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Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon were Catholic monarchs who united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469 and supported Christopher Columbus's voyage to Asia in 1492. Isabella inherited the throne of Castile in 1474 and fought disputes over succession, while Ferdinand received the throne of Aragon in 1479 after the death of his father. Together they participated in struggles for Isabella and established a dynastic union between Aragon and Castile, beginning their joint reign through agreements maintaining equality.
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Isabella II was the Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868. She was the daughter of King Ferdinand VII and ascended the throne at just three years old with her mother serving as regent. However, the Revolution of 1868 forced Isabella II into exile in France, where she lived for the rest of her life under the protection of Napoleon III. While in exile, she abdicated the throne in 1870 in favor of her son Alfonso XII. The document also provides background on the House of Bourbon that ruled Spain during Isabella II's reign.
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During the 16th century, Spain was the most powerful country in the world, but the 17th century saw its decline for several reasons: Spain spent vast amounts of money and resources participating in the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts, losing territories like Portugal in the process. The kings spent lavishly on wars but neglected infrastructure and the populace, impoverishing the country further, while pirates also attacked Spanish ships, preventing gold and silver from America from reaching Spain. The kings were disinterested in ruling as well, leaving government in the hands of validos, or favorite ministers.
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This document provides background information on Queen Elizabeth I's reign in England in the late 16th century. It discusses her rejection of King Philip II's marriage proposal, which angered Spain. It also describes Elizabeth establishing the Church of England to unite Protestants and Catholics, though Catholics faced fines for missing services. The document then outlines Pope's failed plot to make England Catholic again through Jesuit priests and concludes with the Spanish Armada's defeat by the English in 1588.
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Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603 during what is known as the Elizabethan Age. As queen, she helped shape England by establishing a stable monarchy, developing legal institutions, encouraging commerce, and establishing the Protestant religion. She never married or produced an heir, instead dedicating herself to ruling England. During her long reign, England prospered culturally and economically through expansion of the government, cooperation with powerful men, and capable ministers who helped her effectively govern. The Elizabethan era saw the rise of great English literature and architecture.
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The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Spanish Empire between the 15th-18th centuries. It describes how the reconquest of Spain from the Moors was completed in 1492 under Isabella I and Ferdinand II, who expelled the Jews and Muslims. The Spanish Golden Age occurred in the 16th-17th centuries due to silver from Mexico, though inflation set in later. The Spanish Habsburg dynasty bankrupted Spain through wars. The Spanish Empire declined due to plague, rebellions, and the War of Spanish Succession that brought the Bourbon dynasty to the throne in the early 18th century.
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Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603. She was born in 1533 and was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth spent time imprisoned in the Tower of London during the reign of her Catholic sister Mary I. As queen, Elizabeth helped establish the Church of England and united people of different religions. She gained popularity among the English people and is renowned for defeating the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth never married and died childless at the age of 69, making her the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
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Elizabeth I was the last Tudor monarch, succeeding her half-sister Mary in 1558. Her 45-year reign brought relative stability to England after threats from Catholic Spain and France. She established the Church of England as a middle way between Catholicism and Protestantism, avoiding religious civil wars. As a skilled politician, Elizabeth chose able ministers and faced challenges like the Spanish Armada invasion in 1588. She also dealt with her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots who was executed for treason in 1587. Elizabeth remained unmarried but cultivated her image as the "Virgin Queen" devoted to England, becoming a legendary figure during her rule.
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Isabella II was the Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868. She was the daughter of King Ferdinand VII and ascended the throne at just three years old with her mother serving as regent. However, the Revolution of 1868 forced Isabella II into exile in France, where she lived for the rest of her life under the protection of Napoleon III. While in exile, she abdicated the throne in 1870 in favor of her son Alfonso XII. The document also provides background on the House of Bourbon that ruled Spain during Isabella II's reign.
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During the 16th century, Spain was the most powerful country in the world, but the 17th century saw its decline for several reasons: Spain spent vast amounts of money and resources participating in the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts, losing territories like Portugal in the process. The kings spent lavishly on wars but neglected infrastructure and the populace, impoverishing the country further, while pirates also attacked Spanish ships, preventing gold and silver from America from reaching Spain. The kings were disinterested in ruling as well, leaving government in the hands of validos, or favorite ministers.
