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Cell cycle- mitosis
- 2. State Standards Genetics StateStandards 10.4 In sexually reproducing organism, each offspring contains a mix of characteristics inherited from both parents. Genetics CAPT Strands D 34. Describe, in general terms, how the genetic information of organisms can be altered to make them produce new materials. D 35. Explain the risks and benefits of altering the genetic composition and cell products of existing organisms. D 36. Explain how meiosis contributes to the genetic variability of organisms.
- 3. Objectives Understand thatmost organisms have two genes for each trait. Illustrate how meiosis contributes to genetic variability. Create a visual representation of the stages of meiosis.
- 4. Cell Cycle Review All cells come from pre-existing cells New cells are produced for growth and to replace damaged or old cells Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants and animals)
- 5. Cell Cycle Review DNA must be copied or replicated before cell division Each new cell will have an identical copy of DNA DNA make up chromosomes
- 6. Cell Cycle Review Before cells divide chromosomes are replicated Create two identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere Human cells have 46 chromosomes
- 7.
- 8. Checkpoint When chromosomes arereplicated, what is created? 1. Two brother chromosomes 2. Two sister chromosomes 3. Two brother chromatids 4. Two sister chromatids
- 9. Checkpoint How many chromosomesdoes the human cell have? 1. 23 2. 32 3. 46 4. 52
- 10. Checkpoint Why is DNAreplicated? 1. To replace old DNA 2. For cell division 3. To make new DNA 4. All of the above
- 11. Cell Cycle: Interphase G1- primary growth phase Makes more cytoplasm and organelles Most of the growing S- synthesis DNA is replicated G2- secondary growth phase Prepares for mitosis
- 12. Cell Cycle: Mitosis The purpose of mitosis is: To produce two new nucleii with exactly the same kind and same number of chromosomes as the parent cell Makes somatic cells (body cells)
- 13. Cell Cycle: Mitosis 4 phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
- 14. Cell Cycle: Mitosis Prophase Chromatin condenses to chromosomes Nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to break down Spindle fibers, called kinetochores, attach to the centromere of each chromosome Spindle fibers form between the poles of the cell
- 15. Cell Cycle: Mitosis Metaphase Chromosomes, attached to the spindle fibers, move to the center of the cell Chromosomes are now lined up at the middle
- 16. Cell Cycle: Mitosis Anaphase Occurs rapidly Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers Sister chromatids
- 17. Cell Cycle: Mitosis Telophase Spindle disassembles Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids Nucleolus reappears Chromosomes reappear as chromatin
- 18. Checkpoint What happens duringthe S phase of the cell cycle? 1. DNA is replicated 2. Cells grown 3. Cells divide 4. Nothing happens
- 19. Checkpoint During anaphase inmitosis what is pulled apart? 1. Centromere 2. Homologous chromosomes 3. Sister chromatids 4. Spindle fibers
- 20. Checkpoint What is thecorrect order of mitosis? 1. MATP 2. TMAP 3. PMAT 4. MAPT
- 21. Cell Cycle: Cytokinesis Cytokinesis Mean division of cytoplasm Division of cell into two identical halves called daughter cells
- 22. Cell Cycle: Mitosis Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow in animal cell Cell plate in plant cell
- 23. Cell Cycle: Mitosis Daughter cells Have the same number of chromosomes as each other and as the parent cell Identical to each other, but smaller then parent cell Must grow to become mature cell (G1 of Interphase) Diploid cells (or 2n) because these cells have 2 sets of the same chromosomes
- 25. Interphase 1. Prophase 6. Telophase 2. 7. Cleavage furrow Metaphase Plate 4. 3. Metaphase 5. Anaphase
- 26.
- 27. Cell Cycle Review All cells come from ________________ cells New cells are produced for ______________ and to _________________damaged or old cells Differs in _______________ (bacteria) and _________________(protists, fungi, plants and animals)
- 28. DNA must becopied or replicated _______________ cell division Each new cell will have an _______________ copy of DNA DNA make up chromosomes
- 29. Before cells divide chromosomesare ___________________ Create two identical _____________________ held together by a _________________ Human cells have ________ chromosomes
- 31. CHECKPOINT √ When chromosomes are replicated, what is created? 1. 2 brother chromosomes 2. 2 sister chromosomes 3. 2 brother chromatids 4. 2 sister chromatids How many chromosomes does the human cell have? 1. 23 2. 32 3. 46 4. 52 Why is DNA replicated? 1. To replace old DNA 2. For cell division 3. To make new DNA 4. Both 2 & 3
- 32. Cell Cycle: Interphase G1-primary growth phase Makes more _______________ and _____________________ Most of the growing S- synthesis DNA is ________________ G2- secondary growth phase Prepares for ______________
- 33. Cell Cycle: Mitosis Thepurpose of mitosis is: To produce two new __________________with exactly the same_____________ and same _____________ of chromosomes as the _____________________ Makes ___________________ cells (body cells)
- 34. 4 phases: _________phase _________phase _________phase _________phase
- 35. Prophase Chromatin condenses to________________ Nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to _______________________ _________________________, called kinetochores, attach to the ________________ of each chromosome Spindle fibers form between the poles of the cell
- 36. Metaphase Chromosomes, _______________to the spindlefibers, move to the center of the cell Chromosomes are now lined up at the ______________________ Anaphase Occurs __________________ Sister chromatids are pulled ___________ to opposite ____________ of the cell by spindle fibers Sister chromatids
- 37. Telophase Spindle __________________ Nuclear envelope____________ around ________________of sister chromatids _________________ reappears Chromosomes reappear as _________________________
- 38. CHECKPOINT √ What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle? 1. DNA is replicated 2. Cells grown 3. Cells divide 4.. Nothing happens During anaphase of mitosis what is pulled apart? 1. Centromere 2. Homologous chromosomes 3. Sister chromatids 4. Spindle fibers What is the correct order of mitosis? 1. MATP 2. TMAP 3. PMAT 4. MAPT
- 39. Cell Cycle: Cytokinesis Meandivision of ________________ Division of cell into two identical halves called ________________ cells Cleavage ___________ in animal cells Cell __________ in plant cells Animal Plant
- 40. Daughter cells Have the____________ number of chromosomes as each other and as the __________________ Identical to each other, but ____________ then parent cell Must grow to become mature cell (________ of Interphase) ____________cells (or ___________) because these cells have ____________of chromosomes
- 41. Key 1. 1.__________________ 2._________________ 6. 3._________________ 2. 4._________________ ___________________ 7. 4. 5._________________ 5. 6._________________ ___________________ 3. 7._________________