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The document discusses the uses of the modal verb "must". It can express personal obligation from the speaker's perspective but is not a real obligation. "Must" can also refer to actual obligations from rules or laws. It is generally used for present or future tense, while "have to" refers to past tense obligations. "Must not" and "mustn't" express prohibition - something that is not allowed or permitted, whether as an opinion or actual rule. "Must" is followed by a main verb in the base form without "to".
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Obligation, Necessity, And Prohibition
The document discusses different modal verbs used to express levels of obligation and necessity in English, including must, have to, have got to, should, and ought to. It explains that must expresses strong internal obligation, have to is used for external obligations like rules or orders, and have got to is only used in spoken English. Negating these uses don't need to, needn't, or don't have to. Mustn't expresses prohibition. Should and ought to express mild obligation or duty. Be allowed to is used to talk about what is permitted.
Modal verbs
1. Modal verbs are used to express ability, permission, advice, necessity, prohibition, possibility, and to ask questions politely.
2. They don't use the third person singular 's' or auxiliary verbs like do/does/did.
3. Common modal verbs include can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, and have to.
Modal verbs of obligation
Brief description of modal verbs of obligation including must, have to, should and other verbs like allow and ban.
Modal verb
Modal verbs are special verbs that behave differently than regular verbs. Some key differences are that modal verbs don't take -s in the third person, use "not" for negatives rather than past/present forms, and many can't be used in past/future tenses. Common modal verbs include can, could, have to, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would. Each modal verb has specific meanings and uses around ability, permission, possibility, necessity, recommendations, and future/conditional forms.
Obligation and Necessity
This document discusses the use of "must", "have to", and related terms to express obligation and necessity in English. It explains that "must" is generally used to express the speaker's own opinion of obligation, while "have to" expresses what someone else considers obligatory. It also notes specific uses of these terms for the present/future vs. past, questions, negatives, and with other modal verbs or verb forms. The key terms "must", "have to", and their proper usage are the focus of this detailed guide to obligation and necessity in English.
Modal verbs (i) must have to
This document summarizes the uses of the modal verbs must, have to, and should as they relate to obligation. It explains that must indicates obligation from the speaker's perspective, while have to indicates obligation from another person. Must is more common for specific or personal obligations, while have to is used more for general or external obligations like rules. In spoken English, gotta is sometimes used instead of have to. The document also discusses the differences between mustn't, which indicates prohibition, and don't have to, which means an action is not necessary or required.
Reported speech
This document discusses direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks to report what someone said verbatim, while indirect speech transforms aspects of the statement, such as changing verb tenses and pronouns. It provides examples of transformations that occur when changing direct speech to indirect speech, such as introducing the statement with a verb like "said" and changing present to past tense. The document also notes other changes like replacing personal pronouns, time and place expressions, and transforming questions.
Reported speech 2
The document discusses the verbs "say" and "tell" when used in reported speech. It states that "say" is used to indicate who is speaking and can be followed by "to" when specifying who is being spoken to. "Tell" is used to specify who is being spoken to and the person is expressed as a direct object without a preposition. Both "say" and "tell" can be followed by a clause introduced with "that" or a verb in the infinitive. "Tell" is also used in certain expressions like "tell a story" while "say" is used in expressions like "say thank you".
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Obligation, Necessity, And Prohibition
The document discusses different modal verbs used to express levels of obligation and necessity in English, including must, have to, have got to, should, and ought to. It explains that must expresses strong internal obligation, have to is used for external obligations like rules or orders, and have got to is only used in spoken English. Negating these uses don't need to, needn't, or don't have to. Mustn't expresses prohibition. Should and ought to express mild obligation or duty. Be allowed to is used to talk about what is permitted.
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1. Modal verbs are used to express ability, permission, advice, necessity, prohibition, possibility, and to ask questions politely.
2. They don't use the third person singular 's' or auxiliary verbs like do/does/did.
3. Common modal verbs include can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, and have to.
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Modal verbs are special verbs that behave differently than regular verbs. Some key differences are that modal verbs don't take -s in the third person, use "not" for negatives rather than past/present forms, and many can't be used in past/future tenses. Common modal verbs include can, could, have to, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would. Each modal verb has specific meanings and uses around ability, permission, possibility, necessity, recommendations, and future/conditional forms.