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Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...UNM Continuing Education
Between the long-lasting popularity of the works of Shakespeare to the more recent popularity of T.V. and film dramas about the Tudor and Stuart monarchs of England, the Tudor-Stuart period in English history is one of the most well-known eras in English history. Beginning with the accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor king, in 1485 and ending with the death of Anne, the last Stuart queen, in 1714, this roughly 230-year period in English history includes a number of notable and even infamous events, such as the English Reformation, the attack of the Spanish Armada, the English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the unification of England and Scotland. It was also during this period that England started down the path that would lead to the British Empire, which would encompass lands as far flung as the Americas, Australia, India, China, Africa, and the Middle East. With the creation of the British Empire, English/British culture began to spread out to all these regions of the world, to the ultimate effect that a majority of the modern world still views the English language as a common tongue. We'll focus on the political history of this period as well as the social and cultural aspects of that history, with a particular emphasis on how these important events (and more!) shaped England, the British Empire, and the world. Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I was the Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married and was known as the Virgin Queen. As queen, she treated marriage as a foreign policy issue and established the Church of England to help shape England's national identity. Her reign raised England's status abroad and gave the nation a new sense of confidence and sovereignty. She died in 1603 at the age of 69 after a long and successful rule.
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Absolutism was a form of monarchical rule where the monarch held complete control over the government unrestrained by other institutions like churches or legislatures. It was characterized by ending feudal systems, consolidating power with the monarch, increasing state power, unifying laws across the state, and decreasing the influence of the Church and nobility.
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A.p. u.s. ch 2 (pt. 1)
The document summarizes the early European colonization efforts in North America in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. By 1600, Spain had conquered much of South America, while North America remained largely unexplored. England's initial colonial ventures in North America in the 1500s were feeble compared to Spain's successes. However, factors like growing population, economic struggles, and the development of joint-stock companies helped motivate greater English colonization efforts in the early 1600s.
Queen Anne Stuart
Queen Anne Stuart ruled England from 1702 to 1714. During her reign, she oversaw the Acts of Union that united England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. She also negotiated the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession and secured England's territorial gains and trade privileges.
Elizabeth i
Elizabeth I was born in 1533 and became Queen of England in 1559 after her coronation. She concluded war with France by signing the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis that same year. In 1577, she agreed to an alliance with the Netherlands to help them fight Spain. Sir Francis Drake was knighted by Elizabeth in 1581 after capturing Spanish treasure. Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587 for conspiring against Elizabeth, leading to the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Elizabeth granted a charter establishing the East India Company in 1600 before her death in 1603.
Queen Elizabeth I
Queen Elizabeth I said "I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England." She was born in 1533, considered illegitimate by Roman Catholics. After her father Henry VIII and sister Mary's deaths, Elizabeth was crowned queen in 1558 at age 25, ruling for 44 years without marrying or having children. Her reign saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada, voyages to the Americas preparing England for colonization, and flourishing of the arts.
Queen Elizabeth I
Queen Elizabeth I took the throne after her sister Mary I died. As queen, she established the Church of England through the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, which required English subjects to worship as members of the new Protestant religion. Elizabeth never married in order to maintain her power as a female monarch, but faced threats from Catholic rivals like Mary Queen of Scots and military invasions like the Spanish Armada, which sought to return England to Catholicism.
Stuart
The Stuart Dynasty ruled England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1603 to 1714. This period saw 7 monarchs, beginning with James I who united the thrones of England and Scotland, and ending with Queen Anne. It was a turbulent period marked by religious and political disputes that led to the English Civil War and 11-year republic before the monarchy was restored. By the end of the Stuart Dynasty, the Act of Settlement had established Protestant succession and increased the power of Parliament over the monarchy.
Timeline
- Elizabeth I became Queen of England in 1558 after the death of her half-sister Mary I. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who was beheaded when Elizabeth was young.
- Key events of Elizabeth's reign included establishing the Anglican Church in 1563, imprisoning her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots in 1568, and signing the warrant for Mary's execution in 1587.
