Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that can cause you to experience episodes of extreme highs and extreme lows. These episodes are called mania and depression.
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that can cause you to experience episodes of extreme highs and extreme lows. These episodes are called mania and depression.
it is about nervous system disorders
(1) depression, positive and negative symptoms and its relation with hormones, especially dopamine
(2) schizophrenia positive and negative symptoms and short video illustrate the patient life.
(3) bipolar disorder positive and negative symptoms + the difference between the manic and depressive mood with a 2 short video to illustrate the patient life.
—the difference between major depression and bipolar disorder.
(4) Parkinson’s disease positive and negative symptoms with a short video to illustrate the patient life.
(5) drug addiction positive and negative symptoms with an explanation of The reward system besides a short video to illustrate the patient life.
(6) Alzheimer’s disease symptoms and the brain of the patient.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder. This mental condition can manifest itself in a variety of ways. The predominant difficulties associated with schizophrenia are related to a person's thinking, which is unusual or bizarre. Because the person's thinking is intermittently disordered, a person with schizophrenia may have a variety of behaviors that appear odd or strange to others. In addition, the person's speech is irrational or disjointed.
PSYCHIATRY REVISION NOTES REVISION NOTES BASED ON LECTURE NOTES WITH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
WITH HIGH YIELD TOPICS
ALCOHOL
CAFFEINE
NICOTINE
COCAINE
SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS
NEET AIIMS PG PREPARATION
Insomnia Symptoms, Causes, Cures & TreatmentsAmelia White
Insomnia is a common problem that takes a toll on your energy, mood, health, and ability to function during the day.
Know the symptoms,causes,cure and treatments.
This slides present to you some facts you must keep to mind about alcohol poisoning. Don't just laugh it off. People have lost loved ones because of not taking appropriate actions. Read this and share it with friends. You might be saving a soul
it is about nervous system disorders
(1) depression, positive and negative symptoms and its relation with hormones, especially dopamine
(2) schizophrenia positive and negative symptoms and short video illustrate the patient life.
(3) bipolar disorder positive and negative symptoms + the difference between the manic and depressive mood with a 2 short video to illustrate the patient life.
—the difference between major depression and bipolar disorder.
(4) Parkinson’s disease positive and negative symptoms with a short video to illustrate the patient life.
(5) drug addiction positive and negative symptoms with an explanation of The reward system besides a short video to illustrate the patient life.
(6) Alzheimer’s disease symptoms and the brain of the patient.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder. This mental condition can manifest itself in a variety of ways. The predominant difficulties associated with schizophrenia are related to a person's thinking, which is unusual or bizarre. Because the person's thinking is intermittently disordered, a person with schizophrenia may have a variety of behaviors that appear odd or strange to others. In addition, the person's speech is irrational or disjointed.
PSYCHIATRY REVISION NOTES REVISION NOTES BASED ON LECTURE NOTES WITH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
WITH HIGH YIELD TOPICS
ALCOHOL
CAFFEINE
NICOTINE
COCAINE
SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS
NEET AIIMS PG PREPARATION
Insomnia Symptoms, Causes, Cures & TreatmentsAmelia White
Insomnia is a common problem that takes a toll on your energy, mood, health, and ability to function during the day.
Know the symptoms,causes,cure and treatments.
This slides present to you some facts you must keep to mind about alcohol poisoning. Don't just laugh it off. People have lost loved ones because of not taking appropriate actions. Read this and share it with friends. You might be saving a soul
toxicology is a very important topic for pg entrance.....so all about it has been discussed in detail as required for pg entrance....do make use of it...
Diagnosis and treatment of amphetamine abuseAsra Hameed
Amphetamine is a stimulant and an appetite suppressant. It stimulates the central nervous system (nerves and brain) by increasing the amount of certain chemicals in the body. This increases heart rate and blood pressure and decreases appetite, among other effects.
Amphetamine is used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD).
Amphetamine may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.
Taking the right action when someone needs first aid could prevent an injury from becoming worse. Every healthcare professional should get an Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) EP course or an ECG course from The Western Institute of Emergency Education in order to get prepared for any situation.
we have bought the depression symptoms that you need to know to identify and tackle them. Symptoms like gaining or losing weight, feeling sluggishness, sleeplessness for that you should consider checking out. For more information https://bit.ly/3gM0dTD
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. If someone is confused about where they are or what’s
going on, it may be a sign they’ve had too much to
drink
What YOU can do: Always stay with the person. It is
never a good idea to leave someone alone who may be
in danger of alcohol poisoning
3. If someone who has been drinking continues to dip in
and out of consciousness and is unable to
communicate effectively, you need to get help
What YOU can do: Continually revive the person if
they are passing out. Make sure they are staying awake
until help arrives.
4. If you notice someone starting to look unusually pale
or see their skin turning a shade of blue, it is a pretty
good bet they are at high risk of alcohol poisoning.
What YOU can do: Continually monitor the person’s
breathing levels. If you know CPR, be ready to use it.
5. If someone is vomiting uncontrollably, you need to call
9-1-1 immediately. This is an extremely dangerous
situation as the person may suffocate from inhaling
their own vomit.
What YOU can do: Make sure you turn the person on
their side. This will prevent them from choking in the
event of excessive vomiting.
6.
7. Do NOT give the person food or liquid
to “sober up” – This will only give them
more substance to throw back up and
increase the risk of choking on vomit.
8. Do NOT give the person a cold shower
in the attempt to help them “wake up”
– the shock of cold water could cause
unconsciousness
9. Do NOT exercise the person in ANY
way to help them “walk it off” – this
can increase the danger of the
developing an irregular heartbeat