Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are benign, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which includes invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and other rare types, that are malignant. Complete moles are diploid and result from fertilization of an empty ovum, while partial moles are triploid/tetraploid arising from dispermic fertilization of a normal ovum. Diagnosis is based on clinical exam, serum hCG levels, ultrasound findings, and histology. Treatment of molar pregnancies involves suction dilation
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign, premalignant lesions to malignant tumors. The document discusses the classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, management and follow up of GTD. It covers complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, gestational choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Regular beta-hCG monitoring and treatment with surgery or chemotherapy based on tumor markers and spread can cure GTD in the majority of patients.
The document summarizes information about early pregnancy disorders, with a focus on molar pregnancies. It describes a case of a 24-year-old woman who is 12 weeks pregnant but experiencing vaginal spotting and passage of vesicles. The most likely diagnosis is a molar pregnancy, as indicated by the enlarged yet doughy uterus and absence of fetal parts. Molar pregnancies can be complete or partial, depending on microscopic features and karyotype. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and usually require suction evacuation and curettage for treatment, with beta-HCG monitoring to watch for persistent trophoblastic disease.
Complete molar pregnancy results from fertilization of an empty ovum by a sperm, resulting in abnormal trophoblastic proliferation and vesicular swelling of chorionic villi. Partial molar pregnancy is triploid in origin, involving two paternal and one maternal chromosomes. A 32-year-old woman presented with amenorrhea and vaginal bleeding, and ultrasound found a cystic placental mass consistent with molar pregnancy, confirmed by very high beta-hCG levels. Molar pregnancies can develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and require monitoring of beta-hCG and treatment including chemotherapy if needed to prevent life-threatening complications.
A 40-year-old woman presented with vaginal bleeding for 1 month. On examination, her uterus was enlarged to 16 weeks size with a doughy feel and grape-like structures were seen in the cervical os. Gestational trophoblastic disease was suspected. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Diagnosis involves high hCG levels and ultrasound showing a "snowstorm" pattern. Treatment is surgical evacuation followed by hCG monitoring to detect persistent disease requiring chemotherapy.
Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) represent a spectrum of tumors and tumor-like conditions involving abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. GTD includes hydatidiform mole (complete and partial), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Complete moles occur when an egg is fertilized by two sperm or a sperm that failed meiosis, resulting in no fetal development. Partial moles have some fetal development but also placental abnormalities. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, beta-HCG levels, and biopsy. Treatment depends on the type but generally involves surgical evacuation and chemotherapy to remove trophoblastic tissue and prevent metastasis.
This document discusses updates in the classification and management of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It summarizes the types of GTD, including complete hydatidiform mole, partial mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Diagnosis involves histological examination and hCG monitoring. Treatment involves surgical evacuation followed by hCG monitoring to detect persistent trophoblastic disease. Strict follow up is important to detect and treat malignant cases.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are benign, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which includes invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and other rare types, that are malignant. Complete moles are diploid and result from fertilization of an empty ovum, while partial moles are triploid/tetraploid arising from dispermic fertilization of a normal ovum. Diagnosis is based on clinical exam, serum hCG levels, ultrasound findings, and histology. Treatment of molar pregnancies involves suction dilation
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign, premalignant lesions to malignant tumors. The document discusses the classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, management and follow up of GTD. It covers complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, gestational choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Regular beta-hCG monitoring and treatment with surgery or chemotherapy based on tumor markers and spread can cure GTD in the majority of patients.
The document summarizes information about early pregnancy disorders, with a focus on molar pregnancies. It describes a case of a 24-year-old woman who is 12 weeks pregnant but experiencing vaginal spotting and passage of vesicles. The most likely diagnosis is a molar pregnancy, as indicated by the enlarged yet doughy uterus and absence of fetal parts. Molar pregnancies can be complete or partial, depending on microscopic features and karyotype. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and usually require suction evacuation and curettage for treatment, with beta-HCG monitoring to watch for persistent trophoblastic disease.
