This document describes the design and simulation of a modified Sierpinski gasket fractal antenna for Wi-Fi and WLAN applications. Fractal antennas can provide multiband operation and miniaturization. The designed antenna uses a Sierpinski gasket fractal placed on an Arlon substrate with a line feed. Simulations show the antenna operates in the frequency ranges of 1.75-2.65 GHz and 5.7-7.65 GHz, covering Wi-Fi and WLAN bands. Return loss is below -15 dB and radiation patterns indicate good gain within the operating bands, confirming multiband performance for wireless applications. The fractal design approach allows for a small, low profile antenna suitable for integrated systems
Design and simulation of sierpinski carpet fractal antenna and comparision of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
— The Sierpinski fractal antenna has been analyzed
parametrically, and observed how its characteristics changing
with the variation of its different parameters. The input return
loss and input impedance have log periodic behavior that
characterizes the sierpinski monopole antenna as fractal
geometry. The band spacing and impedance matching have been
improved by using different scale factor and feeding methods.
Sierpinski monopole antenna for WLAN bands (2.4GHz and
5GHz) has been designed and simulated using Ansoft Hfss.The
operating frequencies of the proposed designs match with
IEEE802.11b (2.45GHz) and IEEE802.11a (5.20 GHz and
5.775GHz) standards which would allow WLAN operation.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIDES Editor
This paper presents a CPW fed Rectangular
shaped patch antenna for the frequency 3.42GHz which
falls in WiMAX and 5.25GHz for WLAN applications.
The measured -10dB impedance bandwidth is about
650MHz (2.98GHz-3.63GHz) for WiMAX and 833MHz
(4.95GHz-5.78GHz) for WLAN applications. The effect of
slot width, rectangular patch height, and substrate
dielectric constant have been evaluated. The results of
antenna are simulated by using Zeeland’s MOM based
IE3D tool. Two dimensional radiation patterns with
elevation and azimuth angles, VSWR<2, Return loss of
-24dB and -18dB for WiMAX and WLAN applications,
antenna efficiency about 90%, gain above 3.5dB are
obtained. The compact aperture area of the antenna is
46.2 X 41.66 mm2.
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Parametric Analysis of Single Element U Slot Microstrip AntennaIJSRD
In wireless communication system antennas are the most important element for creating communication link between source and destination. Microsrtip antennas are used for mobile and other satellite communication application because of their light weight, low power handling capacity and low profile. The modern mobile communication system requires high gain, wide bandwidth and minimal size antennas that are capable of providing better performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. This requirement leads to the design of microsrtip patch array antenna. This paper proposes the parametric analysis of single element U slot MSA. Low dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. Thus it prefers FR4 as a dielectric substrate. Desired patch antenna design is simulated by using high frequency simulation software and patch antenna is designed as per requirement. Antenna dimensions such as Length (L), Width (W), and substrate dielectric constant and parameters like Return Loss, Gain, impedance and current distribution are calculated using CAD-FEKO. The antenna has been design to be operated in the range of 8-12GHz. Hence this antenna is highly suitable for X-band applications.
Design and simulation of sierpinski carpet fractal antenna and comparision of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
— The Sierpinski fractal antenna has been analyzed
parametrically, and observed how its characteristics changing
with the variation of its different parameters. The input return
loss and input impedance have log periodic behavior that
characterizes the sierpinski monopole antenna as fractal
geometry. The band spacing and impedance matching have been
improved by using different scale factor and feeding methods.
Sierpinski monopole antenna for WLAN bands (2.4GHz and
5GHz) has been designed and simulated using Ansoft Hfss.The
operating frequencies of the proposed designs match with
IEEE802.11b (2.45GHz) and IEEE802.11a (5.20 GHz and
5.775GHz) standards which would allow WLAN operation.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIDES Editor
This paper presents a CPW fed Rectangular
shaped patch antenna for the frequency 3.42GHz which
falls in WiMAX and 5.25GHz for WLAN applications.
