Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She faced challenges as a female monarch but established a stable government relying on her Privy Council and Parliament. During her 45-year reign, Elizabeth helped shape England into a Protestant nation and defended it successfully against the Spanish Armada in 1588, cementing her status as one of England's greatest monarchs.

2. Elizabeth I

3. Contents: Introduction Early life Queen Elizabeth I: Elizabethan government Elizabeth I: “ To Be a King ” Foreign policy Assessment

4. Elizabeth I (1533-1603), queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603). Elizabeth was the longest-reigning English monarch in nearly two centuries and the first woman to successfully occupy the English throne.

5. Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace in London on September 7, 1533. Her parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, wanted a son as heir and were not pleased with the birth of a daughter. When she was two her mother was beheaded for adultery, and Elizabeth was exiled from court.

6. Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn

7. She was later placed under the protection of Catherine Parr , Henry’s sixth wife, and educated in the same household as her half-brother, Edward . Elizabeth underwent rigorous training in Greek, Latin, rhetoric, and philosophy and was an intellectually gifted pupil.

8. When her half-sister, Mary I, inherited the crown in 1553, Elizabeth faced different dangers. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London. Elizabeth lived quietly at her family’s country retreat north of London until she became queen upon her sister’s death in 1558. Mary I

9. Coronation of Elizabeth

10. Elizabethan government The difficulties Elizabeth experienced governing the English state were enhanced by prejudices against women rulers. She made extensive use of the Privy Council and summoned ten parliaments. The House of Lords and the House of Commons both grew in size.

11. At the center of her government, Elizabeth was fortunate in having a succession of capable ministers: Sir Nicholas Bacon, Sir Francis Walsingham, and Robert Dudley, who was her personal favorite. She favored Dudley so extensively their relationship became the subject of rumors. Robert Dudley

12. Elizabeth I: “To Be a King” The 45-year reign of Elizabeth I as queen of England and Ireland was so influential it became known as the Elizabethan Age . During her rule, Elizabeth helped shaped the future of England, creating a stable monarchy, developing legal institutions, encouraging commerce, establishing the Protestant religion as England’s faith, and defending the nation against Spanish forces.

13. Queen Elizabeth

14. Foreign policy: The Spanish Armada. In an attempt to invade England in 1588, King Philip II of Spain amassed a huge armada of 130 ships carrying almost 30,000 men. They were met by an even larger fleet deployed by Queen Elizabeth I to defend England. The English fleet defeated the Spanish armada off the coast of Calais, France. “ The defeat of the Spanish Armada was the high point of the queen’s reign and united the nation.”

15. Defeat of the Spanish Armada

16. Assessment When Elizabeth died, one of the great epochs of English history ended. Her 45-year rule shaped the future of England as a stable monarchy governed through the cooperation of crown and local elites. The roles played by Parliament and the justices of the peace, two of the most characteristic of all English institutions, solidified during her reign and were indispensable thereafter. The defeat of the Spanish Armada was a cause for national celebration, and “Glorious ’88” was spoken of generations later when Elizabeth’s birthday was still celebrated as a national holiday.

17. Thank you for attention!