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hi here i want to share some important pests that is involevd in papaya...i hope u all will love this presenation and you can gain more ifo here with colourful pictures...enjoy it
Damping-off |Symptoms, Causes, Control and Management Mamoona Ghaffar
It's an overview about most prevalent plant disease attack on seedlings .the disease incidence is dependent more upon the conditions under which the seedlings are grown than upon the particular species of plant concerned.
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
hi here i want to share some important pests that is involevd in papaya...i hope u all will love this presenation and you can gain more ifo here with colourful pictures...enjoy it
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Moko disease
Tip over or Heart rot
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Infectious chlorosis
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AGRI FINANCEPROVIDED BY PRIVATE AND COOPERATIVE SECTOR BANKPriya priyadarshini
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AGRI FINANCE SERVICES PROVIDED BY PRIVATE and cooperative sector bank, loans, deposit, insurance, the various scheme provided by both sector bank
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
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Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. welcome
Submitted to:- submitted by:-
h .s . Gaur priya priyadarshini
professor subject –diseases of field and horticultural crops
subject-bag 341
system id -2019004267
roll no 1907113066
bsc agriculture (hons)3rd yr
4. introduction
• Papaya is a fast growing ,single stem dioecious, shade trees.
• Papaya has a 4 genera and 30 species.
• India is the largest producer of papaya in the world and in India
Andhra Pradesh is the largest producing state.
• Papaya grows well in well-drained rich sandy loam soils with
depth 45cm or medium black soils free from water logging.
• Papaya is a tropical fruit that is high in nutrients, vitamin A, C ,E,
carotenoids, foliate ,dietary fiber and B9.
• The fruits sometimes used to be referred to as a “tree melon”
• September is the national papaya month.
• 2 types of papaya :-
1. Hawaiian
2. Mexican
5. Miscellaneous diseases and disorders
Algal leaf spot Cephaleuros virescens
Bumpy fruit Boron deficiency
Freckles Physiological
Nivum Haamir dieback Unknown cause
Reniform nematode
Rotylenchulus reniformis
Rotylenchulus parvus
Root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
Meloidogyne arenaria
Meloidogyne hapla
Nematodes and parasitic
9. Powdery mildew
Disease symptoms:
• On the undersurface of disease leaves are found patches of whitish powder growth. On
upper surfaces, leaves at the infection site show blotches of yellow or pale green
usually near vein, surrounded by normally colored tissue.
• Occasionally, fungus may attack the stem of young seedling when grown under
reduced light condition.
• The spots enlarge and cover the entire leaf area. Severely infected leaves may become
chlorotic and distorted before falling. Affected fruits are small in size and
malformed.
• Fungus grow superficially on the undersurface of the leaves with drawing nutrients
from the cell of leaf surface by specialized absorbing structure known as haustoria.
Part of the plant infected :- leaves , stem ,fruits
Favourable conditions:
• The development of disease is favour by relative humidity around 80-85% and
temperature range of 24-26°C
Mechanical control:
• Prune diseased leaves to reduce primary inoculum load.
Chemical control:
• Thiophanate methyl 70% WP @ 286 g in 300-400 l of water/acre (thiophanate methyl
70% WP @ 0.1% along with sticker @ 0.05%)
10. Cont…………..
• Dusting of sulphur (30g/10 litres of water)or spraying calixin 75 EC (5ml/10 litres
of water ) at 15 days interval helps to control the disease.
Cultural Management :-
• Ensure adequate nutrition but avoid excessive nitrogen and remove and destroy
heavily mildewed leaves.
• Do not irrigate with overhead sprinklers.
• Causal organism:- odium caricae
11. Anthracnose
symptoms:
• The spots on fruits first appear as brown superficial discolouration of the skin which
develops into circular . Infection at early stages of fruit results in mummification
and deformation.
Survival and spread:
• The disease is spread through wind-borne conidia.
Favourable conditions:
• High relative humidity coupled with higher temperatures favour disease development.
Maximum disease development takes place at about 26°C under wet weather
condition.
Cultural control:
• Diseased leaves, twigs, gall midge infected leaves and fruits, should be collected and
burnt. • Covering the fruits on trees, 15 days prior to harvest with news or brown
paper bags
Avoid harvesting of immature fruits
12. Cont……………..
Cool fruits immediately after harvest and store in well ventilated containers.
The disease can be checked by sorting the fruit at 100 ºC or below but the rot appears
after 2-3 days when such fruits are brought back to 20 ºC or above.
Physicalcontrol:
Hot water treatment at 49 ºC for 20 min.
Botanicalcontrol:
Postharvest dip treatment of fruits with botanical fungicides could also control the
diseases during storage
Causal organism :- colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Part of the plant infected :- fruits
13. Foot rot of papaya
Disease symptoms
• It is characterized by the appearance of water-soaked patches on the stem near the
ground level.
• These patches enlarge rapidly and girdle the stem, causing rotting of the tissues,
which then turn dark brown or black. Such affected plants withstand strong wind
and topple over and die.
• If the disease attack is mild, only one side of the stem rots and the plants remain
stunted.
• Fruit if formed are shriveled and malformed. Gradually the plant dies.
