The document provides information about the muscular system, including:
- There are three main types of muscle in the body - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and controls movement, smooth muscle is involuntary and controls organs, and cardiac muscle is only found in the heart.
- Skeletal muscle is further described in terms of structure, function, and examples. It attaches to bones via tendons and works antagonistically in pairs to enable movement.
- Muscles are named based on their location, shape, size, fiber direction, number of origins, attachments, and primary action. Common muscle groups and their functions are also outlined.
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The muscular system is a complex network of tissues and organs responsible for movement, stability, and heat generation in the human body. Comprising more than 600 individual muscles, it enables various functions, including locomotion, posture maintenance, breathing, and circulation assistance. Muscles are composed of muscle fibers, which are elongated cells capable of contracting and relaxing to generate force. Skeletal muscles, attached to bones via tendons, facilitate voluntary movements, such as walking and lifting objects, under conscious control. Smooth muscles, found in organs like the digestive tract and blood vessels, perform involuntary functions like peristalsis and regulating blood flow. Cardiac muscle, exclusively present in the heart, sustains its rhythmic contractions to pump blood throughout the body. The muscular system works in coordination with the skeletal, nervous, and circulatory systems to ensure efficient movement and overall bodily function. Regular exercise and proper nutrition are essential for maintaining muscular health and strength throughout life.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles can be completely autonomous
It's fun to learn MUSCULAR SYSTEM...
This is primarily a synthesis of the topic including the different types of Muscular System, their movement, functions, sample practical exercises, categories on how muscles got its names, examples of diseases and its causes and effects, and a fun trivia to motivate the class...
Enjoy! God bless you all :)
4. TRIVIA!
How many muscles are there in the human body?
Answer: 640 Muscles
The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass.
What is the longest muscle in the body?
Answer: The Sartorius
The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to the
inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards.
What is the smallest muscle in the body?
Answer: The Stapedius
The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner
than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.
What is the biggest muscle in the body?
Answer: The Gluteus Maximus
The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg
backwards powerfully for walking and running.
5. Functions of the Muscles
Movement
Maintenance of posture and muscle
tone
Heat production
Protects the bones and internal
organs.
6. Muscle Classification
Functionally
Voluntarily – can be moved at will
Involuntarily – can’t be moved
intentionally
Structurally
Striated – have stripes across the fiber
Smooth – no striations
7. The 3 Types of Muscles
Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
3 Types of Muscles
8. Smooth Muscle
Fibers are thin
and spindle
shaped.
No striations
Single nuclei
Involuntary
Contracts slowly
9. Smooth Muscle
They fatigue… but very slowly
Found in the circulatory system
Lining of the blood vessels
Helps in the circulation of the blood
Found in the digestive system
Esophagus, stomach, intestine
Controls digestion
Found in the respiratory system
Controls breathing
Found in the urinary system
Urinary bladder
Controls urination
10. Cardiac Muscle
Cells are branched
and appear fused
with one another
Has striations
Each cell has a
central nuclei
Involuntary
11. Cardiac Muscle
Found ONLY in the heart
Contractions of the heart muscles
pump blood throughout the body and
account for the heartbeat.
Healthy cardiac muscle NEVER fatigues
or else…
12. Skeletal Muscle
Fibers are long and
cylindrical
Has many nuclei
Has striations
Have alternating
dark and light bands
Voluntary
13. Skeletal Muscle
Attached to skeleton by tendons
Causes movement of bones at the
joints.
And yes… they do fatigue
Muscle fatigue activity what
substance forms causing muscle
fatigue???
14. Functions of Skeletal Muscle
Movement – muscle move bones by
pulling not pushing.
Synergists – any movement is generally
accomplished by more than one muscle. All
of the muscles responsible for the movement
are synergists.
The one that is most responsible for the
movement is the Prime Mover (agonist).
15. Functions of Skeletal Muscle
Movement
Antagonists – muscles and muscle groups
usually work in pairs
– example the biceps flex your arm and its
partner the triceps extend your arm. The two
muscles are antagonists, i.e. cause opposite
actions.
– when one contracts the other relaxes.
Levators – muscle that raise a body part.
16.
17. Functions of Skeletal Muscle
Maintenance of posture or muscle tone
We are able to maintain our body position because
of tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. These
contractions don’t produce movement yet hold our
muscles in position.
Heat production – contraction of muscles
produces most of the heat required to maintain
body temperature.
18. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Composed of striated muscle cells (=muscle
fibers) and connective tissue.
Most muscles attach to 2 bones that have a
moveable joint between them.
The attachment to the bone that does not move is the
origin.
The attachment to the bone that moves is the insertion.
Tendons anchor muscle firmly to bones. Tendons
are made of dense fibrous connective tissue.
Ligaments connect bone to bone at a joint.
19. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Bursae – small fluid filled sacs that lie
between some tendons and the bones
beneath them. They are made of
connective tissue and are lined with
synovial membrane that secretes synovial
fluid.
20. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Contribution of the nervous system
Electrochemical impulses travel from the
frontal lobes of the cerebrum via motor
nerves to the muscle fibers and cause them
to contract.
Sensation is a function of the brain –
impulses are integrated in the parietal lobes
of the cerebrum (conscious muscle sense)
and in the cerebellum (unconscious). These
activities promote coordination.
21. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Microscopic anatomy
Muscle cells (fibers) are grouped in a highly
organized way in the muscle. The membrane that
surrounds the muscle cell is called the sarcolemma.
Muscle cells are filled with 2 types of fine threadlike
proteins called myofilaments: myosin (thick) and
actin (thin). These structures slide past each other
causing the muscle cell to contract or shorten.
The myofilaments are arranged in the cells in small
units called sarcomeres.
22. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Neuromuscular junction
Spot where the axon of a motor nerve nears
the muscle fiber.
The axon terminal does not touch the muscle
but comes close. The space between the
axon and the muscle cell is called the
synapse.
Within the terminal end of the axon are small
sacs filled with a neurotransmitter called
acetylcholine.
23. Muscle Contraction
Sequence
Electrical impulse travels down a motor
neuron. When it reaches the end,
acetylcholine (chemical) is released into the
synapse.
Acetylcholine bind to special receptors on
the muscle cell and causes an electrical
impulse to spread over the cell.
The sarcomeres shorten and the muscle cell
contracts.
27. Movement of Muscles
Origin: the attachment of
the muscle to the bone
that remains stationary
Insertion: the attachment
of the muscle to the bone
that moves
Belly: the fleshy part of
the muscle between the
tendons of origin and/or
insertion
origin
insertion
belly
28. Movement of skeletal muscle
These muscles move when the brain
sends messages to the muscle
Always work in pairs
2 movements of skeletal muscle
Contraction (shorten)
Extension (lengthen)
29. Categories of
skeletal muscle actions
Categories Actions
Extensor Increases the angle at a joint
Flexor Decreases the angle at a joint
Abductor Moves limb away from midline of body
Adductor Moves limb toward midline of body
Levator Moves insertion upward
Depressor Moves insertion downward
Rotator Rotates a bone along its axis
Sphincter Constricts an opening
30.
31. Practice these Movements
1. Bend arm
- biceps contract
- triceps extend
2. Straighten arm
- biceps extend
- triceps contract
3. Bend knee
- quadriceps extend
- hamstrings contract
33. Naming Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscle
Shape of the muscle
Relative Size of the muscle
Direction/Orientation of the muscle
fibers/cells
Number of Origins
Location of the Attachments
Action of the muscle
34. Muscles Named by Location
Epicranius
(around cranium)
Tibialis anterior
(front of tibia)
tibialis
anterior
36. maximus (largest)
minimis (smallest)
longus (longest)
brevis (short)
major (large)
minor (small)
Psoas
major
Psoas
minor
Muscles Named by Size
37. Muscles Named by
Direction of Fibers
Rectus (straight)
–parallel to long
axis
Transverse
Oblique
Rectus
abdominis
External
oblique
38. Biceps (2)
Triceps (3)
Quadriceps (4)
Muscles Named for
Number of Origins
Biceps
brachii
39. Muscles Named for Origin and
Insertion
Sternocleidomastoid
originates from
sternum and clavicle
and inserts on
mastoid process of
temporal bone
origins
insertion
40. Muscles Named for Action
Flexor carpi radialis
(extensor carpi radialis)
– flexes wrist
Abductor pollicis brevis
(adductor pollicis)
– flexes thumb
Abductor magnus
– abducts thigh
Extensor digitorum
– extends fingers
Adductor
magnus
43. Arrangement of Fascicles
Convergent
ex: pectoralis
major
Circular
sphincters
ex: orbicularis oris
44. There are about 60 muscles in the face.
Smiling is easier than frowning.
It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown.
Smile and make someone happy.