The document provides guidelines for CT scanning protocols of various joints including shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and general guidelines. It discusses indications, patient positioning, scan parameters, contrast administration for each joint. It also provides details for CT arthrography of the wrist including injectate used, injection volumes, positioning and scanning planes.
Anatomy and imaging of wrist joint (MRI AND XRAY)Kajal Jha
Anatomy and imaging of wrist joint (xray and MRI).
this ppt was made as the class presentation by Kajal Jha as the part of the course of BSC MIT at BPKIHS,Dharan . It covers the part of syllabus of third year of BSC MIT of this institution.
INTRODUCTION:
The recent use of ultrasound imaging in peripheral regional anesthesia allows the operator to see neural structures, guide the needle under real-time visualization, navigate away from sensitive anatomy, and monitor the spread of local anesthetic.
Basic and supplementary projections of thumb and scaphoidDonBenny2
Basic and supplementary projections of thumb and scaphoid bone. it deals with the x ray projections of thumb and scaphoid bone.which is helpful for radiographers and imaging students.
Anatomy and imaging of wrist joint (MRI AND XRAY)Kajal Jha
Anatomy and imaging of wrist joint (xray and MRI).
this ppt was made as the class presentation by Kajal Jha as the part of the course of BSC MIT at BPKIHS,Dharan . It covers the part of syllabus of third year of BSC MIT of this institution.
INTRODUCTION:
The recent use of ultrasound imaging in peripheral regional anesthesia allows the operator to see neural structures, guide the needle under real-time visualization, navigate away from sensitive anatomy, and monitor the spread of local anesthetic.
Basic and supplementary projections of thumb and scaphoidDonBenny2
Basic and supplementary projections of thumb and scaphoid bone. it deals with the x ray projections of thumb and scaphoid bone.which is helpful for radiographers and imaging students.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Second year PG Resident of I Q City Medical College and Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal.
Covers the scope and use of Imaging technology in Orthopaedics.
Atomic structure refers to the organization and composition of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks of matter. Atoms are incredibly small and consist of several subatomic particles, primarily protons, neutrons, and electrons. Understanding atomic structure is essential in the field of chemistry and forms the basis for our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of elements and compounds.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
Musculoskeletal system
1. MAAJID MOHI UD DIN MALIK
LECTURER COPMS,
ADESH UNIVERSITY, BATHINDA
PUNJAB
2. The human musculoskeletal system (also
known as the locomotor system, and
previously the activity system) is an organ
system that gives humans the ability to move
using their muscular and skeletal systems. The
musculoskeletal system provides form,
support, stability, and movement to the body.
3. It is made up of the bones of
the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligam
ents, joints, and other connective tissue that
supports and binds tissues and organs
together. The musculoskeletal system's
primary functions include supporting the
body, allowing motion, and protecting vital
organs. The skeletal portion of the system
serves as the main storage system
for calcium and phosphorus and contains
critical components of the hematopoietic
system.
4. Indications- Suspected occult fracture, complex
fracture, preoperative baseline evaluation and
postsurgical /postarthroscope evaluation.
Patient positioning- Head first, spine with
ipsilaterial arm bedside the trunk and
contralateral shoulder slightly up.
Topogram position/Landmark-
Anteroposterior;3cm superior to shoulder joint.
Mode of scanning- Helical
Scan orientation- Craniocaudal.
5. Starting location- 1cm above the highest point
at the shoulder joint.
End location- Neck of the Humerus.
Gantry tilt- Nil.
FOV- Just fitting the region of the shoulder
joint including the acromioclavicular joint
including soft tissues.
Contrast Administration- IV (optional-in case
of mass lesion)
Volume of contrast- 60-80mL.
Rate of Injection- 2-3mL/sec.
Scan delay- 40-50 sec.
6. Slice thickness in reconstruction-1-2.
Slick interval- 0.5-1.0mm.