The measured -10dB impedance bandwidth is about
650MHz (2.98GHz-3.63GHz) for WiMAX and 833MHz
(4.95GHz-5.78GHz) for WLAN applications. The effect of
slot width, rectangular patch height, and substrate
dielectric constant have been evaluated. The results of
antenna are simulated by using Zeeland’s MOM based
IE3D tool. Two dimensional radiation patterns with
elevation and azimuth angles, VSWR<2, Return loss of
-24dB and -18dB for WiMAX and WLAN applications,
antenna efficiency about 90%, gain above 3.5dB are
obtained. The compact aperture area of the antenna is
46.2 X 41.66 mm2.
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Parametric Analysis of Single Element U Slot Microstrip AntennaIJSRD
In wireless communication system antennas are the most important element for creating communication link between source and destination. Microsrtip antennas are used for mobile and other satellite communication application because of their light weight, low power handling capacity and low profile. The modern mobile communication system requires high gain, wide bandwidth and minimal size antennas that are capable of providing better performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. This requirement leads to the design of microsrtip patch array antenna. This paper proposes the parametric analysis of single element U slot MSA. Low dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. Thus it prefers FR4 as a dielectric substrate. Desired patch antenna design is simulated by using high frequency simulation software and patch antenna is designed as per requirement. Antenna dimensions such as Length (L), Width (W), and substrate dielectric constant and parameters like Return Loss, Gain, impedance and current distribution are calculated using CAD-FEKO. The antenna has been design to be operated in the range of 8-12GHz. Hence this antenna is highly suitable for X-band applications.
Microstrip patch antenna with metamaterial using superstrate technique for wi...journalBEEI
This work builds a metamaterial (MTM) superstrate loaded on a patch of microstrip antenna for wireless communications. The MTM superstrate is made up of four G-shaped resonators on FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and has a total area of (8×16) mm2, and is higher than the patch. The MTM superstrate increases antenna gain while also raising the input reflection coefficient. When it is 9 mm above the patch, the gain increased from 3.28 dB to 6.02 dB, and when it is 7 mm above the patch, the input reflection coefficient was enhanced from -31.217 dB to -45.8 dB. When the MTM superstrate loaded antenna was compared to the traditional unloaded antenna, it was discovered that metamaterials have a lot of potential for improving antenna performance.
Design Study of a Miniaturized Multi-layered Antenna-in-package for 2.4 GHZ ...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a novel miniaturization technique to enhance the radiation properties of small multi-layer patch antenna used in packaged circuits. The multilayered antenna design is composed of three layers with different shapes. An enhancement on the radiation properties has been obtained by optimizing the geometry of the radiated element and the parasitic conductor of the middle layer. The whole design has been implemented on the FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4, thickness of 1.6 mm and Copper thickness of 5 m. The first layer is a driven element while second and the third layer are parasitic patch elements. The optimized multilayer antenna has a very small size of . Considering the small size of the antenna, a detailed study of the parameter affecting the radiation has been considered to force the antenna to operate at 2.4 GHz band. Miniaturization techniques based on the current distribution have been also taken into account to shift down the resonant frequency and reduces more and more the antenna size at the designed operating frequency. The miniaturized antenna maintains performant radiation characteristics in terms of reflexion coefficient, bandwidth and directivity. All developed antennas are simulated using the commercial Electromagnetic CST Microwave Studio software. Achieved results demonstrate a good performance with low cost and compact size
E shape microstrip patch antenna design for wimax applications, international...Sk Sohag
This paper presents the design & simulation of E-shape microstrip patch antenna exhibiting wideband operating frequencies for various wireless applications. This antenna will provide the wide bandwidth which is required in various applications like remote sensing, biomedical application, mobile radio satellite, wireless communication etc. The coaxial feed or probe feed technique is used in the experiment. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in terms of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. The design is optimized to meet the best possible result. The proposed antenna is designed by air substrate which has a dielectric constant of 1.0006. The results show the wideband antenna is able to operate from 8.80 to 13.49 GHz frequency band with optimum frequency at 8.73 GHz.
