenine sulphate.

56. Effect of NAA and IBA in MS medium on rooting.
Sr. No. Medium Concentration (mg/L) Number of root/ explant Root length (cm)
1 MS+ IBA 0.0 1 ± 1 0.3 ± 0.2
2 MS+ IBA 0.25 4 ± 1 1.5 ± 0.2
3 MS+ IBA 0.50 6 ± 1 3.4 ± 0.5
4 MS+ NAA 0.0 1 ± 1 1.3 ± 0.2
5 MS+ NAA 0.25 4 ± 1 2.5 ± 0.2
6 MS+ NAA 0.50 6 ± 1 3.2 ± 0.5
Source: Patil et al., 2011

57. MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L NAA
showing the highest rooting response
MS medium containing IBA 0.5 mg/L shows
highest rooting response and thick root
formation.
Source: Patil et al., 2011

58. Effect of BAP and NAA in MS medium on the rates of nodal explants regenerating maximum
leaves for proliferation stage.
Sr. No. Medium Concentration (mg/L) Number of leaves/ explant Shoot length (cm)
1 MS+ BAP 0.1 11 ± 1 0.6 ± 0.1
2 MS+ BAP 0.2 14 ± 1 0.9 ± 0.3
3 MS+ BAP 0.3 15 ± 1 1.6 ± 0.8
4 MS+ BAP 0.4 19 ± 1 2.0 ± 0.6
5 MS+ BAP 0.5 17 ± 1 1.4 ± 0.2
6 MS+ NAA 0.1 12 ± 1 1.0 ± 0.2
7 MS+ NAA 0.2 15 ± 1 1.1 ± 0.4
8 MS+ NAA 0.3 18 ± 1 1.5 ± 1.0
9 MS+ NAA 0.4 16 ± 1 1.5 ± 0.9
10 MS+ NAA 0.5 14 ± 1 1.2 ± 0.6
Source: Patil et al., 2011

59. Micropropagation in Litchi

60. Direct Regeneration from nodal explants of litchi
 Kumar et al., (2006) first time established a rapid regeneration system
through in vitro culture of litchi by culturing nodal segments obtained
from field grown plants.
 Different cytokinin's were tested, explants grown in the presence of
BAP, 2-iP, Kinetin and other additives (coconut water, casein
hydrolysate, silver nitrate etc.) gave rise to multiple shoot formation
from the nodal segments.

61. Direct regeneration from nodal explant of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn. through in vitro techniques

62. Somatic Embryogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis is the process by which somatic cells develop
through the stages of embryogenesis to give whole plants without the
fusion of gametes.
Somatic embryogenesis was defined as the development from somatic
cells of structures that follow a histodifferentiation pattern which leads
to a body pattern resembling that of zygotic embryos.
In vitro somatic embryogenesis can either occur directly from callus or
suspension culture.

63. Brown compact and nodular pale yellowish friable calli developed from leaf tissues of litchi (Litchi
chinensis Sonn.)

64. Induction of embryogenic callus and histological study
 The immature zygotic embryos were removed and transferred onto induction
medium (MS) which included MS salts, B5 vitamins, 50 g/l sucrose and 2 mg/l 2, 4-D.
 The cultures were maintained in darkness and the embryogenic callus which
appeared after 6-8 weeks of culture was pale yellowish and friable.
 According to a number of workers (Yu et al. 2000), culturing on medium
supplemented with 2, 4-D followed by growth of the callus on to medium devoid of 2,
4-D, gave rise to somatic embryos and eventually to plantlets.

65. Micropropagation in Pineapple

66. Effect of BAP and kinetin concentrations on some growth characters of
Ananas comosus in vitro culture
Treatments Subculture 1
Shoot length Shoot No. Leaves No.
Control 0.700 12.33 4.333
BAP 0.25 5.500 16.00 6.000
BAP 0.50 4.600 17.00 6.333
BAP 1.00 4.033 25.00 4.000
BAP 2.00 3.400 56.00 7.667
Kin 0.25 3.233 21.00 3.000
Kin 0.50 2.267 25.00 5.000
Kin 1.00 4.267 32.00 4.000
Kin 2.00 4.700 47.00 2.100
Source: Atawia et al., 2016

67. Effect of BAP and Kin concentrations on growth proliferation of Ananas comosus in vitro culture
Source: Atawia et al., 2016

