This document discusses different types of brain waves and neural oscillations, including their frequencies and functions. It provides information on alpha, delta, theta, mu, beta, and gamma waves. Key points include:
- Different types of brain waves are associated with different cognitive states, like relaxation vs concentration. They facilitate processes like memory and perception.
- Neural oscillations occur throughout the nervous system and can be measured by EEG. Their synchronization is linked to cognitive functions.
- Frequencies of gamma oscillations route information flow in the hippocampus. The brain uses different wave frequencies to transmit different kinds of information between regions.
The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.[1]
It supports a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction.[2] Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it critically aids the formation of memories.
With a primordial structure, the limbic system is involved in lower order emotional processing of input from sensory systems
The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.[1]
It supports a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction.[2] Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it critically aids the formation of memories.
With a primordial structure, the limbic system is involved in lower order emotional processing of input from sensory systems
The De-Identification of a Large Electronic Medical Records Database for Seco...Luk Arbuckle
Over the last decade Canada has seen extensive reforms, investments, and innovations in primary health care. The Canadian Working Group for Primary Healthcare Improvement recommended that performance reporting be a strategic priority in moving towards transforming the primary health care system. To enable scalable and sustainable performance measurement and reporting, automated data collection from electronic medical records (EMR) will be necessary. EMR data can also play an important role in adverse drug event detection and public health surveillance.
An overview of Binaural Beats and how they work (and how they don't). This form of music therapy is based on a lot of solid science, but some beats make questionable claims. You be the judge!
Understand brain waves and master you lifeAbdelaziz52
With Mental Waves, find your personal access to well-being! Did you know that sounds, vibrations and music take us on deep journeys of infinite therapeutic and spiritual possibilities?
Our new tools based on neuroscience and the powers of sound make it easy for everyone to achieve tranquility, healing and awakening
This article is a review of neurofeedback techniques in the broad context of various clinical implications. Authors presented the neurophysiological background of these developing methods in relation to the state-of-the-art techniques. The broad range of methods of neurofeedback were reviewed, comprising the transfer of information, automation, brain-computer interface, multichannel Z-Score neurofeedback and slow cortical potentials. Neurofeedback may be an effective tool for self-regulation, useful for achieving better selfknowledge and enhanced cognitive skills. A tailored, dedicated program, based on quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) assessment and/or Z-Score should be implemented for a given patient in order to gain trust and fulfill the compliance. The proven clinical benefits of multi-channel neurofeedback, targeting regulation of particular brain regions, or inducing specific neural patterns, may be an alternative method for treating diseases in a non-invasive, introspective way. Effective modulation of the physiological functions which may affect various neural mechanisms of cognition and behavior seems to be the future perspective of neurofeedback
Estimate the Activation of EEG Bands from Different Brain Lobes with Classifi...CSCJournals
Physiological research with human brain is getting more popular because it is the center of human nervous system. Music is a popular source of entertainment in modern era which affects differently in different brain lobes for having different frequency and pitch. The brain lobes are divided into frontal, central and parietal lobe. In this paper, an approach has been proposed to identify the activated brain lobes by using spectral analysis from EEG signal due to music evoked stimulation. In later phase, the impact of music on the EEG bands (alpha, beta, delta, theta) originating from different brain lobes is analyzed. Music has both positive and negative impact on human brain activity. According to linguistic variation, subject age and preference, volume level of songs, the impact on different EEG bands varies. In this work, music is categorized as mild, pop, rock song at different volume level (low, comfortable and high) based on Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis. The average PSD value is 0.21 W/Hz, 0.32W/Hz and 0.84W/Hz for mild, pop and rock song respectively. The volume levels are considered as 0%-15% volume level for low volume, 16%- 55% volume level for comfortable volume and 56%-100% volume level for high volume. At comfortable volume level the central lobe of the brain is more activated for mild song and parietal lobe is activated for both pop and rock songs based on logarithmic power and PSD analysis. A statistical test two- way ANOVA has been conducted to indicate the variation in EEG band. For two-way ANOVA analysis, the P-value was taken as 0.05. A topographical representation has been performed for effective brain mapping to show the effects of music on the EEG bands for mild, pop and rock songs at the mentioned volume level. The maximum percentage of alpha band activation is 60% in comfortable volume which decreases with high volume and it indicates that, when the music stimuli moved towards the high-volume level, human cognition state moves from relax to stress condition due to the activeness of beta band. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been designed in MATLAB platform for the entire work.