A Compact Multiband Metamaterial based Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a metamaterial based compact multiband microstrip antenna is proposed which can give high gain and directivity. Metamaterials are periodic structures and have been intensively investigated due to the particular features such as ultra-refraction phenomenon and negative permittivity and/or permeability. A metamaterialbased microstrip patch antenna with enhanced characteristics and multi band operation will be investigated in this work. The multiple frequency operation will be achieved by varying the capacitance of the metamaterial structure with the help of metallic loadings placed in each metamaterial unit cells. The potential impacts will be miniaturization, reduced cost and reduced power consumption since multiple antennas operating at different frequencies are replaced by a single antenna which can operate at multiple frequencies. The proposed microstrip patch antenna will have its frequencies of operation in the L, S and C bands. The proposed structure is simulated using Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) 2011.05. It is then fabricated on the FR4 substrate and the performance of the fabricated antenna is measured using the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Improved Performance of Rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna for ...IJERA Editor
In the resent year the development in communication system requires the development of low cast, minimum weight and low profile antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over wide spectrum of frequency. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of micro strip patch antenna. The object of this paper is to design an micro strip line fed rectangular micro strip patch antenna which operate in C-band at 5.33 GHz the antenna design is based on high frequency structure simulation (HFSS) software which is infinite element method based. This proposed antenna is design at height of 1.5 mm from the ground plane at frequency of 5.33GHz. The HFSS software has become the most versatile, easy to used, efficient and accurate simulation tool. After the simulation the performance characteristics such as input impedance, return loss, and VSWR are obtained
Analysis of Metamaterial Based Microstrip Array Antennaijceronline
Metamaterials have been intensively researched due to their peculiar features such as negative permittivity and/or permeability and ultra-refraction phenomenon. To satisfy the demand of commonly used wireless communication systems, an antenna which can operate at higher frequencies and enhanced characteristics are desirable. The arrangement of all elements is done that they provide an improvement in bandwidth, directivity return loss etc. The frequency response of a metamaterial can be tailored by varying its characteristics. A new metamaterial structure using square and ring split ring resonator is proposed. Using this metamaterial structure, a microstrip patch antenna is designed with enhanced characteristics such as reduction in return lossfrom-20dB to -36dB with tunability is achieved.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
High Gain Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Employing FR4 Substrate for Wi...IJERA Editor
This paper presents an antenna for WiMAX, LMDS and MMDS system applications. FR4 material has been
used as substrate having dielectric constant of 4.4. The Patch, Ground and feedline are made of copper. The
proposed antenna is rectangular in shape which resonate at 3.42 GHz with a bandwidth of 45MHz (3.40GHz-
3.44GHz) and corresponding return loss of -32.39 dB. The performance of the antenna has been analyzed in
terms of return loss (dB), gain (dB), directivity (dBi), VSWR and impedance (ohms). The proposed antenna has
directivity and gain of 7.2 dBi and 7.28 dB respectively
DESIGN OF PRINTED MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONjmicro
A printed monopole in its planar and vertical configuration has been designed, fabricated and analyzed
for microwave applications on low cost FR4 substrate material of thickness, h = 1.56 mm and relative
permittivity, εr = 4.3. The designed planar monopole has been simulated and experimented to find its
frequency response with coplanar waveguide feed to exhibit dual band characteristics with -10 dB
reflection loss bandwidth of 45.078 % (i.e. 1.5:1 between 1.334 and 2.109 GHz) and 114.92 % (i.e. 3.7: 1
between 3.99 and 14.77 GHz). The vertical monopole using the same patch has also been simulated and
experimented and -10 dB reflection loss bandwidth of 173.67% (14.2:1 between 0.925 and 13.125 GHz)
has been obtained. The antenna finds many applications in microwave bands.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MULTIBAND CHAUCER FRACTAL PATCH ANTENNA LOADED WITH ...IAEME Publication
This paper presents design and simulation of multiband Chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with dumbbell shaped structure simulated and fabricated on FR4 material having relative permittivity 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. The operating frequency is in the ISM band. The antenna resonates at 2.4 GHz. Here we will find various performance characteristics like return loss, impedance, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at resonant frequencies. The antenna structures will be studied using Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) based on Method of Moments (MoM). The results obtained indicate that there is a fair value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at all resonant frequencies.
