This document evaluates the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ozone for disinfecting primary municipal wastewater effluents. Experiments tested different ozone concentrations and UV fluencies at varying pH levels. Ozone doses near 20 mg/min achieved 72-78% removal of fecal and total coliforms, and removed up to 36% of chemical oxygen demand (COD). UV achieved over 80% inactivation of bacteria. Both treatments were most effective against bacteria at pH levels other than 7. UV treatment had lower energy requirements than ozone treatment. The study demonstrates the potential for UV and ozone processes to generate safely reusable or releasable effluents from primary wastewater treatment.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Natural radioactivity in drinking water and associated agedependent dose in L...IOSRJAP
The presence of Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra and 228Ra content in drinking water of Luxor, a famous tourist city in Egypt. A total of thirty-five water samples were analyzed for 226Ra and 228Ra by gamma ray spectrometry with HPGe detector setup, coaxial type and 8192 channels MCA. The concentration of 226Ra was found in the range from 16 to 181 with arithmetic mean 85.6 mBq·L -1 and the concentration of 228Ra ranged from 8 to 98.4 mBq·L -1 with arithmetic mean 48.6 mBq·L -1 .The committed effective dose for the different age groups has been estimated and found to be not more than 0.038 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.149 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group (12-17 years old), for 226Ra. While it is not more than 0.05 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.29 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group, for 228Ra. The values obtained were compared with the reference values accepted for drinking water and doses resulting from consumption of these waters, due to their 226Ra and 228Ra contents, were calculated. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise
Study on Physico- Chemical Parameters of Waste Water Effluents from Kombolcha...AI Publications
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to8.2, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum insample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum atsamplesof W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/lrespectively. Thephysicochemicalparameters studied in this work were varied between the samplesand almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Natural radioactivity in drinking water and associated agedependent dose in L...IOSRJAP
The presence of Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra and 228Ra content in drinking water of Luxor, a famous tourist city in Egypt. A total of thirty-five water samples were analyzed for 226Ra and 228Ra by gamma ray spectrometry with HPGe detector setup, coaxial type and 8192 channels MCA. The concentration of 226Ra was found in the range from 16 to 181 with arithmetic mean 85.6 mBq·L -1 and the concentration of 228Ra ranged from 8 to 98.4 mBq·L -1 with arithmetic mean 48.6 mBq·L -1 .The committed effective dose for the different age groups has been estimated and found to be not more than 0.038 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.149 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group (12-17 years old), for 226Ra. While it is not more than 0.05 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.29 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group, for 228Ra. The values obtained were compared with the reference values accepted for drinking water and doses resulting from consumption of these waters, due to their 226Ra and 228Ra contents, were calculated. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise
Study on Physico- Chemical Parameters of Waste Water Effluents from Kombolcha...AI Publications
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to8.2, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum insample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum atsamplesof W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/lrespectively. Thephysicochemicalparameters studied in this work were varied between the samplesand almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
2017 - Analysis of nitrifying microbial communities by FISH and 16S rRNA ampl...WALEBUBLÉ
Nitrification, the sequential oxidation of ammonia via nitrite to nitrate, is an important process for nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater. This process is catalysed by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), two different groups of slow-growing microorganisms whose cooperation is needed to achieve complete nitrification. High efficiency and stability of this process is required for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operational optimization due to
nitrification is often subjected to recurring collapse in many WWTPs. Therefore, a better understanding of the microbial ecology of nitrifying bacteria in WWTPs could
potentially improve the nitrification stability. Novel high-throughput molecular methods, as next generation sequencing (NGS), are nowadays providing detailed knowledge on the microorganisms governing wastewater treatment systems. This
methods in conjunction with the environmental ordination of the relationships between biological variables (nitrifying bacterial community) and physicochemical variables (nitrogen compounds and environmental conditions) provide a powerful
tool to elucidate how selection pressures imposed by operational and environmental conditions affect community diversity and dynamics within activated sludge systems.
2017 - Plausible Bioindicators of Biological Nitrogen Removal Process in WWTPsWALEBUBLÉ
Reference:
Zornoza, A., Alonso, J.L. and Serrano, S. (2017) Plausible Bioindicators of Biological Nitrogen Removal Process in WWTPs. In: Abstracts of the 7th congress of European microbiologists FEMS 2017, Valencia, Spain, 9-13 July 2017.