Complete molar pregnancy results from fertilization of an empty ovum by a sperm, resulting in abnormal trophoblastic proliferation and vesicular swelling of chorionic villi. Partial molar pregnancy is triploid in origin, involving two paternal and one maternal chromosomes. A 32-year-old woman presented with amenorrhea and vaginal bleeding, and ultrasound found a cystic placental mass consistent with molar pregnancy, confirmed by very high beta-hCG levels. Molar pregnancies can develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and require monitoring of beta-hCG and treatment including chemotherapy if needed to prevent life-threatening complications.
A 40-year-old woman presented with vaginal bleeding for 1 month. On examination, her uterus was enlarged to 16 weeks size with a doughy feel and grape-like structures were seen in the cervical os. Gestational trophoblastic disease was suspected. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Diagnosis involves high hCG levels and ultrasound showing a "snowstorm" pattern. Treatment is surgical evacuation followed by hCG monitoring to detect persistent disease requiring chemotherapy.
Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) represent a spectrum of tumors and tumor-like conditions involving abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. GTD includes hydatidiform mole (complete and partial), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Complete moles occur when an egg is fertilized by two sperm or a sperm that failed meiosis, resulting in no fetal development. Partial moles have some fetal development but also placental abnormalities. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, beta-HCG levels, and biopsy. Treatment depends on the type but generally involves surgical evacuation and chemotherapy to remove trophoblastic tissue and prevent metastasis.
This document discusses updates in the classification and management of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It summarizes the types of GTD, including complete hydatidiform mole, partial mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Diagnosis involves histological examination and hCG monitoring. Treatment involves surgical evacuation followed by hCG monitoring to detect persistent trophoblastic disease. Strict follow up is important to detect and treat malignant cases.
This document discusses nursing care for patients with molar pregnancies. It begins by defining molar pregnancy and discussing the types and risk factors. It then covers the clinical features, diagnostic evaluation including ultrasound and hCG levels, and treatment which typically involves surgical removal via suction curettage or hysterectomy. Postoperative monitoring is also discussed, including serial hCG measurements to monitor for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). The document concludes by outlining nursing management and interventions such as pain control, nausea management, health education, and contraceptive counseling.
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic diseases, specifically hydatidiform moles. It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, types (complete vs. partial mole), clinical features, diagnosis, natural history, persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor, staging, and management of these conditions. The key points are that complete moles are paternal in origin and associated with higher risks, while partial moles are triploid and have lower risks. Diagnosis involves ultrasound and tissue biopsy. Follow up of hCG levels is important after treatment to monitor for persistent tumors. Staging and risk scoring help guide chemotherapy for metastatic or high risk cases.
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a spectrum of diseases caused by abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue. It includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. Choriocarcinoma is a malignant form that can develop from any type of pregnancy and has a high risk of metastasis. Diagnosis involves elevated hCG levels, imaging, and histopathology. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include suction dilation and curettage, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception. In gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), a tumor develops inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg).
