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- 1. MITOSIS 1. Q P 1 P 2 S R The cell cycle Name and state the purpose of each of these sub phases P1 : ……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… Q : ……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… P2 : ……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… R : ……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… S : ……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
- 2. 2. State the definition of Mitosis. Process by which a nucleus divides to produce _____________ daughter cells, MITOSIS each containing the __________ number of chromosomes as the parental cells. 3. Rearrange the jumbled words . The importance of mitosis is : a. W O T H G R _____________________ b. ELLC ECALPNETERM _____________________ c. G E T O I R E N E N A _____________________ d. X E S A A U L D U T C I N E R R O P _____________________ 4. Label the diagram below. i. ii. iii. 2
- 3. 5. Underline the correct words in the bracket. Cytokinesis in eukaryotes occurs ( just prior to , after ) mitosis; cell division in prokaryotes occurs by a ( simpler, more complex ) process called, binary ( fission , fusion ). Between divisions, eukaryotic cells are in ( dormant-phase , interphase ) , an active period during which chromosomal DNA is duplicated, the cell mass ( increases, decreases) and new organelles are produced. Nuclear DNA is replicated only during S phase. The process of mitosis occurs in the following order : prophase, ( anaphase , metaphase ) , ( anaphase , metaphase ) and telophase. The mitotic spindle is a complex of ( microtubules , microfilaments ) that ( prevents , assists ) chromosome movement. The spindle is attached to each chromosome at a site called the ( connector , centromere ). Following nuclear division, the cytosol of the cells is divided. The soon-to-be daughter cells are separated by the cleavage ( plane , furrow ) in animals cells and the cell ( plate , furrow ) in the plant cells. 6. How does mitosis in plant cells differ from mitosis in animal cells ? Cell division in plant and animal cells differs in two ways : (1) animal cells have …………………………… , whereas plants cells ……………………. , and (2) animal cells have ………………………………….. , whereas plant cells have ……………………….. 3
- 4. 8. Complete the flow chart below Tissue Culture Technique …………. of carrot Transverse section of root Cell ( …..n ) Fragments cultured in …………….. Cell division ………………. to form ………… Callus cultured on ……….. medium and transferred to …………. Adult plant 4
- 5. 9. Explain briefly how Dolly the sheep was produced by cloning. Give your answer in the form of a diagram which shows the successive steps with explanatory notes for each step. 5
- 6. 10. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING Advantage Disadvantage Cloned plant are ……………………… is Clones are …………………… to new size and shape diseases Plants can be produced ………… the year Clones are easily destroyed if there is a …………………. in the environment Plant maintain the …………….. designed characteristics of the mother plants Tissue culture techniques are cost …………………… Clones can be produced in ……………….. numbers in a short time MEIOSIS 11. MEIOSIS Process by which a nucleus divides to produce ____________ daughter cells, each containing ___________ the number of chromosomes of the parental cell. 12. Fill in the blank using the words provided. 6
- 7. Synapsis Sister Chromatids Metaphase II four Haploid Haploid Homologous chromosomes Two Diploid Prophase I Diploid 1. At __________ phase of meiosis are these two cells, each with sister chromatids aligned at the spindle equator. 2. The meiotic process by which homologues are paired during prophase I is called __________ . 3. Crossing occurs during ________ . 4. Meiosis consists of __________ nuclear divisions, producing ___________ haploid cells. 5. The function of meiosis I is to separate _________ . The function of meiosis II is to separate _____________ . 6. Meiosis I produces two ____________ cells. 7. Meiosis II produces four ______________ cells. 13. By using two different colours show the result of crossing-over. 7
- 8. 14. Complete the table below. Name of Phase Description 1. Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite 2. sides Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter 3. cells formed 4. Chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs 5. Crossing-over occurs 6. Chromatids separate 7. Homologs line up alone equator 8. Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed 15. Name the stages in the figures above . 8
