Mr 150 dna

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The document describes the process of DNA replication. It shows that helicase first unwinds the DNA double helix. DNA polymerase then adds matching bases to each single strand to create two new double helices that are identical to the original DNA molecule. RNA primers allow fragments called Okazaki fragments to be generated and joined together on the lagging strand.

= Adenine
Strand 2
= Thymine

= Guanine

= Cytosine

= Phosphate Backbone

= Sugar

= Hydrogen Bonds

Strand 1

Helicase comes and
unravels the DNA.

= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
= Phosphate Backbone
= Sugar
= Hydrogen Bonds

= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
= Phosphate Backbone
= Sugar
= Hydrogen Bonds

DNA polymerase
gives the first strand a
new matching pair of
bases.

= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
= Phosphate Backbone
= Sugar
= Hydrogen Bonds

RNA starts the
right strand and
Okazaki
fragments can
then match up
with the bases.
= Okazaki fragments

= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
= Phosphate Backbone
= Sugar
= Hydrogen Bonds

RNA starts the
right strand and
Okazaki
fragments can
then match up
with the bases.

= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
= Phosphate Backbone
= Sugar
= Hydrogen Bonds

 DNA replication occurs because of the need of genes
to be passed to new cells and so that the new cell can
grow. This affects your body in good ways. But if that
DNA is in a bad environment or two bases match
wrong, it will cause the cell to grow wrong or the
wrong genes wont be passed on to the new organism.
This can also result in cancer for that organism or cell.

 Telomeres are long stretches with chromosomes at the
end that aren't coded.

 Okazaki Fragments is when replication opens, then
DNA polymerase begin to synthesis the
complementary strand.

 DNA Ligase has to stich the Okazaki Fragments
together.

 Telomerase is a enzyme that adds telomere to the 3’
end of DNA strands. DNA Polymerase is able to
synthesis the opposite strand.

 Aging is a change that are universal. Aging damage
occurs to molecules, cells, and organs.

 Cancers to a normal tissue can grow indefinitely. Most
85-90% cancers express telomerase in the population,
then divides uncontrollably causing a tumor to grow

 Transplanted cells are removing cells from the patient,
then transforming them with the gene for the product
that the patient was was not synthesized. Then
returns back to the patient where it started.

 Cloning is the replication of a DNA starting with a
single living cell to generate a large population of cells
containing the same DNA molecules

DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix using the enzyme helicase. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase III continuously adds nucleotides to form the leading strand. On the lagging strand, which is discontinuous, RNA primers are added by primase and DNA polymerase II builds Okazaki fragments by adding nucleotides between primers. The primers are later removed and replaced with DNA to form a continuous DNA strand.

DNA REPLICATION

catar22

The document summarizes two scientific articles from ScienceDaily about recent discoveries related to cell division and DNA replication that could provide new insights into cancer. The first article discusses a discovery of a protein complex called Ska that helps anchor DNA and distribute it correctly as cells divide. Understanding this complex could help develop new anti-cancer drugs. The second article describes an international study that improves ability to predict hereditary cancer risk by better classifying genetic variants associated with Lynch syndrome. This allows more accurate genetic counseling and preventive measures for at-risk families.

Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 4 - Examples of Gene and Chromosome Mutations and ...

j3di79

Mutations are permanent changes in DNA that can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or random chance during DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which cause conditions like albinism and sickle cell anemia, and chromosome mutations, such as Down syndrome. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation that results in abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to take on a sickle shape and leading to health issues. While normally harmful, the sickle cell mutation provides resistance to malaria, giving carriers an advantage in malaria-prone regions.

Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 3 - Complete and Incomplete Dominance_Multiple all...

j3di79

This document discusses different concepts related to genetics including complete and incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex determination. It provides snapdragons with red, white, and pink flowers as an example of codominance, where the alleles for red (R) and white (r) both influence the phenotype and result in pink (Rr) flowers. It also gives human blood types as an example of multiple alleles, where the IA, IB, and Io alleles determine blood type A, B, AB, or O. The document then provides a genetics problem asking for the possible blood groups of children from a mother with blood type A and a father with blood type B. It works through the

A systematic approach to Genotype-Phenotype correlations

fisherp

It is increasingly common to combine Microarray and Quantitative Trait Loci data to aid the search for candidate genes responsible for phenotypic variation. Workflows provide a means of systematically processing these large datasets and also represent a framework for the re-use and the explicit declaration of experimental methods. Here we highlight the issues facing the manual analysis of microarray and QTL data for the discovery of candidate genes underlying complex phenotypes. We show how automated approaches provide a systematic means to investigate genotype-phenotype correlations. This methodology was applied to a use case of resistance to African trypanosomiasis in the mouse. Pathways represented in the results identified Daxx as one of the candidate genes within the Tir1 QTL region.

02 codominance incomplete dominance

mrtangextrahelp

Essential Biology 3.4 DNA Replication (Core)

Stephen Taylor

This document provides instructions and questions for an assignment on DNA replication. It begins with directions to highlight key terms in objectives 1-3 and complete objectives 1 before class. It lists 7 multiple choice and short answer questions about the process and features of DNA replication. It concludes with a self-assessment rubric and citation of 4 references in CSE style. The document is to be submitted to Moodle and printing is discouraged.

2014 Genes and Heredity

Jenny Dixon

This document summarizes key concepts in genetics and heredity. It discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that revealed the laws of inheritance. Mendel discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes located on chromosomes. Genes come in different forms called alleles that can be dominant or recessive. A Punnett square can be used to predict the possible combinations of alleles and the traits that may be expressed. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with a mix of parental traits, while asexual reproduction requires only one parent and produces identical offspring. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection explains how organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on

This document discusses genetics concepts including alleles, dominant and recessive traits, genotypes and phenotypes. It defines alleles as different versions of a gene, with examples given for eye color genes. It explains that cells can be haploid with one allele per gene, or diploid with two alleles per gene. Dominant traits will always be expressed if present, while recessive traits only show if no dominant alleles are present. Genotype refers to the alleles in an individual's DNA, while phenotype describes physical traits. The different genotypes are defined as homozygous recessive, heterozygous, and homozygous dominant. Sample questions are provided to illustrate how genotypes determine phenotypes for traits like eye color.

3.4 & 7.2 DNA Replication

Stephen Taylor

General pathology lecture 4 cellular adaptation

Lheanne Tesoro

Cellular adaptations can occur through hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, or metaplasia in response to stress or changes in workload or stimulation. Hyperplasia involves an increased number of cells through cell proliferation. Hypertrophy involves cellular enlargement without an increase in cell number. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. Metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell type with another. Examples provided include uterine hyperplasia during pregnancy, cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension, muscle fiber atrophy after injury or disuse, and squamous metaplasia in the lungs of smokers. Dysplasia refers to alterations in cell size, shape, and organization and is a pre-cancerous condition.

Chapter 3 heredity and variation

Harzana Harun

The document discusses heredity and variation, including the principles of inheritance. It covers several key topics: - Cell division through mitosis and meiosis results in the transmission of genes from parents to offspring. Mitosis produces genetically identical cells for growth, while meiosis results in genetic variation through the formation of gametes. - Genes located on chromosomes carry inherited traits and occur in pairs. One gene from each pair is inherited from the mother and father. Examples of traits determined by genes include eye color and blood type. - Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the principles of dominant and recessive genes. A dominant gene masks the expression of a recessive gene. Monohy

Mitosis and meiosis

Hershey Anne Hernaez

The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitosis phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes and cell contents are separated into two daughter cells. Meiosis includes two cell divisions to produce four haploid cells from one diploid cell. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and meiosis II separates sister chromatids.

A complete PPT on DNA

University of Mumbai

The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. They were able to determine that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding from the sugars. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand. Watson and Crick's double helix model explained how DNA could replicate itself and be stable within organisms. Their discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of genetics and laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and genetic engineering.

Mutation, Types and Causes, Chromosomal Variation in Number, Gene Mutation

Jan Del Rosario

- Mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome. There are several types of mutations including substitution, insertion, deletion, and frameshift. - Mutations can be caused by natural DNA replication errors or external mutagens like radiation, chemicals, and viruses. These mutagens can directly damage DNA or produce reactive molecules that cause mutations. - Several genetic disorders in humans are caused by chromosomal mutations, such as Down syndrome from trisomy 21, Edward's syndrome from trisomy 18, and Patau syndrome from trisomy 13. Other disorders involve the loss or gain of whole chromosomes or chromosome segments.

DNA structure, Functions and properties

Namrata Chhabra

This document discusses the structure, properties, and functions of DNA. It describes DNA as a polymer composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The basic structure of DNA involves two anti-parallel strands coiled around each other to form the familiar double helix structure, held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs and base stacking interactions. DNA exists in various structural forms and undergoes compaction in the cell, ultimately forming chromatin through association with histone proteins. The primary function of DNA is to serve as the template for its own replication and transcription into RNA to direct protein synthesis.

Mutation

BHU

This document discusses various types of mutations including their causes and effects. It begins by defining mutation as a sudden, random change in genetic material that causes cells to differ from normal cells. Mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or exposure to mutagens. There are several types of mutations including point mutations, which involve a single base pair change, and frameshift mutations, which alter the reading frame. Mutations can be classified based on whether they occur in somatic or germ cells, their location in genes or chromosomes, and their effects. Overall, mutations provide the raw material for evolution by generating genetic variation.

Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis

Catherine Patterson

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry (slideshare)

Ammedicine Medicine

Biochemistry PowerPoint

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This document summarizes key chemistry concepts related to the building blocks of life. It covers the elements, atoms, and molecules that make up living organisms. It also describes the four main types of organic compounds - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - and provides examples of each. Water is highlighted for its importance as a solvent and in biological processes and reactions.

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Mr 150 dna

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