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of tumors caused by abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are usually benign, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasms like invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors, which are malignant. GTD is diagnosed using clinical features, ultrasound findings, and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Treatment may involve D&C for molar pregnancies as well as chemotherapy for malignant or persistent cases. Long term follow up is important to monitor for recurrence or progression to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia due to the
A hydatidiform mole is a gestational trophoblastic disease originating from abnormal placental tissue that can become malignant. There are two types - complete and partial moles. Complete moles are usually diploid and result from fertilization by two sperm or a haploid sperm, while partial moles are usually triploid arising from a normal sperm fertilizing a haploid egg. Clinical features include vaginal bleeding, nausea/vomiting, and high hCG levels. Diagnosis is made through ultrasound and hCG levels. Treatment is surgical evacuation followed by chemotherapy if hCG levels do not normalize or rise. Close follow up is needed to monitor for choriocarcinoma.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) comprises a spectrum of abnormal proliferation of trophoblast tissue that may have a wide range of behaviors and potential for metastasis. It includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasms such as invasive moles, choriocarcinomas, and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Diagnosis is made through beta-hCG levels and imaging, while treatment and prognosis depends on the type of GTD and presence of metastasis.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to a spectrum of tumors originating from the placenta due to abnormal growth of trophoblast cells beyond pregnancy. This includes benign conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant conditions like invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT). Risk factors include young or old maternal age and history of prior molar pregnancy. Treatment involves surgical evacuation followed by chemotherapy and long-term monitoring of beta HCG levels to detect malignant transformation. While GTD can be life-threatening, early diagnosis and treatment leads to high cure rates.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to abnormal cell growth that starts in the placental cells, ranging from benign conditions like molar pregnancies to malignant cancers like choriocarcinoma. GTD is diagnosed through symptoms like vaginal bleeding, enlarged uterus, and high hCG levels and treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or follow-up monitoring depending on whether the condition is benign, low risk, or high risk metastatic cancer. Prognosis is generally good even for metastatic GTD if treated early, though choriocarcinoma can be life-threatening if spread to vital organs occurs.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease -MBChB 6th Year 2018.pptxRobertoMaina2
The document discusses the growth of green energy sources and policies to support their adoption. Many governments around the world have implemented renewable portfolio standards and incentives to increase investment and development of wind, solar, and other renewable resources. These policies have led to significant cost reductions and made green energy more economically viable over the past decade.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a heterogeneous group of lesions that arise from abnormal trophoblast proliferation. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are usually benign, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) like invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), which are malignant. GTD is diagnosed by evaluating beta-hCG levels, ultrasound, and histology. While most molar pregnancies are cured by suction dilation and curettage, GTN is treated with chemotherapy, with combination therapies used for high-risk metastatic disease defined by a WHO score of 7 or higher
Gestational tropoblastic disease.prof presentation,Tariq Mohammed
The document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), including hydatidiform mole, persistent GTD, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). It provides definitions, risk factors, clinical features, histological findings, imaging studies, management including chemotherapy options, and prognostic scoring systems for GTD. Key points include that molar pregnancies have malignant potential and persistent GTD may require chemotherapy or hysterectomy, while PSTT is resistant to chemotherapy and often requires hysterectomy.
Molar pregnancies are the premalignant forms of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ( GTN ) , a group of illnesses that also includes the rare but aggressive malignancies of choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumours
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a spectrum of disorders resulting from abnormal placental growth and invasion. It includes hydatidiform moles (80% of cases), which can be complete or partial, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasias like invasive moles (12-15% of cases) and choriocarcinoma (5-8% of cases). Treatment involves surgical evacuation for moles, with chemotherapy if the mole persists or spreads malignantly. Chemotherapy regimens depend on the risk level, with single agent treatment for low risk and multi-agent protocols for high risk metastatic or drug resistant tumors. Prognosis is generally good even for metastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplas
Mrs. Soz Ali, a 34-year-old woman, presented with vaginal bleeding and nausea. Examination found a bulky uterus consistent with a 10 week gestation. Laboratory tests showed an elevated beta-hCG level of 7981 U/l and ultrasound revealed an increased uterine echogenicity with a "snowstorm" appearance. This is consistent with a diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole based on the clinical presentation, lab tests, and imaging findings. Complete molar pregnancies carry risks of persistent trophoblastic disease, chemotherapy may be required for treatment.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions resulting from abnormal proliferation of trophoblast cells during pregnancy. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as gestational trophoblastic tumors. Complete moles have no fetal development and are caused by paternal genome duplication in an empty egg. Partial moles have some fetal development and a triploid genome. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, hCG levels, and ultrasound findings. Treatment is surgical evacuation of the uterus. Patients require follow up of hCG levels to monitor for persistent trophoblastic disease.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions that includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Complete molar pregnancies are caused by abnormal fertilization and have no fetal development, while partial moles have some fetal development but also abnormal trophoblast proliferation. Persistent GTD is called gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and can be non-metastatic or metastatic. Treatment involves evacuation of the mole and long-term beta-hCG surveillance to monitor for GTN, which is treated with chemotherapy.