68. Effect of IAA and IBA concentrations on rooting characterizations of
Ananas comosus in vitro culture
Treatments mg/l Shoot length Root No. Root length (cm)
Control 0.866 1.667 0.500
IAA 1.0 2.500 8.000 3.663
IAA 2.0 2.900 11.00 8.420
IAA 3.0 2.300 8.667 12.24
IBA 1.0 1.433 3.000 9.983
IBA 2.0 1.067 4.333 12.17
IBA 3.0 1.267 3.333 13.60
Source: Atawia et al., 2016

69. Effect of IAA and IBA concentrations on growth of Ananas comosus roots of in vitro culture.
Source: Atawia et al., 2016

70. Micropropagation in Ber
 Tissue culture method for clonal multiplication of Zizyphus mauritiana cultivars
Gola and Seb have been described from a single bud culture.
 Shoot tips were cultured on full strength MS basal media, supplemented with either
IBA (10 mg/l ) or NAA (15 mg/l ) and BA (5 mg/l).
 All media were dispensed in 25x150 mm test tubes containing 25 ml medium.
 Cultures were incubated under 1000 lux light intensity provided by white fluorescent
lamps for 16 hours photoperiod at 26 ± 1°C.
Source: Ibrahim et al., 2012

71. After 60 days, white globular callus were formed at the base of the shoot tip.
Source: Ibrahim et al., 2012

72.  The white globular callus was divided and
incubated on full strength MS medium
supplemented with BA at 5.0 mg/l for callus
proliferation.
 This process continued for 120 days to obtain
sufficient amount of organogenic callus with
sub-culturing every six weeks.
Callus proliferation
Source: Ibrahim et al., 2012

73. A, B: Callus formation, C: Callus proliferation, D,E,F,G: Adventitious shoot proliferation & H,I: Rooted shoot.
Source: Ibrahim et al., 2012

74. Micropropagation in Custard apple
 The authors presented several in vitro methodologies, such as adventitious
organogenesis and regeneration of cell cultures; manipulation of the ‘ploidy’
of A. cherimola to obtain haploid, tetraploid, triploid (seedless) plants; genetic
transformation with introduction of genes aiming to control the post-harvest
processes and to provide resistance to pathogens and insects; and
micropropagation and regeneration of other wild species of the genus Annona,
such as A. senegalensis, A. scleroderma, A. montana, among others.
Source: Ferreira et al., 2019

75.  For this purpose, axillary nodes from plant regrowth taken from elderly subjects
were aseptically introduced into different media enriched or not with
phytohormones.
 The introduction of these explants in media containing cytokinin's (BAP and
Kinetin) significantly increased the reactivity compared to media without
hormones.
 The best average numbers of shoots (2.3) and nodes (5.3) are obtained in MS +
BAP 2 mg/l, with a reactivity of 91.66%, the addition of 0.1 mg/l NAA gave the
best average length (8.25 cm) of vitro plants.
Source: Encina et al., 2014

76.  An induction time of 3 days into darkness with IBA at 50 mg/l, followed by a
transfer to hormone-free expression medium (MS/2) under light, resulted in a
rooting rate of 58.33%.
 After the gradual weaning of the young plants in a mini-greenhouse, under shade
for 3 weeks, 50% of the plants survived.
 This in vitro regeneration protocol can therefore be adopted for the clonal
propagation of adult material of A. senegalensis.
Source: Encina et al., 2014

77. ROOTSTOCKS
INFLUENCES

78. IMPORTANT ROOTSTOCKS OF FRUIT CROPS
CROPS ROOTSTOCKS SALIENT FEATURE
Sapota  Manilkara hexandra (Khirni/Rayan)
 Chrysophyllum lanceolatum
 Manilkaura kaki (Adam’s apple).
 Bassia latifolia (Mee tree).
 Madhuka latifolia (Mahua).
 Chrysophyllum cainito (Star apple).
 Commercially used.
 Wider soil adaptability.
Ber  Zizypus nummularia
 Zizypus rotundifolia
 Dwarf and salt tolerant.
 Tolerant to drought.
Litchi  Litchi chinensis
 Litchi philippinesis
Pomegranate  Punica protopunica (Wild
pomegranate)
 Resistant to disease.
Custard apple  Annona glomerata (Pond apple)
 Annona glabra
 Tolerant to flood condition.
 Dwarf rootstocks.
Jackfruit  NS-1
 Black Gold