"Theta waves" redirects here. For the System of a Down song, see Steal This Album!
An EEG theta wave
Theta waves generate the theta rhythm, a neural oscillation in the brain that underlies various aspects of cognition and behavior, including learning, memory, and spatial navigation in many animals.[1][2] It can be recorded using various electrophysiological methods, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), recorded either from inside the brain or from electrodes attached to the scalp.
At least two types of theta rhythm have been described. The hippocampal theta rhythm is a strong oscillation that can be observed in the hippocampus and other brain structures in numerous species of mammals including rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, and marsupials. "Cortical theta rhythms" are low-frequency components of scalp EEG, usually recorded from humans. Theta rhythms can be quantified using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) using freely available toolboxes, such as, EEGLAB or the Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
4. If u turn on radio wave lengh
headphone and computer recorder
u listen by 2 ears
if u had a 400 HZ tone in one ear
if u had 404 HZ in the other
u wouid receive a third tone of 4 HZ
5. Neural oscillations
Neural oscillations are observed throughout
the central nervous system and at all levels,
e.g., spike trains, local field potentials and
large-scale oscillations which can be
measured by electroencephalography
6. Neural oscillations and synchronization have been linked to
many cognitive functions such as information transfer,
perception, motor control and memory
7. Neurons can generate rhythmic
patterns of action potentials or
spikes. Some types of neurons
have the tendency to fire at
particular frequencies, so-called
resonators
8. Oscillatory activity can also be
observed in the form of
subthreshold membrane potential
oscillations (i.e. in the absence of
action potentials).[9] If numerous
neurons spike in synchrony, they
can give rise to oscillations in local
field potentials (LFPs)
9. The functions of neural oscillations are wide ranging
and vary for different types of oscillatory activity.
Examples are the generation of rhythmic activity such
as a heartbeat and the neural binding of sensory
features in perception, such as the shape and color of
an object. Neural oscillations also play an important
role in many neurological disorders, such as excessive
synchronization during seizure activity in epilepsy or
tremor in patients with Parkinson's disease. Oscillatory
activity can also be used to control external devices in
brain-computer interfaces, in which subjects can
control an external device by changing the amplitude of
particular brain rhythmics
10. Neurons generate action potentials resulting from changes in the
electric membrane potential. Neurons can generate multiple
action potentials in sequence forming so-called spike trains.
These spike trains are the basis for neural coding and
information transfer in the brain. Spike trains can form all kinds
of patterns, such as rhythmic spiking and bursting, and often
display oscillatory activity
Microscopic
11.
12.
13. Alpha wave
Alpha waves are neural oscillations in the
frequency range of 8–13 Hz arising from
synchronous and coherent
predominantly originate from the occipital
lobe during wakeful relaxation with closed
eyes.
14. The second occurrence of alpha
wave activity is during REM sleep.
As opposed to the awake form of
alpha activity, this form is located
in a frontal-central location in the
brain
15. Delta wave
A delta wave is a high amplitude brain wave with
a frequency of oscillation between 0–4 hertz.
usually associated with the deepest stages of sleep (3 NREM),
also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS), and aid in characterizing
the depth of sleep
Delta waves can arise either in the thalamus or in the cortex.
When associated with the thalamus
Delta activity stimulates the release of several hormones,
including growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH and
prolactin (PRL). GHRH is released from the hypothalamus, which
in turn stimulates release of growth hormone from the pituitary.
