This document contains information about various topics related to animal and plant locomotion. It discusses types of curvature in plant movements, different modes of animal locomotion like running, swimming, etc. It also describes different types of cells - Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena. Further, it provides details about the human skeleton, types of joints, muscles and movements in plants under topics like tropic movements and nastic movement.

1. Tushar Negi
7blue
Rollno.=48
Submitted to Inderjot
mam

3.  Locomotion
 Types of curvature

4.  Animal locomotion, in
ethology, is any of a variety of
movements or methods that
animals use to move from one
place to another. Some modes
of locomotion are (initially)
self-propelled, e.g., running,
swimming, jumping, flying,
soaring and gliding.

5.  The movements which allow organs of
plants to move in or the other direction is
called movements of curvature. These
movements are of two types i.e. mechanical
(found in non living organs of plant) and
another is vital movements (found in living
organs of plants).

6.  In its brief hunting sprints, it
is the fastest of all land
animals. Animal locomotion
, in ethology, is any of a
variety of movements or
methods that animals use to
move from one place to
another. Some modes of
locomotion are (initially) self-
propelled, e.g., running,
swimming, jumping, flying,
soaring and gliding.

7.  There are three types of locomotion :-
 Amoeba
 Paramoecium

8.  Amoeba is a type
of cell or organism which has the
ability to alter its shape, primarily by
extending and
retracting pseudopods Amoebas do
not form a single taxonomic group;
instead, they are found in every
major lineage of eukaryotic
organism. Amoeboid cells occur not
only among the protozoa but also
in fungi, algae, and animals

9.  Paramecium is a genus of
unicellular ciliated protozoan,
commonly studied as a
representative ... to place the
genus within the Linnaean
system of taxonomy, adopted the
name Paramecium, but changed
the spelling to Paramœcium.

10.  Euglena is the best known and most
widely studied member of the class
Euglenoidea, a diverse group
containing some 54 genera and at
least 800 species. Species
of Euglena are found in fresh and salt
waters. They are often abundant in
quiet inland waters where they may
bloom in numbers sufficient to color
the surface of ponds and ditches
green or red

11.  is a genus of small, fresh-water
animals of the
phylum Cnidaria and
class Hydrozoa, native to the
temperate and tropical
regions. Biologists are especially
interested in Hydra because of
their regenerative ability – they
appear not to ageor die of old
age.

12.  The Skeleton
 The human skeleton is the internal framework
of the body. It is composed of 270 bones at
birth – this total decreases to 206 bones by
adulthood after some bones have fused
together . The bone mass in the skeleton
reaches maximum density around age 30. The
human skeleton can be divided into the axial
skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The
axial skeleton is formed by thevertebral
column, the rib cage, the skull and other
associated bones. The appendicular skeleton,
which is attached to the axial skeleton, is
formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic
girdle and the bones of the upper and lower
limbs.

13.  They are of three types:-
1. Tendons
2. Ligaments
3. Cartilages

14.  A tendon or sinew is a tough band
of fibrou connective tissue that
usually
connects muscle to bone and is
capable of with standing tension.
 Tendons are similar to ligaments;
both are made of collagen.
Ligaments join one bone to another
bone, while tendons connect muscle
to bone

15.  a ligament is the
fibrous connective
tissue that
connects bones to other
bones and is also known
as articular
ligament,articular
larua, fibrous ligament,
or true ligament.

16.  Cartilage is a flexible elastic tissue,
connecting the joins between bones, the rib
cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes,
the intervertebral discs, and many more
other body components. It is not as hard and
rigid as bone, but it is stiffer and less flexible
than muscle.
 Because of its rigidity, cartilage often serves
the purpose of holding tubes open in the
body. Examples include the rings of the
trachea, such as the cricoid
cartilage and carina, thetorus tubarius at the
opening of the pharyngotympanic/auditory
tube, the ala of the nostrils, and
the auricle/pinna of the ear.

17.  They are of Two types of joints:-
1. Fixed joints
2. Movable joint

18.  These joints are also called
"fixed" or "immovable"joints,
because they do not move.
These joints have
no joint cavity and are
connected via fibrous
connective tissue. The skull
bones are connected by
fibrous joints. Sutures are
found between bones of the
skull.

19.  A joint in which the
opposing bony surfaces
are covered with a layer of
hyaline cartilage or fibro
cartilage and in which
some degree of free
movement is possible. Also
called diarthrodial
joint, diarthrosis,synarthros
is, synovial joint.

20.  There are three types of movable joints:-
1. Pivot joint
2. Hinge joint
3. Ball and socket joint

21.  Muscle is a soft tissue found
in most animals. Muscle cells
contain protein filaments of
actin and myosin that slide
past one another, producing a
contraction that changes both
the length and the shape of
the cell. Muscles function to
produce force and motion

22.  There are two types of movements in
plants:-
1. Tropic movements
2. Nastic movement

23.  There are four types of tropical movements:-
1. Phototropism
2. Geotropism
3. Hydrotropism
4. Thigmotropism