Peninsular War
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The document summarizes the Peninsular War between Napoleon's forces and Britain/Spain led by Arthur Wellesley. Wellesley scored early victories against French marshals at Vimiero, Oporto, and Talavera. After liberating western Spain by taking Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, Wellesley defeated Marshal Marmont at Salamanca. This final victory drove the French out of Spain, with Wellesley going on to defeat three French armies at Vitoria in 1813 and winning the war's final battle at Toulouse in 1814.
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Spain declared war on France in 1793 after the French king was guillotined, fearing the spread of liberal ideas. This war was a disaster for Spain. The ambitious Spanish minister Manuel Godoy slept with the queen and made a deal with Napoleon. In 1808, the Spanish people rebelled against Godoy and forced the abdication of King Charles IV. Napoleon then forced both Charles IV and his heir Ferdinand VII to abdicate and installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte as the new King of Spain, but he was unpopular. Many Spanish cities resisted the French invasion in the War of Independence from 1808-1814. Representatives from Spanish territories met in Cadiz in 1810 and adopted a liberal
Napoleon i
Napoleon rose to power through his military successes in Italy and Egypt in the late 18th century. He launched a coup in 1799 and became the First Consul of France, later crowning himself Emperor in 1804. As Emperor, Napoleon reformed the legal and educational systems, established the Bank of France, and expanded French territorial control through military campaigns across Europe. However, his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous and led to the formation of a coalition that eventually defeated Napoleon, forcing his second abdication in 1815 after his brief return from exile on Elba during the "Hundred Days."
Spain in the18th and 19th centuries.
This document summarizes important events in late 18th and early 19th century Spain. It describes the reign of King Carlos III who modernized Spain's infrastructure. It then discusses the weak rule of Carlos IV and the influence of Prime Minister Godoy. Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Spain and installation of his brother Jose Bonaparte as king led to the Spanish War of Independence from 1808-1814. The Constitution of 1812 established Spain's first constitutional monarchy and granted rights to its citizens, though it initially excluded women and non-Catholics.
Napoleon
I. Napoleon rose to power through military victories in Italy and Egypt in the late 18th century. He later seized power in France through a coup d'état in 1799.
II. Between 1803-1809, Napoleon dominated much of Europe through further military campaigns. However, his ill-fated invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point, as his army was decimated in its retreat from Moscow.
III. Napoleon's empire went into decline after 1813, as the Wars of Liberation saw European nations rise up against French rule. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, sending him into exile and bringing an end to his reign.
Napoleon
1) Napoleon rose to power in France but overreached with his vast continental empire, leading to major military defeats in Russia in 1812 and Germany in 1813.
2) At the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815 after Napoleon's defeat, European leaders redrew borders and established a new balance of power to prevent future French domination, weakening France and increasing the power of Prussia and Austria.
3) While Napoleon's empire was dismantled, his legacy lived on through the spread of revolutionary ideals like nationalism and the Napoleonic Code of laws across Europe.
Spain in the 19th century
The document summarizes key events in Spanish history from 1808-1898, including:
- The French invasion and occupation of Spain beginning in 1808 led to the War of Independence and popular uprisings against French rule.
- To organize resistance, provincial juntas assumed sovereignty in the name of the exiled king Ferdinand VII and established the Supreme Central Junta in 1808.
- The Cortes convened in Cádiz in 1810 and initiated a bourgeois liberal revolution through political reforms while also drafting Spain's first constitution.
- After French troops withdrew in 1814, Spain experienced alternating periods of liberalism, absolutism, and democracy as it established a constitutional monarchy.
Napoleon texto
Napoleon was a contradictory historical figure who supported the French Revolution but also crowned himself Emperor, concentrating power. He granted new rights to citizens with the Napoleonic Code but suppressed freedoms. Militarily, he scored major victories across Europe but overextended his forces, leading to devastating defeats in Spain and Russia. By 1815 his empire was defeated at Waterloo, and he died in exile on Saint Helena. His rule helped spread revolutionary ideals and nationalism while confirming France's break from its royal past.
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The crisis of the Ancien Régime in Spain (1788-1814)
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REGENCY ENGLAND AND THE NAPOLEONIC WARS BY GALANOS G.& VANGOS K
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Peninsular War
- 1. The Peninsular War- Napoleon’s first defeat
- 2. Napoleon was master of Europe. Only one country stood in his way- Britain.
- 3. Napoleon installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the throne of Spain. The Spanish rebelled. Britain saw their chance and took it.
- 4. They sent Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, to Spain to defeat the French armies there. Wellesley’s first major victory was against Marshal Junot at Vimiero. He then liberated Portugal by defeating Marshal Soult at Oporto. He then moved into Spain.
- 5. The tide turned at Talavera, where 20,600 British troops and 35,000 Spanish soldiers, led by Wellesley and Cuesta, defeated 46,000 Frenchmen, led by King Joseph. Unfortunately, the Spanish broke and ran, leaving the British infantry to do most of the work.
- 6. After liberating western Spain by taking the fortresses of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, Wellesley moved north-east. His aim- to invade France.
- 7. Just north-east of Ciudad Rodrigo, Wellesley won a crushing victory near Salamanca against Marshal Marmont.
- 8. With this final victory against King Joseph, the French were driven out of Spain. Wellesley moved into France. Wellesley defeated 3 French armies at Vitoria, in 1813.
- 9. After winning several victories on the Franco- Spanish frontier, Wellesley won the final victory of the Peninsular war in 1814, at the city of Toulouse.