Assessment of mortality and morbidity risks due to the consumption of some sa...theijes
Natural radioactivity of sixty sachet waters produced by fifteen different enterprises was measured by gamma spectrometry technique. The concentrations of the main natural radionuclides, 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in the samples varied respectively from 0.87 to 5.70 Bq/L, 0.16 to 0.47 Bq/L and 0.17 to 0.60 Bq/L in the samples with mean values respective of 2.66± 0.60 Bq/L, 0.22± 0.65 Bq/L and 0.34± 0.07 Bq/L. The annual effective doses due to the ingestion of these radionuclides varied from 45.48 to113.07 μSv/y with a mean of 78.41± 15.51 μSv/y. The mortality and morbidity risks assessed in samples, varied respectively from 4.94 10-5 to 1.17 10-4 and 7.20 10-5 to 1.24 10-4 with average values of 6.75 10-5 and 9.84 10-5 . This study showed a morbidity risk relatively high, thus harmful for the population.
Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastesIJEAB
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
2017 - Analysis of nitrifying microbial communities by FISH and 16S rRNA ampl...WALEBUBLÉ
Nitrification, the sequential oxidation of ammonia via nitrite to nitrate, is an important process for nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater. This process is catalysed by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), two different groups of slow-growing microorganisms whose cooperation is needed to achieve complete nitrification. High efficiency and stability of this process is required for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operational optimization due to
nitrification is often subjected to recurring collapse in many WWTPs. Therefore, a better understanding of the microbial ecology of nitrifying bacteria in WWTPs could
potentially improve the nitrification stability. Novel high-throughput molecular methods, as next generation sequencing (NGS), are nowadays providing detailed knowledge on the microorganisms governing wastewater treatment systems. This
methods in conjunction with the environmental ordination of the relationships between biological variables (nitrifying bacterial community) and physicochemical variables (nitrogen compounds and environmental conditions) provide a powerful
tool to elucidate how selection pressures imposed by operational and environmental conditions affect community diversity and dynamics within activated sludge systems.
2017 - Plausible Bioindicators of Biological Nitrogen Removal Process in WWTPsWALEBUBLÉ
Reference:
Zornoza, A., Alonso, J.L. and Serrano, S. (2017) Plausible Bioindicators of Biological Nitrogen Removal Process in WWTPs. In: Abstracts of the 7th congress of European microbiologists FEMS 2017, Valencia, Spain, 9-13 July 2017.
Assessment of mortality and morbidity risks due to the consumption of some sa...theijes
Natural radioactivity of sixty sachet waters produced by fifteen different enterprises was measured by gamma spectrometry technique. The concentrations of the main natural radionuclides, 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in the samples varied respectively from 0.87 to 5.70 Bq/L, 0.16 to 0.47 Bq/L and 0.17 to 0.60 Bq/L in the samples with mean values respective of 2.66± 0.60 Bq/L, 0.22± 0.65 Bq/L and 0.34± 0.07 Bq/L. The annual effective doses due to the ingestion of these radionuclides varied from 45.48 to113.07 μSv/y with a mean of 78.41± 15.51 μSv/y. The mortality and morbidity risks assessed in samples, varied respectively from 4.94 10-5 to 1.17 10-4 and 7.20 10-5 to 1.24 10-4 with average values of 6.75 10-5 and 9.84 10-5 . This study showed a morbidity risk relatively high, thus harmful for the population.
Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastesIJEAB
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Modelo de artigo científico básico - com normas ABNT
Similar to Artigo pronto! desinfecção de efluentes primário municipal de águas residuais usando uv contínua e tratamento de ozônio - entregar em 10.04.2014
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD 5 were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD 5 and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant.
