Molar pregnancies are the premalignant forms of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ( GTN ) , a group of illnesses that also includes the rare but aggressive malignancies of choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumours
Molar pregnancies are the premalignant forms of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ( GTN ) , a group of illnesses that also includes the rare but aggressive malignancies of choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumours
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term used for a group of pregnancy-related tumours. The cells that form gestational trophoblastic tumours are called trophoblasts and come from tissue that grows to form the placenta during pregnancy.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term used for a group of pregnancy-related tumours. The cells that form gestational trophoblastic tumours are called trophoblasts and come from tissue that grows to form the placenta during pregnancy.
16-Aug-2021-"Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of abnormal growth and proliferation of the trophoblasts of the placenta that continue even beyond the end of pregnancy of the placenta".
Molar pregnancy is one of the sub types of gestational trophoblastic diseases characterized by abnormal trophoblastic proliferation . These are significant due to the risk of development of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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1. MOLAR PREGNANCY
DEFINITIONS
Trophoblastic tissue, which is part of the blastocyst
that normally invades the endometrium, proliferates
more aggressive way than normal.
HCG is usually excreted excessively.
PATHOLOGY
Hydatiform can be divided into two: complete and
partial
Alternatively, the proliferation may have
characteristics of malignant tissue.
If the invasion is only present locally within the uterus,
this is an INVASIVE MOLE
If metastasis occurs : CHORIOCARCINOMA
If there is persistent gestational trophoblastic disease
(GTD), commonly defined as persistent elevation of
bHCG, it is called as GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC
NEOPLASIA (GTN)
COMPLETE MOLE:
Entirely paternal in origin.
Usually when one sperm fertilises an empty oocyte
and undergoes mitosis.
There is no foetal tissue, merely a proliferation of
swollen chorionic villi.
The result is diploid tissue, 46 XX.
PARTIAL MOLE
Two sperms entering one oocyte.
Triploid
EPIDEMIOLOGY
1 in 500-1000.
Common in extreme productive age.
Asians
CLINICAL FEATURES
Heavy bleeding.
Uterus is often larger than gestational age.
Early pregnancy pre-eclampsia and hyperthyroidism
may occur.
Severe vomiting (hyperemesis).
Can be detected using USS (vesicles)
INVESTIGATIONS
1. USS: snowstorm appearance of the swollen villi with
complete moles.
2. Serum bHCG may be VERY HIGH
MANAGEMENT
1. It is removed by suction curettage (ERPC).
2. The diagnosis is confirmed histologically.
FOLLOW-UP
1. Serum bHCG are taken: persistent or rising suggest
malignancy.
2. Pregnancy and the COCP are avoided until HCG levels
are normal b/c they may increase the need for
chemotherapy.
COMPLICATIONS
1. Recurrence occurs in 1 in 60 subsequent pregnancies.
2. After every future pregnancy subsequent further HCG
samples are required to exclude recurrence.