- 9. 16. If a diploid cell has two chromosomes ( 2n = 4 ) , Draw and describe the events that occur in each stage in mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis Prophase Meiosis I Prophase Meiosis II Prophase Chromosome behaviour Mitosis Metaphase Meiosis I Metaphase Meiosis II Metaphase Chromosome o o behaviour Mitosis Anaphase Meiosis I Anaphase Meiosis II Anaphase 9
- 10. Chromosome o o behaviour Mitosis Telophase Meiosis I Telophase Meiosis II Telophase Chromosome o o behaviour 17. COMPARE AND CONTRAST 1. Complete the table below. 10
- 11. Meiosis I Similarities Meiosis II 1. The chromosomes become …………………………. and ……………………. during prophase. 2. The chromosomes are arranged at the …………………………. plate. MEIOSIS I Aspect compared MEIOSIS II Homologous chromosomes pair Prophase Synapsis of homologous up and …………………………... chromosomes and between non-sister chromatids ………………………….between occurs. non- sister chromatids does not take place ……………………………………. Metaphase ………………………. align at align at the metaphase plate of the metaphase plate ( equator) the cell of the cell Homologous chromosomes Anaphase Sister chromatids …………………… and move to …………………………becoming opposite poles. Sister daughter chromosomes that chromatids are still attached move to opposite poles. together and move as a unit. ……….. haploid daughter cells Telophase …………. haploid daughter are are formed. formed. Each daughter cell has only Set of chromosome Each daughter cell has the …………. of each type of ……………. number of chromosome : either the chromosome as the haploid cell paternal or the maternal produced in meiosis I but each chromosome. cell has only one of the sister chromatids. 18. Complete the table below. Mitosis Similarities Meiosis 1. A nuclear division process 2. Nuclear division occur 11
- 12. MITOSIS Aspect compared MEIOSIS Place occur Role Number of sitokinesis Synapsis of homologous chromosomes Number of daughter cells Set of chromosomes Genetic composition of daughter cells Variation EXERCISES 1. Figure 1.1 shows phases M and N during meiosis I. 12
- 13. M phase : N phase : Description : Description : a. In the space provided, i. State the both stages in M and N ii. Describe the behaviour of both chromosomes in above stages. b. Figure 1.2 shows the chromosome behaviour during Prophase I in meiosis. 13
- 14. UV ray i. State the M process …………………………….. ii. State the part of chromatid where the M process occurs. ……………………………... c. Based on figure 1.2, draw the chromosome behaviour during Prophase II. Statement : Case : Meiosis is a process to In a family, there are produce gametes that variability occurs in take place in sex organ . offspring. 14
- 15. d. Based on the above statement, explain how the situation happens. ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………. e. Figure 1.3 shows the formation of cancer cell in epithelium . UV ray Epithelium cell Cancer cells Based on figure 1.3 , explain how the cancer happens. ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. Meiosis is involved in the production of gametes for sexual reproduction. Offspring produced by sexual reproduction differ genetically from one another and from the 15
- 16. parents. Draw a diagram and explain briefly how meiosis makes genetic variation possible. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Figure shows the differences that occur in a family member. Based on figure 8, identify the differences among the family members. Discuss how the differences are inherited. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
- 17. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Diagram 2.1 shows phase X and phase Y in the cell cycle of an organism. Phase X consists of three sub-phase, P, Q and R. Phase Y involves two processes, U and Y. Diagram 2.1 (a) (i) Name process U. …………………………………………… (ii) State two roles of process U in an organism. 17
- 18. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Diagram 2.2 shows the various stages in process U. Diagram 2.2 (i) Based on Diagram 2.2 complete the correct sequence of stages in process U. Stage → Stage → Stage → Stage IV ………… ……… ……… (ii) Name the stages in process U. Stage Name of stage I II III IV (c) (i) Name phase X in Diagram 2.1. ………………………………… 18
- 19. (ii) Describe what happens in the cell during phase X. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… (d) A technique which involves the cell cycle shown in Diagram 2.1 could used in cattle farming. A researcher to use the technique to increase the number of beef cattle. Describe the technique. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 19