- Elizabeth led England to defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588, demonstrating her abilities as a ruler and making England a world power during her reign, which ended with her death in 1603.
The stuarts
James I became the first monarch of both England and Scotland after Queen Elizabeth died without an heir. He believed in the divine right of kings, which caused conflict with Parliament. During his reign, Puritans grew more popular but were suppressed, and Guy Fawkes attempted to blow up Parliament in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Charles I faced economic and religious problems during his reign, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell emerged victorious, establishing the Commonwealth and becoming Lord Protector before his death led to the restoration of the monarchy.
Spanish Empire
Spain built one of the largest and first truly global empires in history during the 16th and 17th centuries. It controlled vast territories in the Americas through colonies in the Western Hemisphere, bringing tremendous wealth in precious metals back to Spain. Though Spain lost some wealth and territory over time through wars, it retained control of its overseas colonial possessions. At its peak, Spain's global empire was unprecedented in scale and distribution, with silver from the Americas making it extremely powerful, though also dependent on foreign trade.
Reconquista and Spanish Inquisition
The document discusses a scenario where a new king in Spain wants all Muslims and Jews to leave the country. This would negatively affect the narrator's friends who are of Muslim and Jewish faith. It prompts the reader to consider both the positives and negatives of the ruler's decision.
The Stuart Kings And Queens
The document provides an overview of the Stuart monarchy in England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1603 to 1714. It discusses key Stuart kings and queens, including James I, who inherited the throne from Elizabeth I in 1603, and Charles II, who was restored to the throne after the English Civil War. It also mentions Mary, Queen of Scots and her grandson Charles Edward Stuart, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim the throne for the Stuart dynasty in the 18th century.
Loc
Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom on June 20, 1837 at the age of 18 after the death of her uncle, King William IV. She was woken early that morning and informed that she was now Queen. At the start of her reign, she was guided by her Prime Minister Lord Melbourne, who became a mentor to the politically inexperienced Queen. Her coronation took place on June 28, 1838 and she took up residence at Buckingham Palace, inheriting its revenues along with those of other properties.
Queen Elizabeth I
This is a presentation about the life of Queen Elizabeth I with her life biography and the changes she made in England.
people of spain and portugal - Jerrad drellishak
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- Vasco da Gama, a 15th century Portuguese explorer who led the first European voyage to reach India by sea, making several subsequent voyages.
- Manuel I, a king of Portugal who sponsored da Gama's voyages of exploration and invested in missionaries to spread Christianity in new colonies.
- Francisco Baquero, a shoemaker in Buenos Aires who faced discrimination as a mixed-race person and created a guild to protect other mestizos.
- Isabel Moctezuma, the daughter of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II who married a Spanish
The Tudors and the Stuarts
The document summarizes the key monarchs and events of England from 1485 to 1625, spanning the Tudor and Stuart dynasties. Major events included the Protestant Reformation under Henry VIII, who broke with the Catholic church; the reigns of his children Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I, who each pursued different religious policies; and the beginning of James I's rule in 1603, during which Puritans grew dissatisfied with the Church of England. Key developments were the Acts of Supremacy establishing the Church of England and the translation of the Bible into English.
The Stuart Kings And Queens
The House of Stuart ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1603 to 1714. Key Stuart monarchs included James I, who inherited the throne from Elizabeth I in 1603; Charles I, who ruled during the English Civil War; and Charles II, who was restored to the throne after the war. The Stuart dynasty continued through the descendants of James II, including Bonnie Prince Charlie. Mary, Queen of Scots struggled between Protestantism and Catholicism and was ultimately executed by her cousin Elizabeth I.
Elizabeth
Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She faced challenges as a female monarch but established a stable government relying on her Privy Council and Parliament. During her 45-year reign, Elizabeth helped shape England into a Protestant nation and defended it successfully against the Spanish Armada in 1588, cementing her status as one of England's greatest monarchs.
Royal marriages
The document lists several royal marriages between European powers between the 1st and 17th centuries, including between Poland and other countries like Norway, Italy, and France. It then provides more details on several French royal marriages, such as between Charlemagne and Desiderata of Lombardy in 770, Henry II and Catherine de Medici in 1533, and Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska in 1725. The document concludes with details on the 1823 marriage between Oscar I of Sweden and Norway and Josephine of Leuchtenberg, who both had French origins.
