Anti hypertensive in pregnancy
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This document discusses several medications used to treat hypertension during pregnancy, including labetalol, methyldopa, nifedipine, and hydralazine. Labetalol blocks alpha and beta receptors, lowering blood pressure. Its oral and intravenous doses and administration are outlined. Methyldopa is a second-line treatment and works by agonizing alpha-2 receptors; its dosing increases gradually up to 3g daily. Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker that relaxes blood vessels and reduces heart rate, with an initial oral dose of 30mg daily that can increase to 90mg. Hydralazine causes arterial vasodilation; its intravenous administration in small, repeated doses is described.
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Anti-hypertensives in Pregnancy
1) The document discusses classifications of hypertension in pregnancy and definitions of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension and proteinuria or signs of multi-organ involvement without proteinuria.
2) Antihypertensive medications are prescribed during pregnancy to prevent maternal complications of severe hypertension like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, not to cure preeclampsia.
3) Common antihypertensives discussed for use in pregnancy include methyldopa, hydralazine, labetalol, and nifedipine. Their mechanisms of action, dosages, and potential side effects are reviewed.
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This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used during pregnancy. It provides an overview of how drugs cross the placenta and categories drugs by the FDA for safety in pregnancy. Common antihypertensive drugs discussed include methyldopa, labetalol, nifedipine, hydralazine, and sodium nitroprusside. For each drug, the document covers mechanism of action, dosing, indications, contraindications, side effects, and important nursing considerations. The goal of antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy is to lower blood pressure and protect the health of the mother and fetus.
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Tocolytic drugs are used to suppress premature labor by postponing delivery long enough for glucocorticoids to increase fetal lung maturity. The main classes of tocolytic drugs are beta-adrenergic agonists like terbutaline, calcium channel blockers like nifedipine, magnesium sulfate, oxytocin receptor antagonists like atosiban, and prostaglandin inhibitors like indomethacin. Each drug has a different mechanism of action, dosage, administration route, contraindications, and side effects that must be monitored to safely delay premature birth.
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Anti-hypertensives in Pregnancy
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1. Neonates have limited reserve capacity for temperature control, cardiovascular and respiratory functions due to physiological changes after birth.
2. Fluid requirements vary greatly between individual neonates due to immaturity of the liver and kidneys.
3. The document defines terms like newborn, neonate, preterm neonate and discusses differences in cardiac output and circulations between fetal and neonatal stages.
TOCOLYTIC AGENT.pptx
The document discusses tocolytic agents, which are medications used to suppress premature labor. It defines tocolytics as medications that can inhibit, slow down, or halt contractions of the uterus. The document then covers various classes of tocolytics including beta-adrenergic agonists, magnesium sulfate, calcium channel blockers, oxytocin receptor antagonists, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, and nitric oxide donors. For each class, it discusses examples of medications, mechanisms of action, dosages, side effects, and contraindications. The purpose is to explain how tocolytics work to suppress premature labor and allow time for fetal lung maturity.
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1. Abnormal uterine contractions can cause prolonged and difficult labor and include conditions like uterine inertia with weak contractions, tetanic contractions with strong and frequent contractions, and uterine constriction rings.
2. Precipitate labor is characterized by very rapid labor progressing in less than 3 hours from the start of contractions and can risk maternal and neonatal complications without proper medical care and monitoring.
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Clomiphene Citrate is used to induce ovulation in women with infertility. It works by inhibiting estrogen receptors in the brain to stimulate ovulation. It has potential visual and ovarian side effects and drug interactions. Nurses must monitor patients for abnormal bleeding or vision changes and educate them on proper administration and signs of problems.
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This document provides an overview of preterm labor and abnormal uterine action. It begins by defining preterm labor as labor starting between 24-28 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The prevalence of preterm labor is reported to range between 5-10%. Risk factors for preterm labor are then discussed, along with potential maternal and fetal complications. Diagnosis and management of preterm labor focuses on preventing onset, arresting labor if possible, and providing appropriate neonatal care. The document then discusses various types of abnormal uterine action including hypertonic, hypotonic, dyscoordinate, and tonic contractions. Causes, signs, and management are described for each type. Cervical dystocia is also reviewed, distinguishing between primary
neonatal physiology
This document discusses neonatal physiology including:
1. Neonates have limited reserve capacity for temperature control, cardiovascular and respiratory functions due to physiological changes after birth.
2. Fluid requirements vary greatly between individual neonates due to immaturity of the liver and kidneys.
3. The document defines terms like newborn, neonate, preterm neonate and discusses differences in cardiac output and circulations between fetal and neonatal stages.
TOCOLYTIC AGENT.pptx
The document discusses tocolytic agents, which are medications used to suppress premature labor. It defines tocolytics as medications that can inhibit, slow down, or halt contractions of the uterus. The document then covers various classes of tocolytics including beta-adrenergic agonists, magnesium sulfate, calcium channel blockers, oxytocin receptor antagonists, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, and nitric oxide donors. For each class, it discusses examples of medications, mechanisms of action, dosages, side effects, and contraindications. The purpose is to explain how tocolytics work to suppress premature labor and allow time for fetal lung maturity.