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This document discusses the use of "must", "have to", and related terms to express obligation and necessity in English. It explains that "must" is generally used to express the speaker's own opinion of obligation, while "have to" expresses what someone else considers obligatory. It also notes specific uses of these terms for the present/future vs. past, questions, negatives, and with other modal verbs or verb forms. The key terms "must", "have to", and their proper usage are the focus of this detailed guide to obligation and necessity in English.
Modal verbs (i) must have to
This document summarizes the uses of the modal verbs must, have to, and should as they relate to obligation. It explains that must indicates obligation from the speaker's perspective, while have to indicates obligation from another person. Must is more common for specific or personal obligations, while have to is used more for general or external obligations like rules. In spoken English, gotta is sometimes used instead of have to. The document also discusses the differences between mustn't, which indicates prohibition, and don't have to, which means an action is not necessary or required.
Reported speech
This document discusses direct and indirect speech. It explains that direct speech uses quotation marks to report what someone said verbatim, while indirect speech transforms aspects of the statement, such as changing verb tenses and pronouns. It provides examples of transformations that occur when changing direct speech to indirect speech, such as introducing the statement with a verb like "said" and changing present to past tense. The document also notes other changes like replacing personal pronouns, time and place expressions, and transforming questions.
Reported speech 2
The document discusses the verbs "say" and "tell" when used in reported speech. It states that "say" is used to indicate who is speaking and can be followed by "to" when specifying who is being spoken to. "Tell" is used to specify who is being spoken to and the person is expressed as a direct object without a preposition. Both "say" and "tell" can be followed by a clause introduced with "that" or a verb in the infinitive. "Tell" is also used in certain expressions like "tell a story" while "say" is used in expressions like "say thank you".
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The document discusses the differences between the modal verbs "must" and "have to". "Must" expresses a strong personal or internal obligation, where the speaker agrees with the obligation. "Have to" expresses a strong external obligation from an outside authority. Some examples are provided to illustrate the difference, such as "I must go to bed earlier" (internal choice) versus "My boss is very strict. I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp" (external obligation from the boss). The document then discusses the differences between "mustn't" and "don't have to", where "mustn't" expresses prohibition and "don't have to" expresses no obligation. Finally, some practice examples are provided to correct mistakes
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The document is a presentation about reported speech and the past perfect tense given by Group 4. It includes:
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This document discusses the differences between "have to", "must", "should", and "ought to". "Have to" refers to impersonal obligations from external sources, like rules. "Must" refers to obligations that come from the speaker or are stronger, like laws. "Should" and "ought to" are weaker and refer to advice or opinions on what is correct. The document provides examples of how each can be used in the present, past and future, how to form questions and negatives, and discusses their different meanings in various situations.
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The document discusses different uses of imperatives and related structures:
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2) "Let's", "let me", etc. are used to make suggestions or give orders to a group including the speaker, with "let's not" as the negative form.
3) "Do" can be used for emphasis, such as with emotive emphasis to show feeling strongly, or contrastive emphasis to show a contrast or compare expectations with reality.
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This document discusses how to report speech or things that other people have said. There are two types of reported speech: direct speech uses the person's exact words, while reported speech restates their message without using their exact words. When changing direct to reported speech, tenses, time/place expressions, and pronouns may need to be changed. Commands and questions also have specific rules for changing to reported speech involving changes in tense and word order.
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The document discusses the use of "used to" to talk about past habits or situations that no longer exist. It states that "used to" is followed by the base form of the verb. It provides examples of affirmative, negative, and question forms using "used to", and clarifies that "used to" should not be confused with "be used to" or "get used to", which take the -ing form after the verb.
Modal verbs
This document discusses different modal verbs in English and their meanings and uses. It explains that must expresses logical deductions or obligations, can't expresses negative deductions, can expresses general possibilities, could/may/might express present possibilities, could/might/would express past possibilities, must and have to express obligations with different levels of emphasis, should/ought to express weaker obligations, need expresses necessity, needn't/don't have to express absence of necessity in present or past, mustn't/can't express prohibition, and could/should/might/ought to express criticism of past actions.