3D reconstructions- MRP, thick and thin MIP.
7.
8.
9.
10. Indications- Suspected occult fracture, complex
fracture, preoperative baseline evaluation and
postsurgical /postarthroscope evaluation.
Patient positioning- spine with feet first,
Topogram position/Landmark-
Anteroposterior;3cm level of the umbilicus.
Mode of scanning- Helical
Scan orientation- Craniocaudal.
11. Starting location- 3cm above the acetabular
roof.
End location- Up to the lesser Trochanter of the
femur.
Gantry tilt- Nil.
FOV- Just fitting the region of the hip joint
including soft tissues.
Contrast Administration- IV (optional-in case
of mass lesion)
Volume of contrast- 60-80mL.
Rate of Injection- 2-3mL/sec.
Scan delay- 40-50 sec.
12. Slice thickness in reconstruction-1-2.
Slick interval- 0.5-1.0mm.
3D reconstructions- MRP, thick and thin MIP.
13.
14.
15. Indications- Suspected occult fracture, complex
fracture, preoperative baseline evaluation and
postsurgical /postarthroscope evaluation.
Patient positioning- prone with head first, with the
hand of interest elevated above the head lying in
pronated position. The other hand lies by the side
of the trunk.
Topogram position/Landmark-
Anteroposterior;3cm superior distal limit of the
head.
Mode of scanning- Helical
Scan orientation- Distal to proximal.
16. Starting location- Base of the Metacarpal.
End location- Proximal limit of the distal Radio
ulnar joint.
Gantry tilt- Nil.
FOV- Just fitting the region of the wrist joint
including soft tissues.
Contrast Administration- IV (optional-in case
of mass lesion)
Volume of contrast- 60-80mL.
Rate of Injection- 2-3mL/sec.
Scan delay- 40-50 sec.
17. Slice thickness in reconstruction-1-2.
Slick interval- 0.5-1.0mm.
3D reconstructions- MRP, thick and thin MIP.
18.
19.
20. Indications- Suspected occult fracture, complex
fracture, preoperative baseline evaluation and
postsurgical /postarthroscope evaluation.
Patient positioning- Spine with feet first, with
partial flexion at the knee joint.
Topogram position/Landmark-
Anteroposterior;3cm superior to the shoulder
joint.
Mode of scanning- Helical
Scan orientation- Craniocaudal.
21. Starting location- 1 cm above the superior limit of
the distal tibofibular joint,
End location- 1cm distal to the calcaneocubiod
joint.
Gantry tilt- Nil.
FOV- Just fitting the region of the ankle joint
including the distal tibofibular, calcaneocubiod
and talonavicular joint including he soft tissues.
Contrast Administration- IV (optional-in case of
mass lesion)
Volume of contrast- 60-80mL.
Rate of Injection- 2-3mL/sec.
Scan delay- 40-50 sec.
22. Slice thickness in reconstruction-1-2.
Slick interval- 0.5-1.0mm.
3D reconstructions- MRP, thick and thin MIP.
23.
24.
25. Indications- Suspected occult fracture, complex
fracture, preoperative baseline evaluation and
postsurgical /postarthroscope evaluation.
Patient positioning- Spine with feet first, in
extension.
Topogram position/Landmark-
Anteroposterior;3cm superior to the knee joint.
Mode of scanning- Helical
Scan orientation- Craniocaudal.
26. Starting location- The proximal limit of the
interocondylar line including proximal limit of the
Patella as well.
End location- Distal limit of the proximal
tibofibular joint.
Gantry tilt- Nil.
FOV- Just fitting the region of the knee joint
including the patellofemoral and the soft tissues.
Contrast Administration- IV (optional-in case of
mass lesion)
Volume of contrast- 60-80mL.
Rate of Injection- 2-3mL/sec.
Scan delay- 40-50 sec.
27. Slice thickness in reconstruction-1-2.
Slick interval- 0.5-1.0mm.
3D reconstructions- MRP, thick and thin MIP.
28.
29.
30.
31. Indications- Suspected occult fracture, complex
fracture, preoperative baseline evaluation and
postsurgical /postarthroscope evaluation.
Patient positioning- Spine with head first with
the arms of interest elevated above the head
,the contralateral arm by the side of the chest.
Topogram position/Landmark-
Anteroposterior; mid of the arm.
Mode of scanning- Helical
Scan orientation- Proximal to distal.
32. Starting location- 2-3 cm above the superior
limit of the olecranon fossa.
End location- Up to the radial head.
Gantry tilt- Nil.
FOV- Just fitting the region of the elbow joint
including the soft tissues.
Contrast Administration- IV (optional-in case
of mass lesion)
Volume of contrast- 60-80mL.
Rate of Injection- 2-3mL/sec.
Scan delay- 40-50 sec.
33. Slice thickness in reconstruction-1-2.
Slick interval- 0.5-1.0mm.
3D reconstructions- MRP, thick and thin MIP.
34.
35.
36. Indications- Suspected occult fracture, complex
fracture, preoperative baseline evaluation and
postsurgical /postarthroscope evaluation.
Patient positioning- Spine with head or first
with the knees in extension.
Topogram position/Landmark-
Anteroposterior; the level of umbilicus.
Mode of scanning- Helical
Scan orientation- craniocaudal.
37. Starting location- The highest point on the iliac
crest.
End location- Intertrochanteric region
bilaterally.
Gantry tilt- Nil.
FOV- Just fitting the region of the pelvis
including the soft tissues.
Contrast Administration- IV (optional-in case
of mass lesion)
Volume of contrast- 60-80mL.
Rate of Injection- 2-3mL/sec.
Scan delay- 40-50 sec.
38. Slice thickness in reconstruction-1-2.
Slick interval- 0.5-1.0mm.
3D reconstructions- MRP, thick and thin MIP.
39.
40.
41.
42. Indications- Suspected occult fracture, complex
fracture, preoperative baseline evaluation and
postsurgical /postarthroscope evaluation.
Patient positioning- Head first or feet first,
supine or prone.
Topogram position/Landmark-
Anteroposterior; landmark is decided by
radiologist or radiographer to include the
anatomic region of interest.
Mode of scanning- Helical
Scan orientation- Proximal to Distal.
43. Starting location- 2-3cm above the superior
limit of region of interest.
End location- 2-3cm above the superior limit of
region of interest.
Gantry tilt- Nil.
FOV- Just fitting the region of the interest
including the soft tissues.
Contrast Administration- IV (optional-in case
of mass lesion)
Volume of contrast- 60-80mL.
Rate of Injection- 2-3mL/sec.
Scan delay- 40-50 sec.
44. Slice thickness in reconstruction-1-2.
Slick interval- 0.5-1.0mm.
3D reconstructions- MRP, thick and thin MIP.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49. Indications-
Cartilaginous intra-articular bodies
Cartilage defect
Fracture fragments
Synovial abnormalities
Ligamentous disruption.
Injectate used
Nonionic contrast, full strength 300mg/ml.
Can also inject iodocaine or long acting
anesthetic for diagnostic exam.
51. Ct Arthrogram - Wrist
Same positioning as regular wrist
Patient prone.
Arm overhead.
Arm as straight as possible.
Wrist centered in gantry.
Scan as regular wrist with 0.5-0.6mm or
0.2mm axial, coronal and sagittal reformates.
In addition, use the coronal images to obtain
reconstructed images.
52. Scanning plane
For SL (scapholunate) ligament evaluation- Parallel to
the scapholunate articulation.
For LT( lunatotriquetral) ligament evaluation-
perpendicular to lunatotriquetral articulations.
May wish to obtain second scan in ulnar deviation to
evaluate SL ligament and radial deviation for LT
ligament.