Immunity to HIV

1. HIV - AIDS
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Retrovirus
• Discovered by Luc Montagnier in 1983
• Spherical shape
• Envelope, a capsid and RNA
• Envelope – two lipid layer.
• Capsid – Protein subunits – Capsomeres.
• Two RNA strands.
• Enzymes – reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase.

2. • HIV – infects – T helper cells, Macrophages and
monocytes.
• Virus enters – nucleus of host cell
• Use reverse transcriptase – converts – RNA – DNA
• Viral DNA – integrated – host DNA.
• Host DNA replicate – Viral DNA also replicate
• Viral DNA – mRNA – new viral particles
• Come out of lymphocytes – infect new cells
• Human killer disease.

3. Causes of AIDS:
• Acquired Immuno deficiency syndrome
• Green peas monkey of African forests.
• Transmitted through intercourse.
• Homosexual contact.
• Blood transfusion
• Mother to foetus through placenta.
• Tissue transplantation
• Injection of unsterile syringes and needles.

4. • Intravenous drug
• Breast feeding
• Faster from prostitutes
• Sexual contact with many people
• Single blade for many
• Incubation 2 – 12 years.

5. Do not spread;
• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Sweating
• Water
• Food
• Dresses
• Beds
• Books
• Swimming pool.
• Kissing
• Touching

6. symptoms
• Fever
• Headache
• Rash
• Swelling of the lymph
glands
• Weight loss
• Lymphadenopathy
• Diarrhoea
• Sweating
• Tiredness
• Decreasing Mental power
• Death of brain cells
• Numbness of hands and
legs
• Cancer in the brain
• Tuberculosis
• Pneumonia
• Ulcer in the throat
• Dental decay
• Sinus
• Death

7. Escape mechanism of HIV
• Host specific
• Infects – T helper cells
• Variation – nature of
antigen
• Antigens – glycoprotein
• Varies month – month,
week – week
• Changing – amino acid
sequences
• New version of antigen –
not recognized by existing
antibodies.
• Mutation – viral genome
• T helper cells –
commanding chief

8. CMI – Cell Mediated Immune Response
• Infect – blood, semen
• Enters – lymph nodes,
spleen
• Glycoprotein bind – CD4
receptor of TH cell
• Injects – genome
• Multiplies – virus particles
• TH – activate – TC cells
• TH – killed by – TC
• TH also – killed by - virus
• IS – exhausted
• TH – decrease
• IS – collapse
• IS – failed – suppress HIV
population
• Root – viral, bacterial,
fungal

9. HI – Humoral Immune Response
• TH – commands – B cells
• B cells – produce – antibodies
• Antibodies – bind –
glycoprotein
• Kill the HIV
• While on process – HIV –
produce
• Different verity of
glycoprotein
• New antigen – not recognised
– existing antibodies.
• HI – prepare another
antibody.
• Mean time – TH
eradicated
• No TH – activate – Bcell
• Immune response –
stops

10. Diagnosis
• ELISA – Enzyme – Linked
Immuno Sorbent Assay.
• Diagnose – blood –
antibodies
• HIV +
• HIV –
• Titre plate – serum –
chromogenic substrate
• Develop colour - +
• No colour – (-)
• Western Blotting
• Confirmation test
• Gel electrophoresis
• Nitrocellulose membrane

11. Prevention
• Protected intercourse
• Avoid – Polygamy
• Avoid – Homosexual
• HIV blood – not – donate
• Avoid – sex – HIV+
• Syringes – needles – one
use
• Awareness Programmes.
Treatment
• AL- 721
• Prevention of viral
replication
• Inactivation of reverse
transcriptase
• Stimulation of IS
• Grafting of bone marrow
• Convergent combination
therapy