79. Reaction of different Pomegranate rootstocks to nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
Treatments No. of roots/plant Root-knot nematode
population/pot
Reaction to nematode
Initial Final
Rootstocks
Ganesh 15.33 500 5450.00 S
Bedana Suri 16.00 500 3833.33 MR
Alandi 16.00 500 5233.33 S
Kandhari 15.00 500 5860.00 S
Jallore Seedless 14.33 500 3443.33 MR
Jodhpur Red 14.67 500 3996.67 MR
Patna-5 14.00 500 5743.33 S
Muscat 14.33 500 5476.67 S
Yercaud 14.00 500 5630.00 S
Bedana Sedana 14.00 500 5433.33 S
Daru 13.67 500 3286.67 MR
Source: Ahire, 2021

80. Effect of different age of rootstocks on growth parameters of jackfruit
Treatments Graft success (%)
30 DAG
Days taken for
sprouting
Number of
leaves 30 DAG
Leaf area (cm2 )
30DAG
Graft survival
percentage (%)
A1 26.71 19.99 1.95 2.15 63.86
A2 24.07 19.20 2.76 2.38 69.09
A3 26.86 19.74 1.92 2.26 61.92
A4 26.66 20.20 2.26 2.08 58.21
A5 26.69 19.98 2.13 1.76 68.54
A6 26.76 20.00 2.06 1.43 65.39
A7 27.56 20.21 1.48 1.39 59.36
A8 27.30 20.09 1.49 2.14 55.83
A9 27.96 20.87 1.26 1.35 50.85
Source: Naik & Kumar, 2018
A1: 15 DORS, A2:30 DORS, A3: 45 DORS, A4: 60 DORS, A5:75 DORS, A6: 90 DORS, A7: 105 DORS, A8: 120 DORS, A9:
135 DORS DORS - Days Old Root Stock, DAG – Days After Grafting.

81. Chrysophyllum lanceolatum — A new rootstock for sapota (Achras zapota L.)
 C. lanceolatum is an indigenous tree species of the Western Ghats and the Northeast India.
 This wild species, is rather sustainably disease resistant, abundantly fruiting with seed
fertility over 95% and has well-established root system, as well as wide adaptability with
different kinds of soils occurring in Kerala.
 Several grafts cultivated in different agro-climatic conditions and soil types in different
regions of the state by local farmers successfully demonstrated good yield, fruit quality and
growth of the grafts which highlighted that use of new rootstock for sapota grafts is highly
rewarding.
Source: Kalesh et al., 2005

82. Effect of different months and growing condition in Sapota Grafting on Khirni Rootstock 30 DAG
Treatments Graft success
(%)
Graft survival (%)
May 75.83 67.50
June 50.00 35.83
July 80.00 70.00
August 41.67 28.33
Treatments Graft success
(%)
Graft survival (%)
Polyhouse 74.58 61.25
Shade net 49.17 39.58
Source: Nitish et al., 2019

83. Effects of sodic water irrigation on plant growth in Ber rootstocks
Rootstocks Treatment (RSC meq/l) Stem length (cm) Root length (cm)
Z. spinachristi Control 98.7a 41.3
3.0 88.7b 40.3
6.0 88.3b 38.0
9.0 84.0b 36.7
Z. rotundifolia Control 86.0a 27.3
3.0 83.0a 29.3
6.0 74.0b 27.7
9.0 78.7b 23.3
Note: Root Length = NS
Source: Singh et al., 2018

84. Growth parameters of grafted custard apple plant
Treatments Graft % Days taken for
sprouting
Sprouting % Success % No. of Branches
Annona-2 82.49 19.89 52.91 47.73 1.98
Ramphal 78.64 17.67 59.73 55.37 1.57
Chandsili 94.83 12.33 76.89 71.46 2.24
NMK-1 92.46 16.33 65.43 60.13 1.67
Balanagar 88.92 14.44 70.82 64.67 1.89
Source: Shinde et al., 2015

85. • India have a diverse climatic condition therefore suitable for production of various types of
fruits i.e. Tropical, Sub-tropical, Temperate, Arid & Semi-arid fruits.
• Improved cultivars play vital role in improving production of the fruit crop in a region.
• Micropropagation is the best technique for the production of millions of clones in one year.
When it comes to conventional techniques, it takes years to produce an equal number of
plants. Micropropagation facilitates the growth, storage, and maintenance of a large number
of plants in small spaces which makes it a cost-effective process.
• Rootstocks greatly influence variety behavior as it ensures tolerance to biotic & abiotic stress
conditions, as well as the provision of minerals and water for the total plant, and
consequently impact crop yield and fruit quality.
CONCLUSION

86. References
 Yuniastuti, E., Wardani, N. C. and Nandariyah. 2016. The effect of explant type and 6-benzyl adenine (BAP) in sapodilla (achras
zapota) micropropagation. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 12(4): 206-213.
 Harb, E. M., Alhady, M. R. and Elsalam, N. A. 2015. In vitro rapid propagation of jackfruit (artcarpus heterophyllus lam.).
American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15(2): 147-153.
 Mishra, M. and Chandra, R. 2010. Advances in Horticulture Biotechnology. 1(1): 185-188.
 Patil, V. M., Dhande, G. A., Thigale, D. M. and Rajput, J. C. 2011. Micropropagation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)
‘Bhagava’ cultivar from nodal explant. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(79): 18130-18136.
 Kantharajal, A. S., Dodd, W. A. and McConchie, C. A. 1992. In vitro embryo culture and induction of multiple shoots in lychee
(Litchi chinensis sonn.) Ann. Bot., (70):153-56.
 Kumar, M. 2006. Mass Scale Propagation of Litchi chinensis Sonn. through in vitro technoques. Ph.D. Thesis, Bhagalpur
University, Bhagalpur.
 Reddy, Y. T. N., Reju, M., Kurian, P. R., Ramachander, G. S. and Kohli, R. R. 2003. Long term effects of rootstocks on growth, fruit
yielding patterns of Alphonso mango (M. Indica) Scientia Hort., 97(2): 95-108.
 Bekir, E. A. K. 2018. The importance of in-vitro micropropagation of fruit crops. International Gap Agriculture & Livestock
Congress., 25-27 April Sanliurfa Turkey.

87.  Yu, C., Chen, Z., Lu, L. and Lin, J. 2000. Somatic embryogenesis and pant regeneration from litchi protoplasts isolated
from embryogenic suspensions plant cell tissue organ culture cult., (61): 51-58.
 Atawia, A. R., Abd EL-Latif, F. M., EL-Gioushy, S. F., Sherif, S. S. and Kotb, O. M. 2016. Studies on Micropropagation
of Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.). Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 05(02): 224-232.
 Ibrahim, M. A., Jasim, A. M. and Abbas, M. F. 2012. In vitro plant regeneration of Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana
Lamk.) cv. Zaytoni via indirect organogenesis. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 99 – 1.
 Ferreira, G., Chacon, I. D., Boaro, C. S. F., Baron, D. and Lemos, E. P. 2019. Propagation of Annonaceous plants. Revista
Brasileira de Fruticultura.
 Encina, C. L., Martin, E. C., Lopez, A. A. and Padilla, I.M.G. 2014. Biotechnology applied to Annona species: a review.
Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal, 36(1): 17-21.
 Ahire, D. K. B. 2021. Screening of different rootstocks of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) against root knot
nematode. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 10(06): 288-294.
 Naik, K. E. and Kumar, C. S. R. 2018. Effect of different age of rootstock on grafting of Jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus L.) var.Palur-1. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 7(8): 3994-3998.

88.  Kalesh, K. S., Shareef, S. M., Mathew, S. P. and Chemburkar, M. S. 2005. Chrysophyllum lanceolatum - A new
rootstock for sapota (Achras zapota L.). Journal of Applied Horticulture, 7(1): 23-24.
 Nitish, H. T., Murthy, V., Goudappanavar, P. B. and Raj, D. N. 2019. Standardization of softwood grafting techniques
in sapota (Manilkara achras L.) on invigorated khirni rootstock under polyhouse and shade net conditions.
International Journal of Chemical Studies, 7(2): 2079-2081.
 Singh, A., Kumar, A., Rajkumar, Sheoran, P. and Yadav, R. K. 2018. Effects of sodic water irrigation on growth,
physiological relations and ion uptake in two Ziziphus rootstocks. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 88(9): 1413–
1418.
 Shinde, A. B., Patil, S. R. and Sahoo, A. K. 2015. Assessment of different rootstocks for softwood grafting in Custard
Apple. Trends in Biosciences, 8(4): 1081-1085.
 www.agricoop.nic.in
 www.faostat.com
 http://webapps.iihr.res.in:8101/varieties.html
 https://www.iari.res.in/
 https://currenthorticulture.com/download
 https://tradingeconomics.com/india/exports-of-fruit-nuts

90. In vitro oxidative browning and in vitro contamination
are two major problems in establishing the cultures of
aonla through shoot bud culture by (Mishra et al.,
1999).
The major hindrance in in vitro propagation of sapota
such as phenol leaching and sap exudation need to
addressed using different absorbent compounds.
China is the largest producer of fruits in the world followed by India, Brazil and USA in that order.

91.  Manilkara hexandra is found to be the best rootstock having better stock-scion compatibility and
produces fruits of excellent quality and high yield (Sayed,1962).
 Chrysophyllum lanceolatum showed potential as a new rootstock for sapota and grafted plants
grown in different agro-climatic conditions of the Kerala state produced fruits of good quality
and yield. C. lanceolatum proved one of the best rootstocks for sapota Kalesh et al. (2005).
 Yuniastuti et al. (2016) studied effect of type of explant and different concentrations of 6-Benzyl
Adenine (BAP) cytokinin supplemented in Woody plant Medium (WPM) on in vitro
multiplication. They observed shoot and leaf regeneration in all the combinations but root
induction was observed in few treatments. Among type of explant, lateral meristem showed
encouraging results when cultured in media supplemented with 2 ppm BAP.
SAPOTA

92.  In vitro tissue culture (micropropagation) is among propagation methods successfully applied to species such
as A. cherimola.
 Advances in this area are presented in a recent literature review by Encina et al. (2014), who reported
micropropagation with juvenile A. muricata material and protocol for micropropagation of adult A. cherimola
genotypes.
 The authors also presented several in vitro methodologies, such as adventitious organogenesis and
regeneration of cell cultures; manipulation of the ‘ploidy’ of A. cherimola to obtain haploid, tetraploid,
triploid (seedless) plants; genetic transformation with introduction of genes aiming to control the post-harvest
processes and to provide resistance to pathogens and insects; and micropropagation and regeneration of other
wild species of the genus Annona, such as A. senegalensis, A. scleroderma, A. montana, among others.

93. • https://ccari.icar.gov.in/dss/sapota.html
• https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_TNAU_varieties_fc_sapota.ht
ml
• https://americangardener.net/types-of-pineapple-varieties-and-their-
characteristics/
• https://burchellnursery.com/pomegranate-varieties/
• https://www.slideshare.net/AndrewMyrthong/pomegranate-45665137
• https://www.iihr.res.in/pomegranate-ruby-
0#:~:text=Ruby%20It%20is%20a%20multiple%20hybrid%20of%20pomegra
nate,of%20Ruby%20is%20reddish%20brown%20with%20green%20streaks.
• Encina, C.L., Martin, E.C., Lopez, A.A. and Padilla, I.M.G. (2014)
Biotechnology Applied to Annona Species: A Review. Vol. 36, Edição
especial, 17-21.
• https://vdocument.in/micropropagation-in-fruit-crops.html?page=1
• https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/MG370

94. Pineapple growing belt
State Growing belts
Karnataka Shimoga, North & South Kannada, Chickmagalore, Kodagu
Kerala Ernakulum, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha,
Kottayam, Idukki, Thrissur, Palakkad, Malappuram, Kozhikode,
Wynadu, Kannur, Kasargodu
Nagaland Kohima, Zunheboto
Assam Nagaon, Kamrup, Karbi Anglong, N.C. Hills, Goalpara, Dhemaji,
Sonitpur Dhubri
Manipur Thoubal, Churchandpur, Imphal East
Meghalaya Ri Bhoi, East Khasi, Garo Hills
West Bengal Jalpaiguri, Siliguri sub-division of Darjeeling district, North Dinajpur,
Cooch Behar

95. Maps
• https://www.mapsofindia.com/indiaagriculture/fruits-
map/pineapple-producing-states.html

96. SAPOTA
9%
AONLA
10%
BER
6%
LITCHI
10%
PINEAPPLE
11%
JACKFRUIT
19%
POMEGRAN
ATE
30%
SAPOTA AONLA
BER LITCHI
PINEAPPLE JACKFRUIT
POMEGRANATE CUSTARD APPLE
5 %
AREA OF FRUIT CROPS IN INDIA
2019-20
SAPOTA
8%
AONLA
10%
BER
6%
LITCHI
10%
PINEAPPLE
11%
JACKFRUIT
20%
POMEGRANAT
E
30%
5%
SAPOTA AONLA BER
LITCHI PINEAPPLE JACKFRUIT
POMEGRANATE CUSTARD APPLE
2020-21
SAPOTA
8%
AONLA
10%
BER
6%
LITCHI
10%
PINEAPP
LE
11%
JACKFR
UIT
20%
POMEGR
ANATE
30%
5%
SAPOTA AONLA
BER LITCHI
PINEAPPLE JACKFRUIT
POMEGRANATE CUSTARD APPLE
2021-22