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The document discusses the differences between the modal verbs "must" and "have to". "Must" expresses a strong personal or internal obligation, where the speaker agrees with the obligation. "Have to" expresses a strong external obligation from an outside authority. Some examples are provided to illustrate the difference, such as "I must go to bed earlier" (internal choice) versus "My boss is very strict. I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp" (external obligation from the boss). The document then discusses the differences between "mustn't" and "don't have to", where "mustn't" expresses prohibition and "don't have to" expresses no obligation. Finally, some practice examples are provided to correct mistakes
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The document is a presentation about reported speech and the past perfect tense given by Group 4. It includes:
1. A list of 16 group members who will discuss reported speech and the past perfect tense.
2. An explanation of the past perfect tense, including its use, form, and signal words used with it.
3. An explanation of how to change direct speech into reported speech by changing pronouns, verbs, places, times, and tenses depending on whether a statement, question, or request is being reported.
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The document discusses how to structure reports about past events using reporting verbs and clauses. It notes that reports typically use past tense verbs in both the reporting clause and reported clause. However, present tense can be used in the reported clause to emphasize ongoing relevance or make suggestions. The reporting verb tense depends on when the reporting is occurring. Direct speech in narratives is simply included without reporting verbs.
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The first conditional is a grammatical structure used to talk about possibilities in the present or future that depend on certain conditions being met. It consists of two clauses - an "if" clause stating the condition followed by a main clause stating the resulting action, with the verbs in each clause taking a specific form. The "if" clause can come first or second, and is used to discuss things that will or may happen if another event occurs.
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The document discusses infinitives and their subjects. It provides examples of infinitives following certain verbs where the subject of the infinitive, known as the doer of the action, comes before the infinitive. It also notes that the word "to" can sometimes be dropped from infinitives. Further, it discusses using suggestions with "should/ought to" and stronger advice with "must/have to", providing examples of each.
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Imperatives
The document discusses different uses of imperatives and related structures:
1) Imperatives are used to tell people what to do or give advice/encouragement without "to", and can include subjects. Negative imperatives begin with "do not/don't".
2) "Let's", "let me", etc. are used to make suggestions or give orders to a group including the speaker, with "let's not" as the negative form.
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The document discusses Comma Rule 1, which states that a comma should be used when a sentence begins with an extra idea, not a subject. An extra idea is something that is incomplete and does not start with a person, place or thing. The rule is explained through examples of sentences with and without leading extra ideas. Readers are prompted to identify which sentences in examples need commas based on this rule.
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This document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech conveys the original words spoken without changes. Indirect speech reports what was said by making some changes, such as changing verb tenses and pronouns based on the context. The key differences are that direct speech uses quotation marks while indirect speech uses the word "that" and changes verbs and pronouns. The document provides examples of changing direct speech to indirect speech based on tense, including changing will to would for future tense. It also notes that tense may not change if the reported speech expresses a universal truth.
Reported Speech
This document discusses how to report speech or things that other people have said. There are two types of reported speech: direct speech uses the person's exact words, while reported speech restates their message without using their exact words. When changing direct to reported speech, tenses, time/place expressions, and pronouns may need to be changed. Commands and questions also have specific rules for changing to reported speech involving changes in tense and word order.
Modal verbs
The document discusses modal verbs in English. It defines modal verbs as auxiliary verbs that provide additional meaning to the main verb, such as can, could, may, might, must, have to, should, and ought to. It then explains how modal verbs are used and formed, what tenses they have, and what meanings they express, such as permission, obligation, possibility, and ability. Examples are provided throughout and exercises ask the reader to select the correct modal verb for different situations.
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The document discusses reporting speech in 3 sentences:
It explains that when reporting what another person said, tenses are typically moved backwards and pronouns, time and place words may need to be changed. Modal verbs like can and may sometimes change form to could and might when reported, while others like should remain the same. Questions are reported with similar tense changes and question words replacing do/did, keeping the same word order as statements.
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This document discusses the differences between present and past ability using various ability expressions in English.
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The document discusses the use of modal verbs CAN, COULD, and BE ABLE TO to describe abilities in different tenses. It states that in the present, CAN and BE ABLE TO are interchangeable, with CAN being more common. COULD is used to describe general abilities in the past, while WAS/WERE ABLE TO refers to specific past situations. BE ABLE TO must be used for any tense other than the present or past.
