2. NANOSCIENCE
Emerging area of science which concerns itself with
the study of materials that have very very small
dimensions.
It involves chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics,
cognitive science and life sciences.
3. NANOSCIENCE
It is the study of phenomena and manipulation of
ultra-small structures or materials at atomic,
molecular and macromolecular scales, where
properties differ significantly from those at a larger
scale.
Simply the study of nanostructures.
4. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnologies are the design, characterization,
production and application of structures, devices and
systems by controlling shape and size at the
nanometer scale.
Implementation and application of nanomaterials.
5. THE NANOMETER SCALE
It is conventionally defined as 1 to 100 nm.
One nanometer is one billionth of a meter (10-9m).
Word ‘nano’ derived from the Greek word for dwarf.
Size range is normally set to a minimum of 1nm to
avoid single atoms or very small groups of atoms
being designated as nano objects.
6. WHAT IS A NANOMATERIAL
A nanomaterial is an object that has at least one
dimension in the nanometer scale (approximately 1 to
100 nm).
7. Nanomaterials are categorized according to their
dimensions :-
Nanomaterial dimension Example
All three dimensions <
100nm
Two dimensions < 100 nm
One dimension < 100 nm
Nanoparticles, quantum
dots, nanoshells, nanorings,
micro capsules
Nanotubes, fibres,
nanowires.
Thin films, layers and
coatings
8. EXAMPLES TO ELICIT THE CONCEPT OF ‘NANO’
Our fingernails grow at the rate of 1nm per second.
The head of a pin is about 1000000 nm in diameter.
A human hair is about 80000 nm in diameter.
A DNA molecule is 1-2 nm wide.
The transistor of a latest generation Pentium Core
Duo processor is 45 nm.
9. WHAT MAKES NANO SPECIAL
1. A material (eg: metal) when in a nano-sized form can
assume properties ( electrical conductivity, color,
strength and weight) which are very different from
those when the same material is in a bulk form.
Eg : Bulk silver is non- toxic, whereas silver
nanoparticles are capable of killing viruses upon
contact.
10. WHAT MAKES ‘NANO’ SPECIAL
2. Nanomaterials have an increased surface to volume
ratio compared to bulk materials. This has
important consequences for all those processes
that occur at the surface of a nanomaterial, such as
catalysis and detection.
11. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
James clerk Max-well (1867) :- The first mention of the
distinguishing concepts in nanotechnology.
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy ( 1914) :- First to use nanometer for
characterizing particle size. He determined it as 1/10,00,000 of
millimeter.
Richard Feynman ( 1959) :- The concept of technology about
nanomaterials attribute Nobel prize to Feynman.
Eric Drexler (1980) :- concept of nanotechnology to
engineering through the concept of molecular nanotechnology
was first applied by him.
H.W Kroto & R Smalley (1985) :- Discovery of fullerenes.
13. LYCURGUS CUP
It is a piece of Roman glass work, dating
from the fifth century. When illuminated
from the outside, the cup appears green.
When illuminated from inside, it appears
ruby-red. The reason for this dichroism
was due to the presence of nano sized
particles of silver (66.2%), gold (31.2%)
and copper (2.6%) upto 100 nm in size
embedded in the glass.
14. FARADAY’S STUDIES ON GOLD COLLOIDS
Michael Faraday who was the first to conduct systematic
studies on the properties of metal colloids, in particular
gold.
16. ADVANCED NANOMATERIALS
CARBON NANOTUBES ( CNT’S)
Allotropes of carbon with cylindrical nanostructure. It can appear as
single-wall nanotubes (SWNT’S), with a diameter of approximately
1.4 nm or multi- wall nanotubes (MWNT’S) consisting of 2-30
concentric tubes with an outer diameter of 30-50 nm. CNT’S are the
strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile
strength and elastic modulus respectively.
Applications include nano medicine (drug delivery), environment(
chemical sensors), energy etc.
17. • FULLERENES
Fullerene is also an allotrope of carbon, popularly known
as Buckminster fullerene (C-60). It has a truncated
icosahedron structure. It is black powdery material, tough
and thermally stable. Icosahedron is a polygon with 60
vertices and 32 faces, 12 of which are pentagonal and 20
are hexagonal.
Applications :- used as lubricant due to it’s spherical
structure.
used as superconductor when mixed with alkali metals.
Used as soft ferromagnet.
18. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
1. In medicine and healthcare (nanomedicine)
Use nanomaterials and nano enabled techniques to diagnose
,monitor, treat and prevent diseases.
2. Environment (pollution prevention)
Remediation for environmental pollution using metal
nanoparticles, semiconducting nanoparticles, aero gels, solid
adsorbents etc.
19. 3. In computers
Nanomaterials and nanoelectronics holds the promise of
making computer processors more powerful.
4. In Robotics
Nano robotics is an emerging technology field of creating
machines or robots whose components are at or close to the
microscopic scale of a nanometer.
20. 5. In electronics ( nanoelectronics)
In semiconductor chips, laser technology, lithium-ion
batteries, nanoradios, bio- nano generators, solar cells
etc.
6. In vehicles
A series of nanomaterials [ metal- nano powders, metal-
nano colloids, metal nano clusters etc.] are used in
automobile market.