Improved SCTP Scheme To Overcome Congestion Losses Over ManetIJERA Editor
Transmission control conventions have been utilized for data transmission process. TCP has been pre-possessed
for information transmission over wired correspondence having diverse transfer speeds and message delays over
the system. TCP gives correspondence utilizing 3-handshake which sends RTS and ACK originate from server
end and information message has been transmitted over the data transmission gave. This does not give security
over flooding assault happened on the system. TCP gives correspondence between distinctive hubs of the wired
correspondence however when multi-spilling happens in a system TCP does not gives legitimate throughput of
the framework which is significant issue that happened in the past framework. In the proposed work, to beat this
issue SCTP and Improved SCTP transmission control convention has been executed for the framework
execution of the framework. SCTP gives 4-handshake correspondence in the message transmit and improved
SCTP gives the performance when the queue length comes to its full value then it divides the message to other
nodes because of which security element get expansions and this likewise gives correspondence administrations
over multi-spilling and multi-homing. Numerous sender and recipients can impart over wired system utilizing
different methodologies of correspondence through same routers, which debases in the TCP convention. In last
we assess parameters for execution assessment. Here, we composed and actualized our proving ground utilizing
Network Simulator (NS-2.35) to test the execution of both Routing conventions.
Microstrip patch antenna with metamaterial using superstrate technique for wi...journalBEEI
This work builds a metamaterial (MTM) superstrate loaded on a patch of microstrip antenna for wireless communications. The MTM superstrate is made up of four G-shaped resonators on FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and has a total area of (8×16) mm2, and is higher than the patch. The MTM superstrate increases antenna gain while also raising the input reflection coefficient. When it is 9 mm above the patch, the gain increased from 3.28 dB to 6.02 dB, and when it is 7 mm above the patch, the input reflection coefficient was enhanced from -31.217 dB to -45.8 dB. When the MTM superstrate loaded antenna was compared to the traditional unloaded antenna, it was discovered that metamaterials have a lot of potential for improving antenna performance.
Design Study of a Miniaturized Multi-layered Antenna-in-package for 2.4 GHZ ...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a novel miniaturization technique to enhance the radiation properties of small multi-layer patch antenna used in packaged circuits. The multilayered antenna design is composed of three layers with different shapes. An enhancement on the radiation properties has been obtained by optimizing the geometry of the radiated element and the parasitic conductor of the middle layer. The whole design has been implemented on the FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4, thickness of 1.6 mm and Copper thickness of 5 m. The first layer is a driven element while second and the third layer are parasitic patch elements. The optimized multilayer antenna has a very small size of . Considering the small size of the antenna, a detailed study of the parameter affecting the radiation has been considered to force the antenna to operate at 2.4 GHz band. Miniaturization techniques based on the current distribution have been also taken into account to shift down the resonant frequency and reduces more and more the antenna size at the designed operating frequency. The miniaturized antenna maintains performant radiation characteristics in terms of reflexion coefficient, bandwidth and directivity. All developed antennas are simulated using the commercial Electromagnetic CST Microwave Studio software. Achieved results demonstrate a good performance with low cost and compact size
E shape microstrip patch antenna design for wimax applications, international...Sk Sohag
This paper presents the design & simulation of E-shape microstrip patch antenna exhibiting wideband operating frequencies for various wireless applications. This antenna will provide the wide bandwidth which is required in various applications like remote sensing, biomedical application, mobile radio satellite, wireless communication etc. The coaxial feed or probe feed technique is used in the experiment. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in terms of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. The design is optimized to meet the best possible result. The proposed antenna is designed by air substrate which has a dielectric constant of 1.0006. The results show the wideband antenna is able to operate from 8.80 to 13.49 GHz frequency band with optimum frequency at 8.73 GHz.
