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Support and
Movement
 8.1 Support Systems in Animals
 8.2 Support Systems in Plants
 8.3 Appreciating the Support System
in Living Things
 Vertebrates are animals with backbones.
 Invertebrates are animals without backbones.
Vertebrates
vertebrates
 Vertebrate are supported by an internal
skeleton of bones called endoskeleton
The functions of endoskeleton are:
(a)To support the body weight.
(b)To protect the internal organs.
(c)To maintain the shape of the body.
 The land vertebrates have to support their
own body weight.
 The endoskeletons of land vertebrates are
normally big and strong.
 Examples:Horse skeleton and elephant
skeleton.
-The body weight of aquatic vertebrates are
supported by the buoyancy of water.
-The endoskeletons of aquatic vertebrates are
smaller.
-Example:Fish skeleton.
The support systems of invertebrate consist
of:
i. Exoskeleton (Left Picture)
ii. Hydrostatic skeleton (Right Picture)
 Cuticle is an exoskeleton which is made of
chitin.
 It covers and protect the body.
 Bees,flies,cockroaches,crabs,prawns and
scorpions are supported by cuticle.
 Invertebrates which have soft bodies such as
worms,leeches and caterpillars are supported
by the body fluid pressure called hydrostatic
pressure.
8.2 Support
Systems in Plants
 The woody plants are supported by woody
tissues.
 Some examples of the woody trees are rubber
trees,rambutan trees and durian trees.
Some woody plants have additional features to
help them.
(a) Buttress roots
(b) Prop roots
(c) Stilt roots
 Casuarina trees have buttress roots to
provide additional support to the stems.
 Banyan trees and maize plants have prop
roots to give them extra support.
 Mangrove trees have stilt roots which provide
extra support to the stem and help them to
obtain sunlight.
 Non-woody plants have soft stems.
 The turgidity of the cells provides support to
these non-woody plants.
 Some of the examples of non-woody plants
are yam plant, leafy vegetables and balsam
plant.
 Some non-woody plants have weak stems
which are unable to support the plants.
 However, they have other features to help
them.
(a) Tendrils.
(b) Thorns and prickles.
(c) Twining stems.
(d) Clasping roots.
 Cucumber plants and pumpkin plants climb
and grow upwards using tendrils.
 Bougainvillea plants, rattan plants androse
plants climb using thorns.
 Morning glory plants twine around other
plants to help them climb higher in order to
get enough sunlight.
 Money plants and pepper plants climb by
clasping.
8.3
Appreciating
the Support
System
in Living
Things
Support system provide an organism:-
-Proper shape and posture
-Support the weight of body
-Protect organs from injury
Supportshahrul

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Supportshahrul

  • 2.  8.1 Support Systems in Animals  8.2 Support Systems in Plants  8.3 Appreciating the Support System in Living Things
  • 3.
  • 4.  Vertebrates are animals with backbones.  Invertebrates are animals without backbones. Vertebrates vertebrates
  • 5.  Vertebrate are supported by an internal skeleton of bones called endoskeleton
  • 6. The functions of endoskeleton are: (a)To support the body weight. (b)To protect the internal organs. (c)To maintain the shape of the body.
  • 7.  The land vertebrates have to support their own body weight.  The endoskeletons of land vertebrates are normally big and strong.  Examples:Horse skeleton and elephant skeleton.
  • 8. -The body weight of aquatic vertebrates are supported by the buoyancy of water. -The endoskeletons of aquatic vertebrates are smaller. -Example:Fish skeleton.
  • 9. The support systems of invertebrate consist of: i. Exoskeleton (Left Picture) ii. Hydrostatic skeleton (Right Picture)
  • 10.  Cuticle is an exoskeleton which is made of chitin.  It covers and protect the body.  Bees,flies,cockroaches,crabs,prawns and scorpions are supported by cuticle.
  • 11.  Invertebrates which have soft bodies such as worms,leeches and caterpillars are supported by the body fluid pressure called hydrostatic pressure.
  • 13.  The woody plants are supported by woody tissues.  Some examples of the woody trees are rubber trees,rambutan trees and durian trees.
  • 14. Some woody plants have additional features to help them. (a) Buttress roots (b) Prop roots (c) Stilt roots
  • 15.  Casuarina trees have buttress roots to provide additional support to the stems.
  • 16.  Banyan trees and maize plants have prop roots to give them extra support.
  • 17.  Mangrove trees have stilt roots which provide extra support to the stem and help them to obtain sunlight.
  • 18.  Non-woody plants have soft stems.  The turgidity of the cells provides support to these non-woody plants.  Some of the examples of non-woody plants are yam plant, leafy vegetables and balsam plant.
  • 19.  Some non-woody plants have weak stems which are unable to support the plants.  However, they have other features to help them. (a) Tendrils. (b) Thorns and prickles. (c) Twining stems. (d) Clasping roots.
  • 20.  Cucumber plants and pumpkin plants climb and grow upwards using tendrils.
  • 21.  Bougainvillea plants, rattan plants androse plants climb using thorns.
  • 22.  Morning glory plants twine around other plants to help them climb higher in order to get enough sunlight.
  • 23.  Money plants and pepper plants climb by clasping.
  • 25. Support system provide an organism:- -Proper shape and posture -Support the weight of body -Protect organs from injury