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The document discusses the usage of the phrase "used to" in English. It describes "used to" as referring to habits or repeated actions that occurred in the past but no longer occur now. Examples are provided of using "used to" in affirmative sentences like "I used to watch Xuxa when I was a child" as well as interrogative sentences with "Did" like "Did you use to go out with my sister?" and negative sentences with "didn't" like "I didn't use to play with my dolls."
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The document discusses the use of "used to" and "would" to express habitual actions in the past. "Used to" is followed by an infinitive and refers to past permanent situations or repeated actions, like "I used to have long hair." "Would" takes an infinitive without "to" and also refers to repeated past actions, like "She would leave early." The phrase "get/be used to" means to become accustomed to something and is always followed by an "-ing" verb, like "I'm not used to living in the city." Several examples of correct and incorrect usage of these forms are provided.
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The document provides examples and explanations for using the phrases "used to", "be used to", and "get used to" in English. It discusses:
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This document discusses the uses of the modal verbs must, have to, can, and can't in English. Must expresses subjective obligation or necessity, while have to expresses objective obligation from an external source. Can expresses ability or possibility, and can't expresses impossibility or prohibition. The document provides examples of how these modal verbs are used in affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences in the present, past and future tenses. It also discusses the structures of each modal verb and how they differ from each other.
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This document discusses the use of modal and related verbs to express functions such as necessity, prohibition, permission, advice, ability, and possibility in the present, past, and future tenses. It provides examples of how to use must, have to, need to, mustn't, can't, may not, should, ought to, can, may, could, be able to and will have to/need to in sentences. The document also notes that have to and must are often interchangeable, and that be able to replaces can in non-present tenses to discuss ability.
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The document discusses verbs related to obligation and permission. The main verbs of obligation are must, have to, and should. Have to is used with an infinitive and its negative means there is no obligation. Should expresses weak obligation. Allowed to, can, ban, and forbid are also discussed as they relate to permission and prohibition. Ban can be used as both a verb and a noun.
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This document discusses different modals used to express necessity and suggestion in English. It explains that must, need to, and have to are used to express strong obligations, should and ought to are used for weaker advice or opinions, and had better is used for stronger warnings. It also discusses the use of different modals in questions, negatives, and affirmatives. Additionally, it covers two-part or phrasal verbs and whether their object comes before or after the particle depending on if it is a noun or pronoun. It distinguishes between separable and inseparable phrasal verbs.
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This document provides information on the auxiliary verbs can, could, must, shall, and will in English. It discusses their structure, uses, and differences. The key points are:
- Can is used to talk about possibility, ability, requests and permission. Could is used similarly but for past tense.
- Must is used to express necessity or obligation from the speaker's perspective. Must not and mustn't express prohibition.
- Shall and will have different uses - shall for more objective statements and will for more subjective opinions. Shall is also used for promises or commands.
Express permission, obligation, and prohibition
This document discusses the use of modal verbs to express permission, obligation, and prohibition in English. It provides examples of different modal verbs used in each context. For permission, modals like can, could, and may are used. For obligation, have to, must, and should express different levels of obligation. Can't and must not/mustn't are used for prohibition. The document provides guidelines on choosing the appropriate modal verb based on the level of formality and whether the rule comes from the speaker or an outside authority.
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MODALS.pptx
This document discusses modal verbs and their use in expressing permission, obligation, and prohibition. It provides examples of different modal verbs and their meanings:
1. Prohibition is expressed using "can't" and "mustn't" to show something is not allowed or against the rules.
2. Obligation is expressed using "have to" and "must" where "have to" refers to an external obligation and "must" an internal one.
3. Permission is expressed using "can" and less commonly "could" to ask for or give permission to do something.
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The document discusses English modal auxiliary verbs such as can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, shall, will, and would. It provides examples of their common uses to express ability, permission, possibility, necessity, advice, requests, predictions, promises and more. The meanings and appropriate uses of each modal verb are defined.
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The document discusses English modal auxiliary verbs such as can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, shall, will, and would. It provides examples of their common uses to express ability, permission, possibility, necessity, advice, requests, predictions, promises and more. The meanings and uses of modal verbs are explained in clear definitions and sentences.