A Compact Multiband Metamaterial based Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a metamaterial based compact multiband microstrip antenna is proposed which can give high gain and directivity. Metamaterials are periodic structures and have been intensively investigated due to the particular features such as ultra-refraction phenomenon and negative permittivity and/or permeability. A metamaterialbased microstrip patch antenna with enhanced characteristics and multi band operation will be investigated in this work. The multiple frequency operation will be achieved by varying the capacitance of the metamaterial structure with the help of metallic loadings placed in each metamaterial unit cells. The potential impacts will be miniaturization, reduced cost and reduced power consumption since multiple antennas operating at different frequencies are replaced by a single antenna which can operate at multiple frequencies. The proposed microstrip patch antenna will have its frequencies of operation in the L, S and C bands. The proposed structure is simulated using Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) 2011.05. It is then fabricated on the FR4 substrate and the performance of the fabricated antenna is measured using the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Improved Performance of Rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna for ...IJERA Editor
In the resent year the development in communication system requires the development of low cast, minimum weight and low profile antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over wide spectrum of frequency. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of micro strip patch antenna. The object of this paper is to design an micro strip line fed rectangular micro strip patch antenna which operate in C-band at 5.33 GHz the antenna design is based on high frequency structure simulation (HFSS) software which is infinite element method based. This proposed antenna is design at height of 1.5 mm from the ground plane at frequency of 5.33GHz. The HFSS software has become the most versatile, easy to used, efficient and accurate simulation tool. After the simulation the performance characteristics such as input impedance, return loss, and VSWR are obtained
Analysis of Metamaterial Based Microstrip Array Antennaijceronline
Metamaterials have been intensively researched due to their peculiar features such as negative permittivity and/or permeability and ultra-refraction phenomenon. To satisfy the demand of commonly used wireless communication systems, an antenna which can operate at higher frequencies and enhanced characteristics are desirable. The arrangement of all elements is done that they provide an improvement in bandwidth, directivity return loss etc. The frequency response of a metamaterial can be tailored by varying its characteristics. A new metamaterial structure using square and ring split ring resonator is proposed. Using this metamaterial structure, a microstrip patch antenna is designed with enhanced characteristics such as reduction in return lossfrom-20dB to -36dB with tunability is achieved.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
High Gain Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Employing FR4 Substrate for Wi...IJERA Editor
This paper presents an antenna for WiMAX, LMDS and MMDS system applications. FR4 material has been
used as substrate having dielectric constant of 4.4. The Patch, Ground and feedline are made of copper. The
proposed antenna is rectangular in shape which resonate at 3.42 GHz with a bandwidth of 45MHz (3.40GHz-
3.44GHz) and corresponding return loss of -32.39 dB. The performance of the antenna has been analyzed in
terms of return loss (dB), gain (dB), directivity (dBi), VSWR and impedance (ohms). The proposed antenna has
directivity and gain of 7.2 dBi and 7.28 dB respectively
DESIGN OF PRINTED MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONjmicro
A printed monopole in its planar and vertical configuration has been designed, fabricated and analyzed
for microwave applications on low cost FR4 substrate material of thickness, h = 1.56 mm and relative
permittivity, εr = 4.3. The designed planar monopole has been simulated and experimented to find its
frequency response with coplanar waveguide feed to exhibit dual band characteristics with -10 dB
reflection loss bandwidth of 45.078 % (i.e. 1.5:1 between 1.334 and 2.109 GHz) and 114.92 % (i.e. 3.7: 1
between 3.99 and 14.77 GHz). The vertical monopole using the same patch has also been simulated and
experimented and -10 dB reflection loss bandwidth of 173.67% (14.2:1 between 0.925 and 13.125 GHz)
has been obtained. The antenna finds many applications in microwave bands.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MULTIBAND CHAUCER FRACTAL PATCH ANTENNA LOADED WITH ...IAEME Publication
This paper presents design and simulation of multiband Chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with dumbbell shaped structure simulated and fabricated on FR4 material having relative permittivity 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. The operating frequency is in the ISM band. The antenna resonates at 2.4 GHz. Here we will find various performance characteristics like return loss, impedance, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at resonant frequencies. The antenna structures will be studied using Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) based on Method of Moments (MoM). The results obtained indicate that there is a fair value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at all resonant frequencies.
Improved SCTP Scheme To Overcome Congestion Losses Over ManetIJERA Editor
Transmission control conventions have been utilized for data transmission process. TCP has been pre-possessed
for information transmission over wired correspondence having diverse transfer speeds and message delays over
the system. TCP gives correspondence utilizing 3-handshake which sends RTS and ACK originate from server
end and information message has been transmitted over the data transmission gave. This does not give security
over flooding assault happened on the system. TCP gives correspondence between distinctive hubs of the wired
correspondence however when multi-spilling happens in a system TCP does not gives legitimate throughput of
the framework which is significant issue that happened in the past framework. In the proposed work, to beat this
issue SCTP and Improved SCTP transmission control convention has been executed for the framework
execution of the framework. SCTP gives 4-handshake correspondence in the message transmit and improved
SCTP gives the performance when the queue length comes to its full value then it divides the message to other
nodes because of which security element get expansions and this likewise gives correspondence administrations
over multi-spilling and multi-homing. Numerous sender and recipients can impart over wired system utilizing
different methodologies of correspondence through same routers, which debases in the TCP convention. In last
we assess parameters for execution assessment. Here, we composed and actualized our proving ground utilizing
Network Simulator (NS-2.35) to test the execution of both Routing conventions.