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...UNM Continuing Education
Between the long-lasting popularity of the works of Shakespeare to the more recent popularity of T.V. and film dramas about the Tudor and Stuart monarchs of England, the Tudor-Stuart period in English history is one of the most well-known eras in English history. Beginning with the accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor king, in 1485 and ending with the death of Anne, the last Stuart queen, in 1714, this roughly 230-year period in English history includes a number of notable and even infamous events, such as the English Reformation, the attack of the Spanish Armada, the English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the unification of England and Scotland. It was also during this period that England started down the path that would lead to the British Empire, which would encompass lands as far flung as the Americas, Australia, India, China, Africa, and the Middle East. With the creation of the British Empire, English/British culture began to spread out to all these regions of the world, to the ultimate effect that a majority of the modern world still views the English language as a common tongue. We'll focus on the political history of this period as well as the social and cultural aspects of that history, with a particular emphasis on how these important events (and more!) shaped England, the British Empire, and the world. Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I was the Queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She never married and was known as the Virgin Queen. As queen, she treated marriage as a foreign policy issue and established the Church of England to help shape England's national identity. Her reign raised England's status abroad and gave the nation a new sense of confidence and sovereignty. She died in 1603 at the age of 69 after a long and successful rule.
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Absolutism was a form of monarchical rule where the monarch held complete power over the state, unrestrained by other institutions like churches, legislatures or social elites. It was characterized by ending feudal partitioning, consolidating power with the monarch, increasing state power, unifying state laws, and decreasing the influence of the Church and nobility.
Absolutismo
Absolutism was a form of monarchical rule where the monarch held complete control over the government unrestrained by other institutions like churches or legislatures. It was characterized by ending feudal systems, consolidating power with the monarch, increasing state power, unifying laws across the state, and decreasing the influence of the Church and nobility.
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The document provides a timeline and overview of the reign of Queen Isabel I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon from 1469-1516. It discusses their dynastic union through marriage in 1469, which united Castile and Aragon. It then covers their territorial expansion through conquests and marriages, building of an authoritarian monarchy through centralizing power and imposing religious uniformity, and changes to the economic and social organization of their kingdoms. Key events included the conquest of Granada in 1492, the expulsion of Jews, discovery of America that same year, and establishment of the Spanish Inquisition.
Presentacion1 history lucia vega and lucia ros
The Catholic Kings Isabel I and Fernando II unified divided Spain and defeated the Muslim Empire in 1492, coinciding with the discovery of America. Juana I ("The Crazy Queen") became queen in 1505 despite an unhappy marriage. In 1604, King Philip III of Spain and King James I of England signed a perpetual peace treaty ending piracy and support for Dutch rebels. The War of Spanish Succession ended in 1701 with the Archduke Charles defeating Felipe V at the Battle of Almansa. The French occupation of Spain led to the Spanish War of Independence and eventual French expulsion after the Battle of Vitoria.
Theme 3- spain and portugal
The document provides an overview of the history of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires from their origins to their decline. It discusses how Portugal rose to become a global power during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries as they explored the coasts of Africa, Asia, and Brazil. Spain likewise grew powerful under the Habsburg dynasty in the 16th century, controlling territories in Europe and colonies in the Americas, though both empires began declining by the 17th century as they lost territories to other European powers like Britain and the Netherlands.
SPAIN AND INDEPENDENCE
There were four main Spanish viceroyalties in South America: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and Rio de la Plata. They governed large regions on behalf of the Spanish crown from the 16th-19th centuries. Independence movements in the early 19th century led to the establishment of independent nation states in their place, including Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and others. The last Spanish colonies, Cuba and Puerto Rico, gained independence after the Spanish-American War in 1898 when the U.S. defeated Spain.
Spanish kingdoms 14th–15th
During the 14th-15th centuries, the Iberian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal were politically fragmented and experienced conflicts between nobility and monarchy over power. There were also social issues like the Black Death pandemic and pogroms against Jewish communities, resulting in many Jews converting to other religions or emigrating. Peasant revolts broke out against noble feudal abuses in several kingdoms.