This document discusses nursing care for patients with molar pregnancies. It begins by defining molar pregnancy and discussing the types and risk factors. It then covers the clinical features, diagnostic evaluation including ultrasound and hCG levels, and treatment which typically involves surgical removal via suction curettage or hysterectomy. Postoperative monitoring is also discussed, including serial hCG measurements to monitor for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). The document concludes by outlining nursing management and interventions such as pain control, nausea management, health education, and contraceptive counseling.
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic diseases, specifically hydatidiform moles. It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, types (complete vs. partial mole), clinical features, diagnosis, natural history, persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor, staging, and management of these conditions. The key points are that complete moles are paternal in origin and associated with higher risks, while partial moles are triploid and have lower risks. Diagnosis involves ultrasound and tissue biopsy. Follow up of hCG levels is important after treatment to monitor for persistent tumors. Staging and risk scoring help guide chemotherapy for metastatic or high risk cases.
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a spectrum of diseases caused by abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue. It includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. Choriocarcinoma is a malignant form that can develop from any type of pregnancy and has a high risk of metastasis. Diagnosis involves elevated hCG levels, imaging, and histopathology. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include suction dilation and curettage, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception. In gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), a tumor develops inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg).
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of tumors caused by abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are usually benign, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasms like invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors, which are malignant. GTD is diagnosed using clinical features, ultrasound findings, and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Treatment may involve D&C for molar pregnancies as well as chemotherapy for malignant or persistent cases. Long term follow up is important to monitor for recurrence or progression to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia due to the
A hydatidiform mole is a gestational trophoblastic disease originating from abnormal placental tissue that can become malignant. There are two types - complete and partial moles. Complete moles are usually diploid and result from fertilization by two sperm or a haploid sperm, while partial moles are usually triploid arising from a normal sperm fertilizing a haploid egg. Clinical features include vaginal bleeding, nausea/vomiting, and high hCG levels. Diagnosis is made through ultrasound and hCG levels. Treatment is surgical evacuation followed by chemotherapy if hCG levels do not normalize or rise. Close follow up is needed to monitor for choriocarcinoma.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) comprises a spectrum of abnormal proliferation of trophoblast tissue that may have a wide range of behaviors and potential for metastasis. It includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasms such as invasive moles, choriocarcinomas, and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Diagnosis is made through beta-hCG levels and imaging, while treatment and prognosis depends on the type of GTD and presence of metastasis.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to a spectrum of tumors originating from the placenta due to abnormal growth of trophoblast cells beyond pregnancy. This includes benign conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant conditions like invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT). Risk factors include young or old maternal age and history of prior molar pregnancy. Treatment involves surgical evacuation followed by chemotherapy and long-term monitoring of beta HCG levels to detect malignant transformation. While GTD can be life-threatening, early diagnosis and treatment leads to high cure rates.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to abnormal cell growth that starts in the placental cells, ranging from benign conditions like molar pregnancies to malignant cancers like choriocarcinoma. GTD is diagnosed through symptoms like vaginal bleeding, enlarged uterus, and high hCG levels and treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or follow-up monitoring depending on whether the condition is benign, low risk, or high risk metastatic cancer. Prognosis is generally good even for metastatic GTD if treated early, though choriocarcinoma can be life-threatening if spread to vital organs occurs.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease -MBChB 6th Year 2018.pptxRobertoMaina2
The document discusses the growth of green energy sources and policies to support their adoption. Many governments around the world have implemented renewable portfolio standards and incentives to increase investment and development of wind, solar, and other renewable resources. These policies have led to significant cost reductions and made green energy more economically viable over the past decade.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a heterogeneous group of lesions that arise from abnormal trophoblast proliferation. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are usually benign, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) like invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), which are malignant. GTD is diagnosed by evaluating beta-hCG levels, ultrasound, and histology. While most molar pregnancies are cured by suction dilation and curettage, GTN is treated with chemotherapy, with combination therapies used for high-risk metastatic disease defined by a WHO score of 7 or higher
Gestational tropoblastic disease.prof presentation,Tariq Mohammed
The document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), including hydatidiform mole, persistent GTD, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). It provides definitions, risk factors, clinical features, histological findings, imaging studies, management including chemotherapy options, and prognostic scoring systems for GTD. Key points include that molar pregnancies have malignant potential and persistent GTD may require chemotherapy or hysterectomy, while PSTT is resistant to chemotherapy and often requires hysterectomy.