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This document provides information on the classification, definition, management, and treatment of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy including pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It classifies hypertensive disorders based on onset and characteristics, defines pre-eclampsia as new hypertension with proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation, and eclampsia as seizures occurring in pre-eclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension. It outlines protocols for magnesium sulfate treatment of seizures, antihypertensive treatment, fluid management, and delivery decisions.
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This document discusses antepartum haemorrhage and placenta previa. It defines both conditions and discusses their causes, risk factors, diagnosis using ultrasound, and management. Placenta previa, when part or all of the placenta lies in the lower uterine segment over or near the cervical os, accounts for about 31% of antepartum haemorrhage cases. Transvaginal ultrasound is the preferred method for diagnosing and monitoring placenta previa. Conservative management is recommended for stable patients under 37 weeks. For patients at or near term, caesarean section is usually required if the placenta overlaps or is within 20mm of the internal os.
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The slide is prepared specifically to let the aspirants be known about the instructions of common household drugs to your furry little friend. it holds the simple instructions and guidelines about toxicity of common drugs and must do measurements if ever happened or presented.
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This document provides information on various drug classes used to treat hypertension in primary care, including:
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This document discusses drugs and defibrillation for cardiac arrest. It states that ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia should be defibrillated at 200J, 300J, and 360J. Epinephrine and lidocaine are recommended drugs that may help restore spontaneous circulation. Defibrillation should be performed within the first few minutes, alternating with CPR and drug administration until spontaneous circulation returns or the patient progresses to another rhythm.
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Beta receptor blockers are a class of drugs that are commonly used to treat cardiovascular conditions by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. They have several therapeutic uses including hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmias. They work by decreasing heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure. Common side effects include fatigue, bronchospasm, and metabolic abnormalities. First generation blockers are non-selective while later generations are more cardioselective. Carvedilol is used for heart failure, atenolol for hypertension, and esmolol for emergencies. Propranolol is effective for migraine prevention. Timolol eye drops are used for glaucoma treatment by decreasing
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This document discusses various cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like heart failure, arrhythmias, and angina. It covers 10 classes of drugs:
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Medical Emergencies with details and medication and treatment.pptx
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Cardiovascular pharmacology for primary care physician
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Anti hypertensive in pregnancy
- 1. Anti-Hypertensive in Pregnancy Ainah Mahani 1
- 2. Labetalol • Blocks alpha and beta adrenergic receptors – resulting in decreased peripheral vascular resistance • PO, – initially 100 mg BD daily with food, – increased at intervals of 14 days to usual dose of 200 mg BD; – up to 800 mg daily in 2 divided doses (3–4 divided doses if higher); – max. 2.4 g daily • IV injection – 50 mg over at least 1 minute, – repeated after 5 minutes if necessary; – max. total dose 200 mg • IV infusion, – 20 mg/hour, – doubled every 30 minutes; – usual max. 160 mg/hour • B/Feeding is not recommended. 2
- 3. Labetalol cont. Side effects • postural hypotension • tiredness, • weakness, • headache, Contraindication • Asthma • Congestive HF • Heart block • Hypotension Excessive bradycardia • IV injection of atropine sulfate 0.6–2.4 mg in divided doses of 600 micrograms 3
- 4. Methyldopa • Second line • alpha-adrenergic agonist (selective for α2- adrenergic) Dose • Initially 250 mg 2–3 times daily, • increased gradually at intervals of at least 2 days, • max. 3 g daily 4
- 5. Side effects • Depression (withdrawal within 2 days after delivery) • Nightmares • GI disturbances • Dry mouth • Stomatitis Contraindications • Depression • Pheochromocytoma • Acute porphyria Methyldopa cont. 5
- 6. Nifedipine • calcium channel blockers – relaxes BV and reduces heart rate. Dose • 30 mg OD • If necessary, the dose may be increased to 90 mg daily • Contraindicated in pregnancy before 20 weeks. • Advise not to be used during breastfeeding. 6
- 7. Side effects • GI disturbances • Hypotension • Oedema • Vasodilation • Palpitation • Headache Contraindications • Pregnancy before 20 weeks. • cardiogenic shock; • advanced aortic stenosis; • within 1 month of MI; • unstable or acute attacks of angina Nifedipine cont. 7
- 8. Hydralazine • Arterial vasodilation • neonatal thrombocytopenia reported, but risk should be balanced against risk of uncontrolled maternal hypertension; • manufacturer advises avoid before third trimester • Slow IV injection, – 5–10 mg diluted with 10 mL sodium chloride 0.9%; – may be repeated after 20–30 minutes • IV infusion, – initially 200 – 300 mcg/min; – maintenance 50– 150 mcg/min 8