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Spain became wealthy in the 1500s from gold and silver from its colonies, but this wealth led to inflation. King Philip II led Spain's defeat of the Ottoman Empire at Lepanto but failed to invade England with the Spanish Armada. By the 1600s, Spain faced revolts, high military costs, and pirates attacking its trade. Its empire declined as money flowed to other European nations. Meanwhile, other European monarchs consolidated power through absolutism, claiming divine right to rule without limits.
Who was henry viii
Many states began to be united by marriage alliances and by conquest, creating great powers. The Catholic Kings unified the Iberian peninsula except Portugal, and later Spain became the dominant power under Charles I and Philip II. After the Hundred Years War, French monarchs from Charles VII to Francis I stabilized and consolidated their control over France until religious wars erupted.
Xenophobia 2
Xenophobia refers to an unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners. Throughout history, xenophobic attacks have led to violence and murder against millions simply for being from another race or country. Even today, xenophobia remains a problem, growing stronger during times of economic recession and fueling hate crimes. To combat xenophobia, it's important to understand why it occurs due to factors like skin color, ethnicity, sex, age, culture, religion, or ideology. We must work to promote acceptance of all people regardless of their differences.
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula is dominated by the Meseta upland area and surrounded by mountain ranges, containing the countries of Spain, Portugal, and Andorra. Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom in 1143 and was a pioneer in global exploration between the 15th-16th centuries. Spain's capital is Madrid and it shares the Pyrenees Mountains border with France to the north. The tiny nation of Andorra is situated in the mountainous regions between France and Spain. Gibraltar, located at the western entrance to the Mediterranean Sea, was ceded to Britain in 1713 and declared a British colony in 1830.
Ch.5 european absolutism
- Absolutism arose in Europe during a period when monarchs gained more power and ruled with absolute authority, justified by the Divine Right Theory that kings were chosen by God.
- Absolute monarchies had both strengths like efficiency and stability from one ruler, as well as weaknesses like being undemocratic and potentially violating individual rights.
- Major European absolute monarchies included Louis XIV's France, Phillip II's Spain during its Golden Age, and Peter the Great's modernizing rule in Russia from 1689-1725.
- England established a constitutional monarchy through the Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights that limited royal power and established a cabinet system headed by a Prime Minister.
The spanish empire
The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history. At its peak during the 16th century under the Habsburgs, Spain controlled vast territories in Europe and the Americas. However, the empire declined over subsequent centuries due to costly wars and Spain's loss of European dominance. By the early 19th century, most of Spain's American colonies had gained independence following the Napoleonic occupation of Spain.
The spanish empire
The Spanish kingdom was created in 1492 and began its empire through Columbus' voyage to the New World. For the next three centuries, Spain was the most powerful colonial power, though wars with other European nations led to economic decline by the 17th century. A civil war in 1936 resulted in a nationalist dictatorship under Francisco Franco until 1975, after which Spain transitioned to a constitutional monarchy.
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Isabel i
Isabella I of Castile was born in 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres. She married Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, uniting Castile and Aragon. Isabella defeated her niece Juana to claim the throne of Castile in 1474. Following her victory, Castile and Aragon were permanently united under Isabella and Ferdinand. Isabella sponsored Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1492, which led to the discovery of the Americas and greatly expanded Castile's power. She also oversaw the completion of the Reconquista and issued laws protecting the native population in the newly discovered lands.
Spain - Early Politics
The document summarizes the history of politics and monarchy in Spain from the 15th century to the early 18th century. It begins with the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, uniting Spain under their rule. Their grandson Charles I became both King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor in 1516. After his death, Spain was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty until 1700 when the last Habsburg king Charles II died without an heir, leading to the War of the Spanish Succession and transfer of the throne to the Bourbon dynasty under King Philip V.
The Spanish Empire
1) In the late 15th century, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile unified Spain through marriage, establishing rule as the "Catholic Monarchs."
2) Under their rule, Spain reconquered territory from the Moors, expelled Jews and Muslims, and financed Christopher Columbus' voyage, establishing Spain as the first global empire.
