Introduction to Civil Engineering 22ESC141 - Module 1.pptx

- BY
ADARSHA M R
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
SJCIT
INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL
ENGINEERING
22ESC141

What is Engineering?
A profession of converting scientific
knowledge into useful practical
applications, where the materials
and forces in nature are effectively
used for the benefit of mankind.

What is Civil Engineering?
Civil engineering is one of the oldest
branch of engineering which involves
surveys, planning, designing,
construction and maintenance/repairs
for any construction project including
supervision for expected quality of
materials of construction and strength,
stability, durability through supervision
as well as efficient construction
management techniques.

Scope of different fields of Civil Engineering
• Surveying
• Structural Engineering
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Hydraulics and Water resources
• Transportation Engineering
• Environmental Engineering
• Construction Planning and Project Management

Introduction to Civil Engineering
SURVEYING

Surveying is the technique of determining the relative position of different
features on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or
indirect measurements and representing them on a sheet of paper known as
plan or map.
SURVEYING

• To determine the relative position of any objects or points of the earth.
• To determine the distance and angle between different objects.
• To prepare a map or plan to represent an area on a horizontal plan.
• To develop methods through the knowledge of modern science and the technology
and use them in the field.
• To solve measurement problems in an optimal way.
SURVEYING

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Structural engineering is based upon physical laws and empirical
knowledge of the structural performance of different materials and
geometries. It utilises a number of simple structural elements to build
complex structural systems.

• It deals with analysis and design of structures
• Sections of structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, etc are
designed
• It includes design of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and steel
structures
• Structural analysis is done to calculate stresses in structural components
on the basis of loads, acting on structures
• Design of multi-storeyed buildings, towers, retaining walls, water tanks,
bridges requires skills and knowledge of structural engineering.

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Geotechnical engineering is the subject that deals with the properties of soil (sand, silt
and clay) in terms of construction technology, and assessment of slope stability and the
risk of landslides.
The study of properties and behaviour of soil under loads and changes in environmental
conditions.

• It deals with the investigation of soil and bedrock.
• It helps to select the type of foundation.
• It deals with the design foundation for buildings, dams, retaining walls, bridges,
road pavements.
• It helps to study the effect of soil.
• It deals with the study of compaction of soil.

HYDRAULICS AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

HYDRAULICS AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
Hydraulic engineering is the application of the principles of fluid
mechanics to problems dealing with the collection, storage,
control, transport, regulation, measurement, and use of water.
Water resource engineering deals with planning, designing and
developing water resources.

HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING
• It deals with the study of mechanics of water and its flow characteristics.
• It deals with the planning and manage the flow and storage of water.
• It includes design of hydraulic structures like dams, canals, etc.
• Design of hydro power plants for generation of electricity.

WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
• It includes design of reservoir capacity to store the water.
• It also includes watershed planning, water harvesting techniques.
• It also deals with the study of measurement of rainfall, study of
rainfall, runoff and flood control.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

TRANSPORATAION ENGINEERING
Transportation engineering involves planning,
design, operation, and maintenance of
transportation systems to help build smart,
safe, and liveable communities.

TRANSPORATAION ENGINEERING
• It includes roadways, railways, airways and waterways.
• Role of transportation engineer is to construct facilities related to each mode of
transportation.
• It helps to improve the crucial sections of railways and roads.
• It helps to develop the roads to remote places.
• Ports and harbours should be designed to accommodate.
• It involves geometric design of roadways.
• It involves accident study for safe and comfort transport system.
• For an airport, the runway and other facilities such as taxiways, terminal buildings,
control towers, etc should be properly designed.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Environmental engineering deals with the study of the natural
environment/ecosystems, inter-relation between biotic and abiotic factors, safety
of people against different types of pollution and treatment disposal of wastes.

• It deals with pollution control (water, air, noise and land) and public health
engineering.
• It deals with the supply of purified water to the public.
• It involves measurement (quantification) of industrial pollutants.
• Research and development for recycling/ reusing the mass or energy from
wastes.
• Conservation and preservation of natural resources and environment
(ecosystems).
• Design, erection/construction and maintenance of water filters and water
supply schemes (pipe lines).

CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & PROJECT ENGINEERING

Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the
management and execution of construction projects that involves choice of
technology, definition of work tasks, estimation of the required resources and
durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the
different work tasks.

• It deals with the planning of different activities like manpower, materials and
machinery to complete the construction economically and within time.
• It gives guidelines regarding the execution of construction work to be carried
out.
• It helps in preparing construction schedule (Schedule is a systematic path of
different activities carried out one after the other).
• It helps in proper management of materials, labour and equipments.
• Due to proper construction management there is overall control on work and
finance.

Basic Materials of construction
Bricks
Brick is a small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun dried clay, used
in construction.

Bricks
Uses/ Applications:
• First class and second class bricks are used for permanent structures such as
buildings, dams, roads, bridge piers, etc.
• First class bricks are also used for architectural effects on structures.
• Second class bricks are used in construction but the surface should be plastered
evenly because of the irregular size and shape of bricks.
• Third class or sun dried bricks are used only for temporary structures.
• Broken bricks are used as aggregate for foundation and road works.
• Manufacture of surki (powdered bricks) to be used in lime plaster and lime
concrete.

Bricks
Characteristics/ Requirements/ Properties of good bricks:
• Bricks should be of uniform colour, size and shape. Standard size of brick
should be maintained.
• They should be sound and compact.
• They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as air bubbles, stone
nodules, etc with sharp and square edges.
• They should not absorb more than 1/5 of their own weight of water when
immersed in water for 24 hours (15% to 20% of dry weight).
• The compressive strength of bricks should be in the range of 15 - 35 N/mm2.

Bricks
Characteristics/ Requirements/ Properties of good bricks:
• They should not change in volume when wetted.
• They should neither be over burnt nr under burnt.
• They should be sound proof (i.e., no voids should be present)
• They should be non-inflammable and incombustible.
• They should be free from lime pitting (i.e., imperfection on the surface due to
presence of large lime particles)

Cement and Mortars

Cement and Mortars
Cement is powder of alumina, silica, lime, iron oxide, and magnesium oxide
burned together in a kiln and finely pulverised and used as an ingredient of
mortar and concrete.
Mortar is paste (capable of setting and hardening) obtained by adding water to a
mixture of fine aggregates such as sand and binding material (ex: clay, gypsum,
lime or cement or their combinations).

Cement
Uses:
• Production of concrete and mortar.
• Cement mortar can be used for masonry work, plaster, pointing, etc.
• Used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and constructing lintels, beams, stairs,
columns, etc.
• Used for the preparation of foundations, watertight floors, footpaths, etc.
• Used for manufacturing precast pipes, garden seats, flower pots, dust bins,
fencing posts, etc.

Cement
Requirements/ characteristics of good cement:
• Provides strength to masonry.
• Stiffens or hardens early.
• Possesses good plasticity.
• Excellent building material.
• Easily workable.
• Good moisture resistant.

Cement
Types of cement:
• Ordinary Portland cement
(OPC)
• Portland pozzolana cement
(PPC)
• Rapid hardening cement
• Extra rapid hardening
cement
• Low heat cement
• Sulfates resisting cement
• Quick setting cement
• Blast furnace slag cement
• High alumina cement
• White cement

Mortar
Uses:
• To bind masonry blocks like stones, bricks and to plaster slabs and walls.
• Used to give neat finishes to the wall, concrete surfaces, and pointed joints to
masonry.
• Used to prepare concrete blocks, to fill joints and cracks in walls and as a filler
material in stone masonry and ferro-cement works.

Mortar
Requirements/ characteristics of good mortar:
• Possess adhesion quality.
• Mortar should be water resistant.
• Deformability of mortar should be low.
• It should be economical.
• It should be easily workable in the site condition.
• Workability of mortar should be good. It helps the mortar to be paved thinly and evenly.
• Possess high durability.
• To improve the speed of construction, good mortar should set quickly.
• Cracks should not be developed in the joint formed by the mortar.

