Nanotechnology is increasingly important in vaccine development. As vaccines are evolving toward less immunogenic minimalist compositions, adjuvants and delivery systems that increase the effectiveness of the antigen are of increasing importance. The use of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations not only improves antigen immunogenicity and stability, more importantly, targeted nanoparticle vaccine delivery and controlled release are also achieved. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/nanoparticles.htm