English lab
The document discusses English modal auxiliary verbs such as can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, shall, will, and would. It provides examples of their common uses to express ability, permission, possibility, necessity, advice, requests, predictions, promises and more. The meanings and appropriate uses of each modal verb are defined.
Presentazione inglese
The document discusses the differences between have to, must, don't have to, and mustn't. Have to is used to express obligations imposed from outside sources, while don't have to expresses something that is not necessary but possible. Must is used for personal requirements or orders given by the speaker, and expresses importance or immediacy. Mustn't is used to prohibit something, similar to expressing a strong recommendation not to do something.
MODAL VERBS OF OBLIGATION.pdf
This is a short explanation for esl learners about some modal verbs of obligation (should, have to, must)
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The document discusses the use of "should", "ought", and "had better" to express mild obligation or advice in English. It states that "should" and "ought" imply a weaker sense of obligation than "must" and are followed by the base form of a verb or an infinitive with "to" respectively. It also explains how these terms are used to talk about past obligations that were not fulfilled or actions that should not have been taken. Finally, it notes that "had better" followed by a base form is used to give advice or state opinions about what should be done, especially in a particular situation.
Modal verbs
This document summarizes the uses and meanings of various modal verbs in English. It discusses modals like will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must and semi-modals like need to, ought to, had better, have to. It explains how they are used to indicate abilities, permissions, advice, criticism, obligations and degrees of certainty. Various tenses and forms of each modal are provided with examples to illustrate their meanings in different contexts.
Politeness & Interaction
This document discusses politeness and interaction in pragmatics. It explains that linguistic interactions are social interactions influenced by external and internal factors. Politeness can be defined as means to show awareness of another's public self-image or "face." Face-threatening acts risk damaging someone's self-image while face-saving acts aim to maintain it. Positive face relates to inclusion while negative face relates to independence. Speakers can make implied or direct requests on or off the record. Pre-sequences are used before requests, invitations, and announcements to assess receptiveness.
Modals of prohibition and obligation
Modals of prohibition and obligation are discussed. 'Can't' and 'mustn't' express prohibition by showing something is not allowed. 'Have to' and 'must' express obligation, with 'have to' referring to obligations from external rules and 'must' referring to self-imposed obligations. The difference between 'have to' and 'must' is illustrated using smoking as an example. 'Don't have to' indicates there is no obligation to do something.
Modal verbs
Modal verbs such as should, must, and have to are used to express ability, possibility, permission or obligation. Should is used to give or ask for advice, show what is right or appropriate, or say what is expected. It has affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms. Have to expresses impersonal obligation from an external source, while must expresses personal obligation that is subjective. Both have to and must can be used in all tenses but only have to can refer to the past.
Modals
Modal verbs such as may, might, can, and could are used to express ideas about possibility, probability, obligation, and permission. They have no meaning on their own but modify the meaning of other verbs. Modal verbs never change form or take inflections and are never followed by "to" except for ought to. They are also never used with auxiliary verbs like do, does, did. Questions and negatives are formed by changing word order or adding "not" after the modal verb. Modal verbs express meanings around doubt, certainty, possibility, probability, obligation, and permission or lack thereof.
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Must
- 1. Must Obligaton / necessity
- 2. Uses In general, must expresses personal obligation. Must expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary. Must is subjective. Look at these examples: I must stop smoking. You must visit us soon. He must work harder. In each of the above cases, the "obligation" is the opinion or idea of the person speaking. In fact, it is not a real obligation. It is not imposed from outside.
- 3. It is sometimes possible to use mustfor real obligation, for example a rule or a law. But generally we use have to for this. We can use must to talk about the present or the future. Look at these examples: I must go now. (present) I must call my mother tomorrow. (future) We cannot use must to talk about the past. We use have toto talk about the past.
- 4. Must not, Mustn't (prohibition) We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed, for example: Passengers must not talk to the driver.
- 5. Use of Must not Must not expresses prohibition - something that is not permitted, not allowed. The prohibition can be subjective (the speaker's opinion) or objective (a real law or rule). Look at these examples: I mustn't eat so much sugar. (subjective) You mustn't watch so much television. (subjective) Students must not leave bicycles here. (objective) Policemen must not drink on duty. (objective)
- 6. Structure of Must Mustis a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb. The structure is: subject + must + main verb The main verb is the base verb (infinitive without "to"). Look at these examples: