This document discusses various theories of motivation: - Instinct approaches view motivation as biologically determined innate patterns of behavior. William McDougall proposed 18 instincts including curiosity and aggression. - Drive-reduction approaches see motivation in terms of needs and drives that create psychological tension and physical arousal until fulfilled. - McClelland identified the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power as important motivators. - Arousal approaches like the Yerkes-Dodson law examine how different levels of arousal impact performance. - Incentive approaches see behavior as motivated by external rewards. Expectancy-value theories consider beliefs, values, and expectations. - Humanistic approaches focus on cognitive, aesthetic, and transcendence

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Motivation
Some hints how to
transform this...
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Dr. Sushma Rathee
assistant clinical psychologist
PGIMER, Chandigarh
email: sushmaratheecp@gmail.com

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DDeeffiinniittiioonn OOff MMoottiivvaattiioonn
Motivation:
The act or process of stimulating
to action, providing an
incentive or motive, especially
for an act.

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Motivation is the process by which activities are
started, directed, and continued so that physical or
psychological needs or wants are met.

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Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation
Types of Motivation
A person performs an action
because it leads to an outcome
that is separate from the person.
A person performs an action because
the act itself is fun, rewarding,
challenging, or satisfying in some
internal manner.

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INSTINCT APPROACHES
“in humans the instinct to reproduce is responsible
for sexual behavior, and the instinct for territorial
protection may be related to aggressive behavior”.
Instincts: Biologically determined and innate patterns
of behavior.
William McDougall (1908) actually proposed a total
of 18 instincts for humans, including curiosity,
flight (running away), aggressiveness, and
acquisition (gathering possessions).

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DRIVE-REDUCTION
APPROACHES
Understand the motivation in terms of needs
and drives.
Need a requirement of some material (such as food or
water) that is essential for survival of the organism.
Drive a psychological tension and physical arousal
arising when there is a need that motivates the
organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce
the tension.

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Connection between internal physiological states
and outward behavior.
Drive-reduction theory (Clark L. Hull)
Types of Drive
Primary drives are
those that involve survival
needs of the body such as
hunger and thirst.
Acquired (secondary) drives
are those that are learned
through experience or
Conditioning such as the need
for money or social approval etc.

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David C. McClelland (1961, 1987) proposed a theory of
motivation that highlights the importance of three
psychological needs not typically considered by the other
theories: achievement, affiliation, and power.
Need for Achievement: How to Succeed by Excelling at Everything.
Need for Affiliation: Popularity Rules.
Need for Power: The One Who Dies With the Most Toys Wins.

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AROUSAL APPROACHES
Yerkes-Dodson law

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INCENTIVE APPROACHES
Incentives are things that attract or lure people
into action.
“Behavior is explained in terms of the external stimulus and its
rewarding properties”.
Expectancy-value theories (Tolman and others, 1932):
“actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood
without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that
people attach to those beliefs and values at any given moment in
time”.
“organisms/human are capable of remembering what had happened
in the past, anticipating future events, and adjusting their own
actions according to those cognitive expectancies.

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HUMANISTIC APPROACHES

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Cognitive needs: to know, understand,
and explore
Aesthetic needs: to appreciate
symmetry, order, and beauty.
Transcendence needs: to help
others achieve self-actualization.

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Ryan and Deci (2000)
Three inborn and universal needs that help people gain a
complete sense of self and whole and healthy relationships
with others.

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