Mortar
Types of mortar:
• Cement mortar
• Lime mortar
• Gypsum mortar
• Mud mortar
• Composite mortar

Plain Concrete

Plain Concrete
Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand)
and coarse aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time.

Plain Concrete
Properties:
• It should have high compressive strength.
• It should be able to resist climatic and chemical actions to be durable.
• It should be highly workable. It should be easy to mix, manage and transport.
It should be free from bleeding and segregation.
• It should be highly resistive towards the fire to prevent problems like firing,
spalling of concrete, etc.

Plain Concrete
Uses:
• Used in the construction of foundations.
• Used as bed concrete below wall footings, column footings and on walls below beams.
• Used to construct sill to obtain hard and even surface at window and ventilator sills.
• Used as coping concrete over the parapet and compound walls.
• Used for flagging the area around the buildings.
• Used to construct pavements.
• Used as plinth protection.
• Used in the construction of storm/ sewer at drains and small retaining walls.

Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced Concrete
RCC is a composite building material consisting of concrete reinforced with steel.

Reinforced Concrete
Uses:
• RCC is used for the construction of roof slabs, columns, beams and footings in
residential and commercial structures.
• It is used for the construction of bridges of small, medium and long spans
resulting in aesthetically superior and economical structures in comparison with
steel bridges.
• It is used in the construction of roads that is designed to carry heavy traffic
loads.
• It is used in the construction of almost all types of foundation of structures.
• Pipes and conduits have been constructed from reinforced concrete.

Prestressed Concrete

PSC is a structural material that allows for predetermined, engineering stresses
to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when they are
subjected to loading.

Uses:
• PSC is used in the construction of superstructure of bridges.
• Used in the construction of runways.
• Used in the construction of water tanks.
• Used in the construction of tall columns and retaining walls.

Structural Steel

Structural Steel
Steel is a kind of alloy that is made of iron and carbon. Due to its high strength it
is often used to build the framework of skyscrapers.

Structural Steel
Uses:
• Used as reinforcement in RCC structures.
• Used to construct high rise buildings.
• Used to construct industrial buildings.
• Used to construct residential buildings.
• Used to construct bridges.

Structural Steel
Types:
Based on the physical properties and their composition
• Stainless steel (Steel in combination with chromium)
• Carbon steel (Combination of iron and carbon)
• Alloy steel (Carbon steel along with various other alloying elements)
• Tool steel (Carbon alloy steel well suited to manufacture tools)

Construction Chemicals

Construction chemicals are compounds that are added to concrete and mortar to
enhance compatibility with the structure of buildings.

Types:
• Concrete admixtures
• Surface retarders
• Adhesives and sealants
• Protective coatings
• Flooring compounds
• Waterproofing chemicals
• Chemicals to repair and maintenance the structure

Uses:
• To improve workability
• To increase efficiency
• To add effectiveness
• To protect any part of any structure
• To accelerate the speed of construction work.

Structural elements of a building

Foundation

• Foundation (substructure) - Lowest artificially prepared parts of the structure
which are in direct contact with the ground and which transmit the loads of the
structures to the ground.
• Foundation bed / Foundation soil - The soil ground on which the foundations
rest and ultimately bears the load and interacts with the foundation of the
building.
• Footing - Lowermost portion of the foundation which is in direct contact with
the sub-soil.
Foundation

• Isolated footing
• Wall footings
• Combined footing
• Cantilever or Strap footing
• Mat foundation
Types

Types
Isolated
footing Wall footing
Combined footing
Strap
footing
Mat footing

Functions of foundation:
• To distribute the total load coming on the structure onto a sub-soil to reduce intensity of load.
• To support the structures.
• To provide lateral stability to the structures against horizontal forces like wind, rain,
earthquake, etc.
• To prepare a level and hard surface for concreting and masonry work.
• To distribute the non-uniform load of the superstructure evenly to the sub-soil.
• To prevent or minimise cracks due to the movement of moisture in case of weak or poor soils.
• To provide structural safety against undermining or scouring due to animals, flood water, etc.
Foundation