Favourable conditions:
High relative humidity and rainy condition favors the severe disease development in
sick soil Disease symptoms
Chemical control:-
Seed treatment with Thiram or Captan 4 g/kg of seed.
Drenching with Copper oxychloride 2.5g/lit of water or Bordeaux mixture 1% or
Metalaxyl1g/lit
of water.
Biological control :-
Affected plants should be carefully dug up and destroyed by burning.
Replanting should not be done in the same pit where disease has once appeared.
• When trees are weeded, care should be taken so that no injury is caused to the base of
14. Cont…………….
Parts of the plant infected :- stem
Cultural control :-
The crop should be irrigated by adopting the ring method of irrigation so that the water
does not come in direct contact with the stem.
Avoid water logging
Causal organism:- Pythium aphanidermatum
15. Nematode
Symptoms
The above-ground symptoms appear as moderate to severe leaf chlorosis and plant
stunting. Some wilting may occur during periods of peak transpirational stress on
the plant. • Fruits produced are smaller than normal and may be slightly insipid •
Infected plants in patches in the field • Formation of galls on host root system is the
primary symptom • Roots branch profusely starting from the gall tissue causing a
‘beard root’
Favourable conditions: Loamy light soils.
Cultural control:
Use resistant/tolerant varieties.
Sowing should be completed within recommended periods.
Intercropping with sunnhemp or marigold or daincha.
Intercropping of marigold reduces nematode population.
Biologicalcontrol:
Use mahua , castor, neem and karanj cakes, biogas sludge applied at 1.0 t/acre during
pit preparation.
Apply 2 tons of FYM enriched with Pochonia chlamydosporia and Paecilomyces
lilacinus/acre before sowing, along with 100-200 Kg of neem or pongamia cake.
Apply neem cake @ 100 Kg/acre at the time of transplanting for reducing nematodes .
16. Papaya ring spot disease
Disease symptoms:
• Infected plant initially shows cholorsis on youngest leaves
followed by vein clearing , rugosity and prominent mottling of
laminae.
• Characteristically elongated dark green streak develop on petiole
and upper half of the stems, infected fruits show circular
concentric rings .
Parts of plant infected :- stem ,leaf ,fruit
Transmission and favourable conditions:
• Disease is aphid transmitted and aphids are more active during
warmer conditions.
17. Cont………………..
Cultural control:
Check transplants for aphids before planting.
Reflective mulches such as silver colored plastic can deter aphids from feeding on
plants.
Sturdy plants can be sprayed with a strong jet of water to knock aphids from leaves.
Biological control:
Release larvae of green lacewing bug (Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi ) @ 4,000
larvae/acre.
Chemical control :-
It can be controlled by the application of carbofuran (1 kg /ha) in the nursery bed at the
time of sowing seeds followed by 2-3 foliar sprays of phosphamidon (0.05%)at an
interval of 10 days its starting from 15-20 days after sowing.
Causal organism :- Papaya ring spot virus
18. Papaya mosaic disease
Disease symptoms:
• Leaf mosaic and stunting in plant.
• Young seedlings in the greenhouse show vein-clearing and downward cupping of the
leaves about 5 days after inoculation.
• A mottle or mosaic develops after 15-20 days.
• Symptoms appear on the young leaves of the plants.
The leaves are reduced in size and show blister like patches of dark-green tissue,
alternating with yellowish-green lamina.
• The leaf petiole is reduced in length and the top leaves assume an upright position.
Transmission and favourable conditions:
spread from plant to plant by whitefly and transmitted through mechanical plant
injury.
Part of plant infected :- leaf
Causal organism :- potex virus ( vector – aphid)
19. Cont………….
Cultural control:-
Good field sanitation such as removal and destruction of affected plants.
Losses can be minimized by controlling the population of aphid
Chemical control :-
There is no chemical treatment is available for viral disease.
Control :-
Spray phosphomidon 3ml in 10 litre water
20. Papaya leaf curl disease
Disease symptoms:
• Curling, crinkling and distortion of leaves, reduction of leaf lamina,
rolling of leaf margins inward and downward, thickening of veins.
• Leaves become leathery, brittle and distorted. Plants stunted. Affected
plants does not produce flowers and fruits.
. In advanced stages of the disease, defoliation takes place and the
growth of the plant is arrested.
parts of plant infected:- leaf
Transmission and favourable conditions:
High temp, Warm and dry weather favors disease spread
The virus readily transmitted through grafting and white fly (Bemisia tabaci)
21. cont……..
Causal organism:- Begomovirus / leaf curl virus
Cultural control:
Uproot the virus affected plants & control whitefly vector.
Avoid growing tomato, tobacco near papaya.
Removal and destruction of the affected plants .
The field should be kept weed free.
Tobacco, tomato, sunnhemp, cape gooseberry, chilli, petunia should not be grown
near by papaya field.
Chemical control :-
Soil Application of Furadon @ 1.5 Kg ai / ha at the time of sowing.
Prior to transplantation the seedlings should be sprayed with Acephate 1.5 g/L or
Monocrotophos @ 1.5ml per liter or Dimethoate @ 2.0 ml/L.
Foliar Spray of Acephate @1.5g per liter followed by Spraying of Imadacloprid @ 0.3
ml/L are effective.
Chemical spray followed by neem seed kernel extract @ 2% is also effective in rotation
with insecticides.