The Minimum Total Heating Lander By The Maximum Principle PontryaginIJERA Editor
The article will research a lander flying into the atmosphere with the flow velocity constraint, i.e. the total load
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last moment depends on the variables selected from the total thermal energy minimum. To deal with the problem
weapplyPontryagin maximum principle and scheme Dubovitskij Milutin.
Solvingboundaryusingtheparameterandthesolutionobtained inthe choiceof variables. The results of simulations
performed on Matlab.
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have been discussed with their merits and demerits. In this paper FS-SERF and HS- SERF full adder topologies
are presented. The analysis of Power, Delay, Power Delay Product (PDP) optimization characteristics of SERF
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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make the scheme adaptable to different network conditions. Calculations indicate that this algorithm can reduce
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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antenna is fractal line fed and its construction is based on fractal geometry where the resonance frequency of
antenna is dropped by applying iteration methods. Fractal antennas are the most suited for aerospace and UWB
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convinced divergence. There is also an analysis of radiation pattern, Gain of the antenna, Directivity of the
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(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
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DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
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antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed
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epoxy FR4 having εr=4. 4 and loss tangent 0.025. The performance of the final modified antenna is compared
with that of a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The designed antenna has two resonant frequencies
5.42 GHz and 5.70 GHz. So this antenna is best suitable for the Wi-Max applications. The designed antenna
offers much improved impedance bandwidth 10.45 %. This is approximately two times higher than that in a
conventional rectangular patch antenna (Bandwidth= 5.34%) having the same dimensions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Conical Shaped Monopole Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
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Broadband Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna With U Shaped Slot For Wima...IJERA Editor
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transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
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20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
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dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
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Modified Sierpinski Gasket for Wi-Fi and WLAN Applications
1. Manoj Choudhary Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.01-05
www.ijera.com 1 | P a g e
Modified Sierpinski Gasket for Wi-Fi and WLAN Applications
Manoj Choudhary*, Manpreet Kaur**
*(M. Tech Student, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, YCOE, Punjabi University,
Punjab)
**(Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, YCOE, Punjabi University,
Punjab)
ABSTRACT
The hasty growth of wireless technologies has drawn new demands for integrated components including
antennas and antenna on chip is a new mantra in the area of antenna research. Various techniques have been
suggested by researchers for the miniaturization of microstrip patch antennas with multiband characteristics.
Numerous antennas for multiband operation have been studied and designed for communication and radar
systems. One of the solutions for the multiband characteristics is the fractal antenna. The Fractal antennas are
based on the concept of fractal geometries. They can be designed in a variety of shapes in order to obtain
enhanced gain and bandwidth, dual band and circular polarization to even ultra-wideband operation. In this
paper, the fractal antenna has been designed using the Arlon substrate with relative permittivity of 1.3 and a
substrate of Sierpinski gasket shaped placed on it. Feed used is the line feed. The designed antenna is a low
profile, small size and multiband antenna since it can be operated at different frequencies within the frequency
range of (1.75 – 2.65) and (5.7 – 7.65) GHz. It includes the frequencies used for wireless WLAN application and
used to receive and transmit a high-frequency signal.
Keywords - Fractal Antenna, Multiband, Return Loss, Radiation Pattern, Wi-Fi, WLAN.
I. INTRODUCTION
An antenna plays a vital role in the field of
integrated low profile wireless communication
systems. The antenna miniaturization is also another
egressing demand to meet the requirements of
modern wireless standards and devices. The main
problem of common antennas is that they only
operate at one or two frequencies, restricting the
number of bands that equipment is capable of
supporting. Another issue is the size of a common
antenna. Due to the very strict space that a handset
has, setting up more than one antenna is very
difficult. To help these problems, the use of fractal
shaped antennas is being studied. Benoit Mandelbrot
[9] defined fractal as a way of classifying structures
whose dimensions are not whole numbers. These
geometries have also been used previously to
represent unique occurrences in nature that are
difficult to define with the Euclidean geometries.