Plinth

• Plinth - Part of the superstructure located between the ground level and the
floor level.
• Height of the plinth should be less than 45cm.
• Height of the plinth depends upon architectural elevation, ground level, highest
flood level, etc.
Plinth

Functions of plinth:
• Evenly distributes and disperses load of the columns to the foundations.
• Acts as a barrier or a retaining wall that keeps the concrete filled ground floor
below the raised floor of the building.
• Plinth prevents the dampness and moisture of the ground floor to reach the
building’s top structure.
• It gives strength and durability to the residential unit.
• Prevents cracks in the building when the foundation suffers from settlement.
Plinth

Lintel

• Lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across an opening to support the
portion of the structure above it.
• Lintels are easy and simple in construction.
• The ends of the lintel is built into masonry and thus the load carried by lintels
is transferred to the masonry in jambs.
Lintel

Functions of lintel:
• Supports the walls above the openings like doors, windows, etc.
• Provides the safeguard of the windows and doors.
• Withstands the imposed loads coming from the bricks above or block including
the roofing members.
• Transfers all imposed loads to the side walls.
• Can be used as decorative architectural element.
Lintel

Chejja

A sloping or horizontal structural projection usually provided over openings on
external walls to provide protection from sun and rain.
Chejja

Functions of chejja:
• Protects the house from external sunlight.
• Protects the house by providing a barrier for rain water to enter.
• Can be used to place the compressor of AC.
• Protects the wooden windows from rain and sun.
• Serves as an aesthetic decoration to the building.
Chejja

Masonry wall

• Masonry is a term to indicate the part of the construction that uses brick,
concrete blocks, structural clay tile, and stone.
• These materials are held together with mortar.
Masonry wall

Functions of masonry wall:
• Acts as a architectural effect.
• Granting fire and weather protection.
• Providing acoustic and thermal insulation.
• Subdividing space
• Supporting loads.
Masonry wall

Column

Column is a vertical compression member that spans from the substructure to
the superstructure and transfers load from the top of the structure to the
foundation.
Column

Column
Functions of columns:
• Column transfers the weight of the structure above to the other elements below.
• Columns chiefly support axial compressive loads.
• Load is transferred parallel to the longitudinal axis as compression.
• Columns are used to support floor/roof beams and the columns of the floor above.
• The columns at the bottom floor of a multi-storied building must carry the
accumulative weight of all the floors above.
• Location of the columns ideally should be consistent throughout all floors.

Beam

Beam
A beam is a horizontal flexural member that carries loads perpendicular to their
longitudinal direction.

Beam
Functions of beam:
• A beam resists loads applied laterally to the beam’s axis.
• Beams are used to support the weight of floors, ceilings and roofs of a building
and to transfer the load to a vertical load bearing element of the structure.
• Beams carry wall loads which avoids loading concrete slab.
• Transfer beams are used to support the cumulative weight of stacked walls or
other beams and to transfer the load to the supports.
• The load capacity and the span of a ceiling can be increased by the used of
beams.

Slab

Slab
A slab is a flat, two dimensional planar structural component of building having a
very small thickness compared to its other two dimensions.

Slab
Functions of slab:
• To provide a flat surface.
• To act as sound, heat and fire insulator.
• It provides a covering shelter or working flat surface in buildings.
• To transfer the load by bending in one or two directions.
• The upper slab becomes the ceiling for the storey beneath it.

Load transfer mechanism in a building

Staircase

• Stair - Sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of ascent and
descent between the floors or landings.
• Staircase - Apartment or room of a building., in which the stair is located.
• Stairway - Opening or space occupied by the stair.
Staircase

• Straight stairs
• Turning stairs
Quarter turn stairs
Half turn stairs
Three quarter turn stairs
• Circular or helical or spiral stairs:
Types of staircase

Types of staircase
Straight
stairs
Quarter turn
stairs
Half turn stairs (Dog
legged)
Half turn stairs (Open
newel)

Types of staircase
Three quarter
turn stairs
Spiral stairs

Functions of stair case:
• Aesthetics and appearance.
• Access to another floor.
• Safe and easy means to travel.
• Degree of insulation.
• Escape routes in case of emergency like fire.
Staircase

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