Molar pregnancies are the premalignant forms of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ( GTN ) , a group of illnesses that also includes the rare but aggressive malignancies of choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumours
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a spectrum of disorders resulting from abnormal placental growth and invasion. It includes hydatidiform moles (80% of cases), which can be complete or partial, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasias like invasive moles (12-15% of cases) and choriocarcinoma (5-8% of cases). Treatment involves surgical evacuation for moles, with chemotherapy if the mole persists or spreads malignantly. Chemotherapy regimens depend on the risk level, with single agent treatment for low risk and multi-agent protocols for high risk metastatic or drug resistant tumors. Prognosis is generally good even for metastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplas
Mrs. Soz Ali, a 34-year-old woman, presented with vaginal bleeding and nausea. Examination found a bulky uterus consistent with a 10 week gestation. Laboratory tests showed an elevated beta-hCG level of 7981 U/l and ultrasound revealed an increased uterine echogenicity with a "snowstorm" appearance. This is consistent with a diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole based on the clinical presentation, lab tests, and imaging findings. Complete molar pregnancies carry risks of persistent trophoblastic disease, chemotherapy may be required for treatment.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions resulting from abnormal proliferation of trophoblast cells during pregnancy. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as gestational trophoblastic tumors. Complete moles have no fetal development and are caused by paternal genome duplication in an empty egg. Partial moles have some fetal development and a triploid genome. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, hCG levels, and ultrasound findings. Treatment is surgical evacuation of the uterus. Patients require follow up of hCG levels to monitor for persistent trophoblastic disease.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions that includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Complete molar pregnancies are caused by abnormal fertilization and have no fetal development, while partial moles have some fetal development but also abnormal trophoblast proliferation. Persistent GTD is called gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and can be non-metastatic or metastatic. Treatment involves evacuation of the mole and long-term beta-hCG surveillance to monitor for GTN, which is treated with chemotherapy.
Similar to Molar Pregnancy Complete Vs Incomplete Hydatidiform Mole.pptxpptx (20)
Urolithiasis ( Kidney Stones) For ClinicalMedicine.pptxBarikielMassamu
This document discusses urolithiasis, or urinary stones. It defines urolithiasis and describes the most common types of stones based on their chemical composition. Calcium stones are the most prevalent. Risk factors for developing stones include age, sex, family history, diet, and medical conditions like gout. Clinical features can include flank pain, infection, hematuria, or being asymptomatic. Investigations like ultrasound, KUB, CT scan, and IVU may be used. Treatments depend on whether there is infection or pain. Complications can include scarring, infection, fistulae, or obstruction leading to hydronephrosis and chronic kidney disease.