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Evaluation of biological and physicochemical risk of hospital liquid waste in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Microbial Load of Waste Water Sample...IJEAB
Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence which can serve as habitat for pathogenic microbes and can constitute to health hazard of the populace. The present study was designed to enumerate and identify microorganisms in wastewaters and to investigate the effect of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) on the populations and identities of bacteria in the wastewaters from selected industries in Akure Metropolis. Wastewater samples were collected from two different industries in Akure Metropolis. The waste water samples were subjected to microbiological analyses before and after exposure to Electromagnetic field (EMF) at 1150nT, 1310nT, 3000nT, 5000nT. The presence of some bacteria in the waste water collected from different companies showed their occurrence at different hours during the treatment of the wastewater sample with different EMF strength. It was observed that at the early part (hours) of the experiment the heavy presence of microbes were seen but as the experiment progresses the microbial population were observed been reduced. It is therefore recommended that wastewater from industries should be treated with EMF before discharging them to the other water bodies so as to avoid contamination. This will help reduce microbial population that constitute a serious hazard to public health. And could also help protect other life forms inhabiting the water body and thus guard against ecological imbalance of the microbiota.
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technolog...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid wastewastewater-is
essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.
From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together
with such groundwater, surfacewater and stromwater as may be present. This waste water through sewer comes
to the sewage treatment plant so that parameters are reduced and treated wastewater be disposed into water or
land. For treating the sewage UASB( UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET) and SBR(SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR) technologies are mostly used.
All the parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater”. It was observed that pH & temperature values at outlet by both the
processes are almost same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen
Demand by UASB process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by
UASB process was 112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l. Total Suspended Solids by UASB process
was 58, 44mg/l and by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. Both the processes were used for treating the wastewater
and the SBR process showed better results as comparative to UASB.
Effect of Earthworms on Distillery Effluent Treatment through VermifiltrationIJERA Editor
Distillery is an important sub-unit of sugar production industry. Distillery wastewater generated from different
stages of sugar and ethanol production contains huge amount of pollutants that are very harmful to the
environment if released without proper treatment. The present paper describes the application of vermiculture
based wastewater technology with the primary objective of converting liquid effluent into eco-friendly safe
water. Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The
BOD, COD, TSS and TDS decreased by 90%, 94%, 88% and 82% respectively through vermifiltration.
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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2. Y. BUSTOS ET AL.
OPEN ACCESS JWARP
17
carcinogens [3,4].
Among the different alternatives to chorine disinfec-
tion, UV radiation and ozone have emerged in the last
years as competitive procedures for generating safe
drinking water from raw surface or underground water
[5]. Application of UV radiation for the disinfection of
wastewater is a scientific task which has recently been
explored. The number of facilities using UV disinfection
has augmented in the last years and it is expected to keep
increasing in the next years [2,4,6]. Ozone, on the other
hand, has been described as an efficient disinfection
agent, able not only to control bacteria, but also to oxid-
ize organic matter in municipal effluents [7]. However,
despite its high potential for application in municipal
effluent, relatively few papers dealing with this approach
have been reported [8,9].
The aim of this work is to present the application of
ozone and UV radiation in the disinfection and oxidation
of organic matter of an effluent produced from an ad-
vanced primary treatment process and to evaluate their
potential use (separately or jointly) as a polishing step for
the generation of an affordable effluent for safe reuse or
release into the environment. We also proposed the use
of scale-up parameter and the energy required to achieve
the disinfection goals of each of the processes applied to
compare their performance.
2. Methods
2.1. Wastewater Sampling and Characterization
Disinfection studies were run at the wastewater treatment
plant (WTP) located at the Autonomous Metropolitan
University—Azcapotzalco campus in Mexico City. The
WTP includes a physical chemical treatment train and it
was designed to process up to 1 L/s as maximum waste-
water flow. The treatment train includes a coagulation-
flocculation step, followed by settling and filtration. In
order to obtain the quality parameters of the influent a
thorough sampling was performed. As required by the
Mexican regulation [10], subsamples were taken from
the effluent every 4 hours during a 24-h period and the
effluent flow was measured for every sampling time. A
composite sample was prepared with proportions based
on the water flow determined on every period. The
wastewater sample was characterized for different phys-
ical-chemical (chemical oxygen demand, COD; turbidity;
total suspended solid, TSS; pH) and microbiological (to-
tal and fecal coliforms) parameters following the stan-
dard membrane methodologies [11], before applying the
disinfection procedures after the settling tank.
Flow-chart of wastewater advanced primary treatment
and Ozone-UV disinfection is presented in Figure 1.