Typical example includes defining the length of
coastlines, density of clouds, branching of trees,
snowflakes and human lungs. Most fractals have
infinite density and detail that can be used to decrease
antenna size and grow low profile antennas. For most
fractals, self-similarity concept can attain multiple
frequency bands because of dissimilar parts of the
antenna are alike to each other at dissimilar scales
[3]. Fractal geometries, to a certain level, can be
found all around us, even though we are not aware of
that, these are the natural fractals. Examples of
=
natural fractals are: earthquakes, lightning, etc. as
shown in figures below.
Fig 1: Earthquake Fractal Geometry
Fig 2: Lightning Fractal Geometry
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Manoj Choudhary Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.01-05
www.ijera.com 2 | P a g e
Fractal antennas use a fractal, self-similar
strategy to maximize the length and with this method
we can attain multiple frequencies since dissimilar
parts of the antenna are self-similar at dissimilar scale
[4]. The relationship of the physical size of the
antenna to its operating wavelength is a fundamental
parameter in antenna design. The physical size of an
antenna is generally half or quarter of its operating
free space wavelength, and the range of frequencies
over which the antenna operate satisfactorily is
normally 10-40% of this center wavelength [6].
Types of Fractal Antennas: There are many fractal
geometries that have been found to be useful in
developing new and innovative design for antennas.
1) Koch Curve: Koch curve is constructed with a
straight line, as shown in fig. 3. This line is divided
into three equal segments and middle segment is
replaced by two sides of an equilateral triangle of the
same length, as the segment being removed. This
makes four line segments. This process is repeated
for each of these four segments as shown in Fig. 3.
This procedure can be further applied repeatedly to
the remaining lines.
Fig 3: Koch curve
2) Sierpinski Gasket: Sierpinski Gasket triangle
is a deterministic fractal. The deterministic
construction algorithm for the Sierpinski Gasket is
shown in fig. 4. It is evident from the fig. 4, that this
geometry has self-similar properties like other
fractals. It is because, whatever part of the triangle is
taken; it replicates the same triangle on
magnification. For example in Fig. 4, an equilateral
triangle is used to start with. The midpoints of each
side of this triangle are used as the vertices of a new
triangle, which were then removed from the original
one as shown in figure. This process can be
continued further to produce smaller triangles or
fractals.
Fig 4: Sierpinski Gasket
3) Sierpinski Carpet: The Sierpinski Carpet is
also a deterministic fractal which is a result of the
generalization of Cantor set into two dimensions, as
shown in fig. 5. In order to construct this fractal, the
process is started with a square in a plane, which is
further subdivided into nine smaller congruent
squares. Among these nine squares, the opened
central one is dropped out and the same process is
repeated for each of the remaining eight squares.
Fig 5: Sierpinski Carpet
Feeding Techniques:
1) Line Feed: In this type of feed technique, a
conducting strip is connected directly to the edge of
the microstrip patch. The conducting strip is smaller
in width as compared to the patch and this kind of
feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can
be etched on the same substrate to provide a planar
structure [12].
2) Co-axial Feed: The Coaxial feed or probe feed
is a very common technique used for feeding Fractal
antennas. The inner conductor of the coaxial
connector extends through the dielectric and is
soldered to the radiating patch, while the outer
conductor is connected to the ground plane [12]. The
main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that
the feed can be placed at any desired location inside
the patch in order to match with its input impedance.
This feed method is easy to fabricate and has low
spurious radiation.
3) Aperture Coupled Feed: In this type of feed
technique, the radiating patch and the fractal feed line
are separated by the ground plane. Coupling between
the patch and the feed line is made through a slot or
an aperture in the ground plane [13]. The coupling
1st
Iteration 2nd
Iteraton 3rd
Iteration 4th
Iteration
3. Manoj Choudhary Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.01-05
www.ijera.com 3 | P a g e
aperture is usually centred under the patch, leading to
lower cross polarization due to symmetry of the
configuration. The amount of coupling from the feed
line to the patch is determined by the shape, size and
location of the aperture.
4) Proximity Coupled Feed: This type of feed
technique is also called as the electromagnetic
coupling scheme. Two dielectric substrates are used
such that the feed line is between the two substrates
and the radiating patch is on top of the upper
substrate. The main advantage of this feed technique
is that it eliminates spurious feed radiation and
provides very high bandwidth (as high as 13%), due
to overall increase in the thickness of the fractal patch
antenna.