Antepartum Hemorrhage For Clinical Medicine.pptxBarikielMassamu
Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) refers to vaginal bleeding after 28 weeks of pregnancy. The main causes are placenta praevia, where the placenta covers all or part of the cervix, and abruptio placentae, where the placenta separates prematurely from the uterus. Both conditions require emergency management including resuscitation of the mother, monitoring of vital signs, catheterization, blood transfusion, and prompt delivery of the baby either vaginally or by caesarean section to prevent complications such as shock, renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Placenta praevia is typically diagnosed by ultrasound and may be managed conservatively if bleeding is
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
3. Definitions
• Molar pregnancy is one of the disease conditions
originating from the trophoblast (placenta).
• These disease conditions are collectively called the
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)
• Apart from molar pregnancy, other GTD are:-
– Placental site trophoblastic tumours
– Choriocarcinomas
– Invasive mole
4. Definitions
• Molar pregnancy- abnormal form of pregnancy in
which a non viable fertilized egg implants in the
uterus and will fail to come to term.
• Is a gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)
• Occurs when a fertilized egg does not contain an
original maternal nucleus i.e. an empty egg + sperm
7. Complete moles
• A single sperm (abt 90%) or two sperms
(10%)..combining with an egg which has lost its DNA.
• No fetal tissue present
• 46,XX (Diploid), 46,XY (Diploid).
• 46 ,YY (diploid) is not observed
10. Partial moles
• Partial moles occurs when a haploid egg is fertilized
by two sperms or by one sperm which reduplicates
itself yielding the genotype of 69,XXY (triploid) OR
92,XXXY (tetraploid)
• Fetal tissue is present (fetal erythrocytes +blood
vessels)
14. COMPLETE MOLE PARTIAL MOLE
KARYOTYPE 46XX, 46XY 69XXX, 69XXY, 69YYX
HISTOLOGY
FETAL EMBRYO ABSENT PRESENT
VILLI EDEMATOUS DIFFUSED FOCAL
TROPHOBLASTIC
PROLIFERATION
MAY BE MARKED FOCAL MINIMAL
p57KIP2 NEGATIVE POSITIVE
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS MOLAR GESTATION INCOMPLETE
ABORTION
POST MOLAR GTN 15% 4-6%
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPLETE AND PARTIAL MOLE
15. ETIOLOGY AND RISKS FACTORS
• The exact etiology is not well understood.
• Risk factors:
– Maternal age (extremes <15 & >45)
– Older paternal age
– Previous hx of GTD & Hx of spontaneous abortion
– Nutritional deficiency of carotene, folic acid, proteins and
vitamin A and high carbohydrates.
– AB blood group of the parents
– Smoking
16. CLINICAL FEATURES - Complete moles
• Vaginal bleeding-uterus may become distended by
large amount of blood + dark fluid may leak into the
vagina-50%
• Hyperemesis –severe nausea +vomiting
• Thyrotoxic features of tremors or tachycardia (2%).
It is probably due to increased chorionic thyrotropin
• Varying degree of lower abdominal pain
17. Clinical features - Complete mole
• Breathlessness due to pulmonary embolization of
the trophoblastic cells (2%).
• Expulsion of grape like vesicles per vagina is
diagnostic of vesicular mole. Actually, in
approximately 50% of cases the mole is not
suspected until it is expelled in part or whole.
• History of quickening is absent.
19. Clinical features - Partial moles
• Usually mimic the symptoms of incomplete /missed
abortion
• Vaginal bleeding + absence of fetal heart beats
20. Physical examination
Complete moles
• Large uterus than expected GA - excessive
trophoblastic growth + retained blood
• Pre eclampsia _2%
• Theca lutein cyst – ovarian cyst > 6 cm in diameters,
increased hCG , GA > 10 Weeks.Presents with
pressure or pelvic pain, regress after evacuation – up
to 12 weeks.
21. Physical examination con't...
• Features suggestive of early months of
pregnancy are evident.
• The patient looks more ill than can be
accounted for.
• Pallor
• The feel of the uterus is firm elastic (doughy).
• Fetal parts are not felt, nor any fetal
movements.