3) Spanish conquistadors then conquered the Aztec, Inca, and Maya civilizations in the Americas, claiming large territories and importing diseases that devastated indigenous populations. The influx of silver from the Americas funded Spain's powerful military.
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The document provides biographical information about Queen Isabel I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, who married and united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1469. It discusses their conquest of Granada in 1492 and breaking of promises to Muslims, leading to their forced conversion or exile. It also mentions the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and expulsion of Jews from Spain.
Charles V Habsburg & Portugal
The royal families of Iberia in the 16th century, at the dawn of globalization. Specifically, the inheritance of Austria and Spain by Emperor Charles V Habsburg, and his relatives, including Portugal.
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Isabella II was Queen of Spain from age 3 until she was deposed in a revolution at age 40 in 1868. She spent the second half of her life in exile in France. As queen, she faced constant turmoil including two Carlist civil wars between supporters of her rule and those of her uncle. Her first marriage failed quickly and she took several lovers while rumors spread of her frivolity and incompetence as queen. When she refused to allow progressives to form a government, it triggered a revolution that sent her into exile where she died of influenza at age 73.
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The document summarizes key events and monarchs of the Tudor dynasty in England from 1485-1603. It discusses Henry VII establishing the Tudor dynasty and consolidating power. It then focuses on Henry VIII breaking with Rome over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon and establishing himself as head of the Church of England. His daughters Mary I and Elizabeth I succeeded him, with Mary attempting to restore Catholicism and Elizabeth establishing the Church of England and facing foreign threats during her reign. The document also briefly discusses the origins of Thanksgiving Day in America.
Tudors according to Simona Boccuzzi
The document summarizes the history of the Tudor dynasty in England from Henry VII to Elizabeth I. It describes how Henry VII established the Tudor line and consolidated power. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, establishing himself as head of the Church of England. His daughters Mary I and Elizabeth I succeeded him, with Mary attempting to restore Catholicism and Elizabeth establishing the Church of England and defending against foreign threats as an unmarried queen. The document also briefly discusses the origins of Thanksgiving in the US.
The Authoritarian Monarchy of the Catholic Monarchs (1469-1517)
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married in 1469 without papal approval, uniting their royal houses but not their kingdoms. When Isabella's brother died, she became the leading claimant to the throne of Castile, sparking a civil war against her niece Joanna. Isabella and Ferdinand emerged victorious after 4 years of war, gaining recognition of their rule over Castile in the 1479 Treaty of Alcaçovas. As joint monarchs, they centralized power through administrative reforms while respecting the privileges of nobles. Their dynastic union established the basis for the future Spanish monarchy but did not immediately unify their separate kingdoms of Castile and Aragon.
Rise of the Hispanic Monarchy: Philip II
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of Social Sciences, History and Geography at a bilingual section in Madrid (Spain).
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The 16th century: Charles I and Philip II's reigns
Charles I inherited a vast empire from his parents in the early 16th century, including territories in Spain, the Netherlands, and Austria. He faced revolts from the Comuneros in Castile and Germanias in Aragon due to his absentee rule from Spain and appointments of Flemish advisers. Charles defeated the revolts and consolidated his rule, focusing on expanding his empire through wars with France and defending Catholicism against the Protestant Reformation. He established new governing councils and professionalized the bureaucracy and military to administer his far-flung realms.
The Catholic Monarchs: domestic and foreing policy.
The Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469. They completed the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula with the conquest of Granada in 1492 and established the Spanish Inquisition to enforce religious unity. They also sponsored Christopher Columbus' expedition in 1492, establishing Spain's empire in the Americas.
Spain after 1492
During the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Ferdinand and Isabella unified Spain and expanded its territories through conquests. Their funding of Columbus's expedition led to the discovery of America, beginning the Spanish Empire. Charles I expanded the empire further, though faced problems from revolts. Philip II made the empire even larger but costly wars impoverished Spain. The Spanish Golden Age between 1560-1680 was a high period for arts and culture. By the 17th century, weak rulers and revolts diminished Spain's power, leading to a succession dispute and war in the early 18th century.