II. Proposed Work:
We have proposed a new method to design a
Sierpinski gasket Fractal Antenna. We use two
triangles with overlapping from one side and edge
feed is used for the best results. The designed fractal
antenna used in Wi-MAX, Mobile Applications etc.
Fig 6: Geometry of the patch antenna
A scaling factor of 1/3 was chosen so as to
maintain the perfect geometry symmetry of fractal
structure.
III. Design Parameters
Substrate Dimensions
Width of the
dielectric substrate
W 30.2
Thickness of the
dielectric substrate
0.8 mm
Length of the
dielectric substrate
44 mm
Patch Dimension
22.7mm
Port Dimensions
Width 4mm
Height 0.8mm
Other 14.6mm
Feed Dimension
Edge Feed 16.1mm, s-1
Table 1: Design parameters for proposed antenna
IV. Results:
Figures 7 - 11 shows various results from HFSS
simulations, as may be noted that the antenna has a
magnitude of return loss below-15 dB at the
frequencies approximately 1.75 – 2.65 GHz, 5.7 GHz
– 7.65 GHz, thus it is displaying multiband behavior,
but there also a shift from the initial design
frequency.
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Freq [GHz]
-22.50
-20.00
-17.50
-15.00
-12.50
-10.00
-7.50
-5.00
-2.50
0.00
dB(S(1,1))
HFSS DesignReturn Loss ANSOFT
Curve Info
dB(S(1,1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
Fig 7: Return Loss parameter graph
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Freq [GHz]
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
dB(VSWR(1))
HFSS DesignVSWR ANSOFT
m1
Curve Info
dB(VSWR(1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
Name X Y
m1 7.0300 1.6901
Fig 8: VSWR
4. Manoj Choudhary Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.01-05
www.ijera.com 4 | P a g e
-14.00
-8.00
-2.00
4.00
90
60
30
0
-30
-60
-90
-120
-150
-180
150
120
HFSS DesignRadiationPattern ANSOFT
CurveInfo
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='1.81GHz'Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='1.81GHz'Phi='10deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='1.81GHz'Phi='20deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='1.81GHz'Phi='30deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='1.81GHz'Phi='40deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='1.81GHz'Phi='50deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='1.81GHz'Phi='60deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Fig 9: Radiation Pattern
0.00 125.00 250.00 375.00
Theta [deg]
-15.00
-12.50
-10.00
-7.50
-5.00
-2.50
0.00
2.50
5.00
dB(GainTotal)
HFSS DesignGain2D 2 ANSOFT
Curve Info
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Freq='2.08GHz' Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Freq='2.08GHz' Phi='10deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Freq='2.08GHz' Phi='20deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Freq='2.08GHz' Phi='30deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Freq='2.08GHz' Phi='40deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Freq='2.08GHz' Phi='50deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Freq='2.08GHz' Phi='60deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Fig 10: 2D gain plot for 2.08 GHz frequency
0.00 125.00 250.00 375.00
Theta[deg]
-12.50
-10.00
-7.50
-5.00
-2.50
-0.00
2.50
5.00
dB(GainTotal)
HFSS DesignGain2D3 ANSOFT
CurveInfo
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='7.03GHz'Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='7.03GHz'Phi='10deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='7.03GHz'Phi='20deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='7.03GHz'Phi='30deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='7.03GHz'Phi='40deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='7.03GHz'Phi='50deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1:Sweep1
Freq='7.03GHz'Phi='60deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Fig 11: 2D gain plot for 7.03 GHz frequency
Conclusion: The main goal behind this thesis
work was to design an antenna capable of working at
different frequencies which categorized it under
multiband antennas. The range of the operating
frequencies is (1.75 – 2.65) and (5.7 – 7.65) GHz,
therefore it can be used for wireless WLAN
application and used to receive and transmit a high-
frequency signal. Return loss is bellow -10dB which
is our margin, consequently the VSWR is always
under 1.8, the radiation patterns show that these
antennas have good gain. From the results we can
conclude that with the increase in iteration there is an
increase in bandwidth and decrease in the return loss.
In order to improve the performance of the
optimization process, some recommendations and
further improvements of the particular antenna model
are provided for further study.
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