• Absence of fetal heart sound
23. COMPLICATIONS
• Perforation of the uterus
• Hemorrhage
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• Acute respiratory distress- trophoblastic embolism
esp with a large uterus than gestation age.
24. Complications con't...
• Pre-eclampsia
• Sepsis as no protective layer the vaginal organisms
can invade the uterus
• The development of choriocarcinoma in 2 -10%
26. INVESTIGATIONS
NB: Most of the investigations are done at hospital level,
consider referral
• Quantitative beta –Hcg levels , hCG >100,000 mIU/mL, may
indicates trophoblastic growth.
• Full blood picture- Hb- anemia??, platelets –
coagulopathy??
• Ultrasound – bunch of grapes or honeycombed uterus or
snow storm appearance, (intrauterine mass containing
many small cysts)
27. • Chest X ray- lungs primary site of metastatis
• Histology
Complete moles - oedematous placenta villi,
hyperplasia of trophoblast, no fetal tissue
Incomplete moles - oedematous villi, trophoblastic
proliferation.
28. TREATMENT
• Also consider referral when at dispensary or health
center level
• Blood transfusion, if anaemic
• Fresh frozen plasma - DIC
• Contraception for 6 month
29. TREATMENT
• SURGICAL CARE
Evacuation of the uterus by dilation and curettage
IV Oxytocin is used after the dilation of the cervix at
the initiation of suctioning and postoperatively to
reduce likelyhood of hemorrhage
30. PROGNOSIS
• Complete hydatidiform mole - 15-20% risk of
developing into choriocarcinoma and 15% to invasive
mole. Accounts for 50% of all cases of
choriocarcinoma.
• Incomplete moles can become invasive (<5%) but not
choriocarcinoma
• One percent of women with molar pregnacy may
have recurrence
31.
32. MONITORING
• Serial quantitative beta hCG
Weekly until levels are within reference range for 3-4
weeks
hCG levels should consistently drop,never increase,
and should get back to normal (8-12 weeks) after
evacuation
Once reference range reached (3-4 weeks) , continue
checking monthly for 6 month
33. MONITORING
If the level of hCG plateau or rise ,think of malignant
transformation.
Effective contraception- if IUD was chosen , to avoid
perforation and bleeding , insertion should wait for
uterus involution to occur and normalization of
serum hCG levels
34. Key points
• Molar pregnancy is one among the diseases called
the Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases (GTD)
• A doctor has to diagnose proparly and provide
appropriate management.
35. Evaluation
• How a molar pregnancy is formed?
• What are the clinical features of a complete molar?
• What are the risk factors for a molar pregnancy to
turn into malignancy?
Extreme ages- commonly for complete mole
Older maternal or parternal age – partial moles … it is thought that its due to increased rate of abnormal fertilization of the ova
Hx of GTD – increases risk by 10 fold
Hx of abortion 2 fold
Cocs doubles the risk
Lack of carotene and vit a common for complete moles
Smokin/irregular menses – for partial moles
Differ from partial in regard to their karyotype and histological appearance and clinical ppt
Diploid karyotype 46xx/46xy and have paternal chromosomes in origin
The ovum is fertilized by haploid sperm and thru meosis it duplicates
Nuclear dna is entirely paternal and mitochondrial dna remains maternal origin
Microscopically – enlarged edematous villi+ abnormal troph proliferation involving the entire placenta
Macroscopically – cluster of vesicles – bunch of grape appearance
No fetal tissue or amnion is produced in this case
*serum free thyroxine levels are elevated as a consequence of thyrotropin like effect on bhcg
Have triploid karyotype 69xxx,69xxy, 69xyy
One maternal and 2 parternal haploid sets of chromosomes, the coexisting fetus is usually nonviable with multiple malformation
Most contain fetal tissue and amnion in addition to placental tissue.
Patient present with sign and symptoms of missed abortion or incomplete
Trophoblastic proliferation is focal and bhcg doesn’t exceed 100,000miu/ml. usual not identified until post histological findings after curratings