16. Theta rhythm
Cortical theta rhythms" are low-frequency
components of scalp EEG, usually recorded
from humans
in the 4–7 Hz range, regardless of their
source. Cortical theta is observed frequently
in young children. In older children and
adults, it tends to appear during meditative,
drowsy, or sleeping states, but not during
the deepest stages of sleep
17. mu wave
repeat at a frequency of 8–13 Hz and are most
prominent when the body is physically at rest
Mu waves are thought to be indicative of an
infant’s developing ability to imitate. This is
important because the ability to imitate plays a
vital role in the development of motor skills,
tool use, and understanding causal information
through social interaction
18. The right fusiform gyrus, left
inferior parietal lobule, right
anterior parietal cortex, and left
inferior frontal gyrus are of
particular interest
19. Beta wave
Beta wave, or beta rhythm, is the term used to designate the frequency
range of human brain activity between 12 and 30 Hz (12 to 30 transitions or
cycles per second). Beta waves are split into three sections: Low Beta
Waves (12.5-16 Hz, "Beta 1 power"); Beta Waves (16.5–20 Hz, "Beta 2
power"); and High Beta Waves (20.5-28 Hz, "Beta 3 power").[1] Beta states
are the states associated with normal waking consciousness
20. Low amplitude beta waves with multiple and varying frequencies
are often associated with active, busy, or anxious thinking and
active concentration.[2]
Over the motor cortex beta waves are associated with the
muscle contractions that happen in isotonic movements and are
suppressed prior to and during movement changes.[3] Bursts of
beta activity are associated with a strengthening of sensory
feedback in static motor control and reduced when there is
movement change.[4] Beta activity is increased when movement
has to be resisted or voluntarily suppressed.[5] The artificial
induction of increased beta waves over the motor cortex by a
form of electrical stimulation called Transcranial alternatingcurrent stimulation consistent with its link to isotonic contraction
produces a slowing of motor movements
21. Gamma wave
A gamma wave is a pattern of neural
oscillation in humans with a frequency
between 25 and 100 Hz,[1] though 40 Hz is
typical.[2]
According to a popular theory, gamma waves
may be implicated in creating the unity of
conscious perception (the binding problem
22. Frequency of gamma oscillations routes flow of information in the
hippocampus
23. think of your brain like a radio: You’re turning the knob to find
your favourite station, but the knob jams, and you’re stuck
listening to something that’s in between stations. It’s a
frustrating combination that makes it quite hard to get an update
on swine flu while a Michael Jackson song wavers in and out.
Staying on the right frequency is the only way to really hear what
you’re after. In much the same way, the brain’s nerve cells are
able to “tune in” to the right station to get exactly the
information they need, says researcher Laura Colgin, who was
the paper’s first author. “Just like radio stations play songs and
news on different frequencies, the brain uses different
frequencies of waves to send different kinds of information,” she
says.
24. Colgin and her colleagues measured brain waves in rats, in three
different parts of the hippocampus, which is a key memory
center in the brain. While listening in on the rat brain wave
transmissions, the researchers started to realize that there might
be something more to a specific sub-set of brain waves, called
gamma waves. Researchers have thought these waves are linked
to the formation of consciousness, but no one really knew why
their frequency differed so much from one region to another and
from one moment to the next.
25. information is carried on top of gamma waves, just like songs are
carried by radio waves. These “carrier waves” transmit
information from one brain region to another. “We found that
there are slow gamma waves and fast gamma waves coming
from different brain areas, just like radio stations transmit on
different frequencies,” she says.
You really can “be on the same wavelength”
26. We investigated how gamma waves in particular were involved
in communication across cell groups in the hippocampus. What
we found could be described as a radio-like system inside the
brain. The lower frequencies are used to transmit memories of
past experiences, and the higher frequencies are used to convey
what is happening where you are right now.”
27. If you think of the example of the jammed radio, the way to hear
what you want out of the messy signals would be to listen really
hard for the latest news while trying to filter out the unwanted
music. The hippocampus does this more efficiently. It simply
tunes in to the right frequency to get the station it wants. As the
cells tune into the station they’re after, they are actually able to
filter out the other station at the same time, because its signal is
being transmitted on a different frequency.