2.2. Wastewater Disinfection Assessments
UV wastewater disinfection experiments were carried out
on line after the settling tank using a collimated UV radi-
ation (254 nm wavelength) equipment (International
Light Technologies, Mod. IL 1400BL) equipped with a
UV radiometer (International Light Technologies, Mod.
SEL 240/NS254/TD). Different contact times were tested
by varying the water flow (0.16, 0.32 and 0.5 L/s)
through the UV disinfection equipment; the total radiant
energy was controlled by the pump rate. Two different
fluencies (8.5 and 12 mJ/cm2
), corresponding to 15 and
30 L/min, respectively, were tested. Different pH values
(from 5 to 9), adjusted with H2SO4 (0.5 M) or NaOH (0.5
M), depending on the desired initial pH value, were also
assessed to determine the influence of this parameter on
the disinfection efficiency.
An ozone generator (Ozone Ecological) connected on
line, coupled to a 3-HP air compressor (Craftsman), was
used in the ozone disinfection experiments. Different
ozone concentrations (3 to 40 mg O3/L) were tested at
the same flows described for UV tests, and different pH
values (from 5 to 9) were tested, adjusting with H2SO4
(0.5 M) or NaOH (0.5 M) depending on the desired ini-
tial pH value.
Wastewater
inflow
UVCoagulation-
Floculation
Sedimentation Ozonation
Garden
irrigation
Filtration
Figure 1. Flow-chart of wastewater advanced primary treatment and Ozone-UV disinfection.
3. Y. BUSTOS ET AL.
OPEN ACCESS JWARP
18
2.3. Analytical Measurements
Samples were taken before and after every disinfection
procedure in order to determine the efficiency of the
tested methodology. In the case of UV-radiation disin-
fection, total and fecal coliforms (as CFU/100 mL) were
used to monitor the process. For ozone treatment, besides
the microbiological measurements, the oxidation of or-
ganic matter as COD measurements before and after the
treatment was also measured. Total suspended solids
(TSS), pH and temperature were determined in every
experimental run before and after the treatment.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Wastewater Characterization
The results of the initial wastewater characterization of
the composite sample obtained after the settling tank in
the WTP effluent are presented in Table 1. High concen-
tration values of total and fecal coliforms and COD in the
sample were observed. This implied that, despite the
physical-chemical treatment originally applied to the
municipal wastewater, the produced effluent was not
ready to be released to the environment without posing a
significant risk of contamination of surface or under-
ground water. The observed amounts of total and fecal
coliforms, 5.0 × 106
and 1.0 × 106
CFU (colony-forming
units), respectively, were comparable to those previously
reported for raw wastewater to which no treatment had
been applied [12,13].
Besides, the value obtained for total coliforms agreed
with previous reports on the concentration of these mi-
crobiological indexes in secondary effluents in other
parts of Mexico [14,15]. COD concentration was slightly
higher than the maximum acceptable limit in Mexican
legislation for treated wastewater meant for all re-uses
(150 mg/L, as stated in NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996).
TSS values (11.63 vs. 150 mg/L) and pH values were
within the limits set by Mexican legislation. These results
Table 1. Parameters of quality of the water to be disinfected.
Parameter Value
COD, mg/L 154.6 ± 6.04
Turbidity, UT 17.49 ± 1.07
TSS, mg/L 11.63 ± 0.88
pH 6.69 ± 0.04
Conductivity, NTU 1880 ± 122
Alcalinity, mg/L as CaCO3 164.31± 3.27
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen, mg/L 42.65 ± 2.51
Total phosphorus, mg/L 1.60 ± 0.45
Total coliforms, CFU/100 mL 5.0 × 106
Fecal coliforms, CFU/100 mL 1.0 × 106
suggested that, even though the process was efficient in
removing most of the suspended solids, an important
portion of the dissolved solids (as organic matter) and
much of the bacteria passed through the water treatment
and remained in the effluent.
3.2. UV Disinfection Assessments
The results for total and fecal coliforms (TC and FC,
respectively) inactivation under different fluency and pH
values are presented in Figure 2. As expected, no inacti-
vation of microorganisms was achieved during experi-
ments where no UV radiation was used and high bacteria
inactivation (over 80%) was observed after the use of UV
radiation.
It is worthy to note that fecal coliforms were less af-
fected by the increase in energy fluence than total coli-
forms. These results agreed with previous reports where
90% - 99% of E. coli inactivation was reached using 5.4
and 8.1 mJ/cm2
, respectively to avoid photoreactivation
[16]. Other authors have reported UV doses as high as 35
mJ/cm2
, for complete fecal coliforms inactivation, in the
presence of high TSS concentrations (up to 40 mg/L) in
wastewater [17].
The same trend was observed for different pH values
tested (Figure 3). Inactivation rates were higher for total
coliforms than fecal coliforms at all pH values tested.
The maximum bacterial resistance was observed at about
pH 7. Completely different results were found at acid or
alkaline values. Under acidic conditions, due to changes
in H+
ions permeability at lower pH (pH = 5), bacterial
cells should adjust the influx or efflux of H+
with the
Figure 2. Inactivation of total (TC) and fecal (FC) coliforms
with UV light.
4. Y. BUSTOS ET AL.
OPEN ACCESS JWARP
19
Figure 3. Inactivation of total and fecal coliforms (TC and
FC) at different pH values.
change of pH value from 7 to 5 to maintain the homeos-
tasis of the cell [16]. It is known that, when a sudden
change of pH from neutral to acidic environment occurs,
E. coli induces the synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids
(CFAs). This reduces H+
ion permeability influx and
increases its efflux [18]. This synthesis takes few minutes
to induce and start to form these compounds and it is
possible that the rate of synthesis of the new compounds
that can protect the cells is not fast enough.
3.3. Ozone Disinfection and Organic Matter
Oxidation
On the other hand, it has been reported that permeability
of the outer membrane, which is the main shelter of the
cell against oxidant species, increases at alkaline pH
values [16]. It could be expected that at pH 9.0 the cells
turned more sensitive than at pH 7.0. This behavior was
observed from the experiments and was rationalized by
the ionization grade of sugars on the lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) of the bacteria. LPS is considered the main com-
ponent in the outer membrane of E. coli and it is known
that this molecule has a net charge of −1.5 at neutral pH,
when pH decreases, this net charge turns the cell mem-
brane into a less hydrophilic conformation less permea-
ble to polar species including the oxidant species at pH
9.0 [19].
Bacterial inactivation and COD removal from waste-
water as function of the ozone dose (in mg/min) is pre-
sented in Figure 4. The higher the ozone dose, the higher
the bacterial removal and COD oxidation. Best results
were obtained with ozone doses about 20 mg/min where
72% and 78% of FC and TC, respectively were inacti-
vated. No effect of pH was determined for fecal and total
coliforms inactivation at the different pH values tested
(pH = 5, 7 and 9, data not shown). This behavior, how-
ever, is reasonable if considering that molecular ozone is
actually the chemical species carrying out bacteria disin-
fection instead of hydroxyl radicals, which will be af-
fected by pH [20].
Ozone was also capable of oxidizing organic matter in
the effluent measured as COD. The highest removal ob-
tained was 36% for 20 mg/min of ozone. It is well known
[21] that ozone reacts with organic matter, particularly
with compounds including double bonds and/or aromatic
structure in their chemical frame.
3.4. Estimation of Scaling-up Parameters
Despite many disinfection processes have been devel-
oped up to full-scale commercialization, frequently this
scaling-up is carried out using heuristic approaches
which not always consider important parameters such as
the concentration of the contaminant or treatment goals.
To provide a set of comparative scaling-up parameters
for the disinfection technologies proposed in this work, a
figure-of-merit proposed by the Photochemistry Com-
mission of the International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) was used [22]. This figure-of-merit
is the electric energy per order (EEO) defined as the elec-
tric energy (kW-h) required to degrade a contaminant by
one order of magnitude in a unit volume of contaminated
water. EEO (kWh/m3
/order) in flow through operation is
calculated by means of Equation (1) [23]:
( )log
EO
i f
P
E
F c c
= (1)
where: P is the rated power (kWh) of the disinfection
Figure 4. Total and fecal coliforms inactivation and COD
removal with ozone.
5. Y. BUSTOS ET AL.
OPEN ACCESS JWARP
20
system, F is the water flow rate (m3
/h) and ci, cf are the
initial and final amount of microorganisms (CFU/mL).
Considering Equation (1), EEO values for the different
experimental conditions tested in this work were deter-
mined and are shown in Table 2. In all cases, fecal coli-
forms required the highest value of electric energy per
order.
It is clear that EEO values for the UV process are lower
than those determined for the ozone process in all the
water flows tested. As explained earlier, EEO may re-
present the actual operational cost for every technology if
energy cost is considered. This means that the lowest the
EEO value, the lowest the operational cost will be.
For both, UV and O3 disinfection processes, the EEO
value was related to the water flow. For all cases, the
higher the water flow, the lower the EEO value. Thus, for
UV disinfection, EEO went from 447.5 kWh/m3
/order at
0.16 L/sec of water flow to 247.7 kWh/m3
/order when
the water flow value was increased to 0.5 L/sec. How-
ever, this difference in the EEO value is not proportional
to the increase in the water flow: whereas water flow
increased over 3 times, EEO was reduced only about 1.8
fold. This trend could be due to the reaction kinetics in-
volved in the disinfection process. Usually, disinfection
kinetics is proposed to be accurately described by the
Chick-Watson equation. In the case of radiation driven
processes, Bandala et al., (2009) [24] have proposed the
use of a modified Chick-Watson kinetics where the con-
centration of the disinfecting reagent is replaced by the
energy dose.
They have found that the proposed mathematical ap-
proach fits the experimental values fairly well. In the
case of the experiments described here, the presence of
organic matter in the wastewater may lead to differences
in the reaction kinetics which may produce non-linear
relationships. The other possibility may be that the sus-
pended solids may act as a “protective shell” for the mi-
croorganisms during the disinfection procedure and this
may interfere with the proposed linear disinfection ki-
netics.
A similar trend was found in the case of the ozone dis-
infection process. In this case, the EEO value decreased
about 1.5 times (from 2529.7 to 1638 kWh/m3
/order)
Table 2. Electric energy per order (EEO) values, in
kWh/m3
/order, for the tested disinfection procedures as
function of the water flow and microorganism type.
Tested Microorganism
Water flow, L/sec
0.16 0.32 0.5
UV
Fecal coliforms 447.5 299.3 247.7
Total coliforms 439.6 285.1 224.6
O3
Fecal coliforms 2529.7 1654.6 1638.0
Total coliforms 2327.6 1452.0 1248.2
when the water flow was changed from 0.16 to 0.5 L/sec,
a lower decrease than the one found in UV disinfection.
The difference may be explained by the fact that ozone is
able to react with organic matter present in the wastewa-
ter as observed in Figure 3. It is clear that this side reac-
tion will generate changes in the disinfection kinetics
even at a higher level than that described for the UV
process.
4. Conclusions
UV radiation and ozonation were investigated as disin-
fection alternatives for the wastewater treatment plant at
the Autonomous Metropolitan University—Azcapotzalco
campus, evaluating the inactivation of total and fecal
coliforms.
UV light presented a high bacterial inactivation, over
80%, while fecal coliforms were less affected by the in-
crease in energy fluency than total coliforms.
Total coliforms showed higher inactivation rates than
fecal coliforms at all the pH values tested but the lowest
bacterial inactivation was observed at about pH 7.
Ozone displayed a low oxidation potential, and the best
results were obtained for ozone doses of about 20
mg/min with removals of 72% and 78% of fecal and total
coliforms, respectively. The maximum bacterial resis-
tance was observed at pH values near 7, in both cases.
Ozone also led to a reduction of organic matter in the
effluent measured as COD, the highest removal obtained
being 36% for 20 mg O3/min. Finally the EEO
(kWh/m3
/order) was obtained, being noteworthy that EEO
values for the UV process were lower than those deter-
mined for the ozone process in all the water flows tested.
For both UV and O3 disinfection processes, the EEO
value was related to water flow (in all the cases, the
higher the water flow is, the lower the EEO value will be).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Autonomous Metropoli-
tan University—Azcapotzalco campus, and the National
Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) pro-
vided a scholarship to Y. Bustos.
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