Spanish empire
The Spanish empire originated with the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, uniting Spain. Their daughter married into the powerful Hapsburg family of Europe, beginning Hapsburg rule over Spain from the 16th-17th century. During this period, Spain became the most powerful nation in Europe through its vast overseas colonies supplying wealth and establishing Catholic dominance. However, wars and economic troubles weakened Spain, leading to the Bourbon succession after the War of Spanish Succession in the early 1700s.
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Ferdinand and Isabella united the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile through marriage, laying the foundations for modern Spain. They completed the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by defeating the Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492. During their reign, they expelled Jews and Muslims from Spain, established the Spanish Inquisition, and funded Christopher Columbus' expedition, bringing wealth to Spain and establishing its dominance in Europe.
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1) Isabella was born in 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Spain to King John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal. As a princess, her education focused on her role as a wife and mother rather than a ruler.
2) After her father's death when she was 3, Isabella was sent to live with her depressed mother and brother Alfonso in gloomy conditions, with little money. Her brother Henry IV became King of Castile.
3) Henry took Isabella and Alfonso away from their mother, who descended into madness, in order to control and educate them at his court in Segovia.
Elizabeth Timeline
The reign of Queen Elizabeth I was a golden age for England where culture and trade flourished despite rising poverty. After defeating the Spanish Armada, England enjoyed peace during the Renaissance. Although Elizabeth never married, the people felt patriotic pride in their queen. Her long reign established England as a major power in Europe and a prosperous nation.
Elizabeth Timeline
The reign of Queen Elizabeth I was a golden age for England where culture and trade flourished despite rising poverty. After defeating the Spanish Armada, England enjoyed peace during the Renaissance. Although Elizabeth never married, the people felt patriotic pride in their queen. Her long reign established England as a major power in Europe and a prosperous nation.
Elizabeth Timeline
The reign of Queen Elizabeth I was a golden age for England where culture and trade flourished despite rising poverty. After defeating the Spanish Armada, England enjoyed peace during the Renaissance. Although Elizabeth never married, the people felt patriotic pride in their queen. Her long reign established England as a major power in Europe and a prosperous nation.
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The Authoritarian Monarchy of the Catholic Monarchs (1469-1517)
The Authoritarian Monarchy of the Catholic Monarchs (1469-1517)
The 16th century: Charles I and Philip II's reigns
The 16th century: Charles I and Philip II's reigns
The Catholic Monarchs: domestic and foreing policy.
The Catholic Monarchs: domestic and foreing policy.
Nati
- 3. Isabel, daughter of John II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal, and Fernando, son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez, were married in Valladolid on October 19, 1469, including strong opposition to it. Elizabeth inherited the throne of Castile in 1474 after the death of his brother Henry IV, self-proclaimed queen, and there was a succession dispute between her and Joan, daughter of Henry IV, which they said was the daughter of D. Beltran de la Cueva, not the king, the conflict continued after the coronation, since Alfonso V of Portugal, wife of John, launched an offensive in support of this offensive that took place in the battles of Bull and Albuera after which Isabel, whi+ch came out on top, was recognized by the Courts of Queen Madrigal. Meanwhile Fernando was named heir to the death of his brother Carlos. In 1468 he received the throne of Sicily and the death of his father in 1479, the Crown of Aragon. Participated in the struggles for his wife Elizabeth and thereafter there was a dynastic union of Aragon and Castile and the beginning of the joint reign, following agreements were signed in 1475 in Concord of Segovia by both monarchs maintained their equality with regard to Justice, currency and issue of privilege, but reserved loyalty Elizabeth Castle and the holders of Treasury issues.
- 4. Isabella I was born on April 22, 1451 in the town of Madrigal de las Altas Torres. She died on November 26, 1504 in the castle of La Mota. She is often referred to as "La Católica" (the Catholic) a "title" given to her by the Spanish Pope, Alexander VI. This is a title that the Kings and Queens of Spain still retain. She was the daughter of John II, King of Castile and his second wife, Isabella of Portugal
- 5. Reyes Católicos" is literally "Catholic Kings " rather than "Monarchs", and is sometimes so rendered in English; but in Spanish it is usual for the masculine plural to be used in an essentially gender-indifferent way, so for example it is usual in Spanish to call the children of a person or couple "hijos", literally sons, regardless of actual gender .
- 6. Fin