This document discusses five models of organizational behavior: autocratic, custodial, supportive, collegial, and systems. It describes the key characteristics of each model, including their underlying assumptions about employee motivation and management approach. There is a trend toward newer models like supportive, collegial and systems that focus more on meeting employee psychological and self-actualization needs through partnership and caring leadership. Effective managers are flexible and able to assess the appropriate model for their organizational context and needs.
A brief overview of the book "CSRforHR: A necessary partnership for advancing responsible business practices" by Elaine Cohen, published by Greenleaf Publications in October 2010
This presentation focuses on the Hard and Soft HRM. The Presenter also highlighted the Harvard, Michigan and Guest Theory of HRM. The presentation not only focuses on Hard and Soft HRM model, it also encompasses scopes of HRM.
A CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF LEADERSHIP | peoplesculptors.compeoplesculptors
The contemporary leaders have to be mindful of two big changes in the world that we live in and need to build them into their repertoire of skills. The first is to do with the changing dimensions and profile of the workforce with the emergence of millennials – the single largest block of people in our work force. Second is the complexity, uncertainty and volatility of the external environment in which we live. This is aptly coined in the acronym VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous). For More Info:- http://www.peoplesculptors.com/blog/a-contemporary-view-of-leadership/
Meaning of Organizational Culture; Characteristics of Organization Culture; Types of Organization Culture/ Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures? Functions of Organization Cultures; How Do Employees learn Culture? Creating an Ethical Organizational Culture
Creating a Customer-Responsive Culture.
A brief overview of the book "CSRforHR: A necessary partnership for advancing responsible business practices" by Elaine Cohen, published by Greenleaf Publications in October 2010
This presentation focuses on the Hard and Soft HRM. The Presenter also highlighted the Harvard, Michigan and Guest Theory of HRM. The presentation not only focuses on Hard and Soft HRM model, it also encompasses scopes of HRM.
A CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF LEADERSHIP | peoplesculptors.compeoplesculptors
The contemporary leaders have to be mindful of two big changes in the world that we live in and need to build them into their repertoire of skills. The first is to do with the changing dimensions and profile of the workforce with the emergence of millennials – the single largest block of people in our work force. Second is the complexity, uncertainty and volatility of the external environment in which we live. This is aptly coined in the acronym VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous). For More Info:- http://www.peoplesculptors.com/blog/a-contemporary-view-of-leadership/
Meaning of Organizational Culture; Characteristics of Organization Culture; Types of Organization Culture/ Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures? Functions of Organization Cultures; How Do Employees learn Culture? Creating an Ethical Organizational Culture
Creating a Customer-Responsive Culture.
Five Models of Organizational BehaviorWe will look at five models.docxAKHIL969626
Five Models of Organizational Behavior:
We will look at five models of organizational behavior in this course.
Figure 2 Five Models
These models are the most common models in use over the last 100 years. They are in order. Some of the oldest are still practiced.
Models are possible explanations which explain how things work in an organization. Models are guides to understanding owners and management behavior in particular. Top managers can and do influence the whole organization.
However, these models may be in use within a department or branch or in the whole organization. No model can explain everything.
Managers choose models based on people, technology, environment and structure. Models can change over time depending on circumstances.
1 Autocratic Model
This model came about during the industrial revolution, in the 1800’s and 1900’s. It depends on power The manager has the power to demand “you do this or else” – and an employee who does not follow orders is punished.
The manager has formal, official, authority over employees.
This model assumes that employees have to be directed and pushed into doing the work. In this model, management does the thinking, employees obey orders and depend on the manager. Employees are tightly controlled. The manager can hire, fire and “perspire” them.
Employees may obey managers but employees may not respect management.
Typically, employees receive minimum pay for minimum expected performance. Employees may have lower skills. Often, employees work in the authority model because they have to….to provide subsistence for themselves and their families.
Its weakness is that it leads to “micro-management” With micro management, managers control all details of daily operations. Managers control time and processes, they put their needs above those of employees, they insist on complicated approval processes for even the smallest things and closely monitor all results.
The problem with the autocratic model and micro management is that it leads to low employee morale, poor decision-making (no one will make a decision because he/ she is afraid of the decision being over turned) and high turnover. As well, employees kept quiet about hating the workplace, they certainly made their feelings known at home and in the community.
This model can get things done BUT it has high human costs. It can be useful in crisis situations, within armies or with short-term employees.
The autocratic model was acceptable 100 years ago. However, today’s understanding of people’s needs as well as changing society values show better ways of to organize behavior.
2. Custodial Model
In the late 1800’s, employers realized that employees might work better if their basic needs more satisfied, if they were more secure and had a better quality of work life. This was called paternalism - taking care of employees by providing them with benefits to meet their security needs.
The custodial approach depends on economic resources ...
Models of OB can be explained in the following manner.
Autocratic Model
Custodian Model
Supportive Model
Collegial Model
S-O-B-C Model
System Model
Autocratic model consists of 4Ps: – Power, Production, Profit, Punishment.
The Custodian model is also known as paternalistic & benevolent approach.
The Factories Act,1948 defined the worker rights & employer’s obligation towards him. So now legally it became obligatory for an employer to take care of his employees.
Supportive model believes in Mc Greagor’s theory Y.
In collegial model manager had to become a facilitator & aimed to foster a feeling of partnership with employees. They are not superiors, but coordinators.
The SOBC model consists of
Stimulus –incentive or motivation tool.
Organism – acts as mediator & can be psychological or environmental
Behavior – response to wards actions
Consequence – can be +ve or –negative.
System model is the most contemporary model which focuses on the overall structure of the organization and its environment.
Organizational Development 101 - Alternative ApproachesRoland Bair
This is the first discussion I facilitate on organisational development. We will discuss how societal development lead to alternative organizational approaches.
We will go through those on principle-level and discuss own experiences.
Leadership and Organizational BehaviorOrganizational Behavior .docxcroysierkathey
Leadership and Organizational Behavior
Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. It does this by taking a system approach. That is, it interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organization, and whole social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives.
As you can see from the definition above, organizational behavior encompasses a wide range of topics, such as human behavior, change, leadership, teams, etc. Since many of these topics are covered elsewhere in the leadership guide, this paper will focus on a few parts of OB: elements, models, social systems, OD, work life, action learning, and change.
Elements of Organizational Behavior
The organization's base rests on management's philosophy, values, vision and goals. This in turn, drives the organizational culture that is composed of the formal organization, informal organization, and the social environment. The culture determines the type of leadership, communication, and group dynamics within the organization. The workers perceive this as the quality of work life which directs their degree of motivation. The final outcome are performance, individual satisfaction, and personal growth and development. All these elements combine to build the model or framework that the organization operates from.
Models of Organizational Behavior
There are four major models or frameworks that organizations operate out of, Autocratic, Custodial, Supportive, and Collegial (Cunningham, Eberle, 1990; Davis ,1967):
· Autocratic — The basis of this model is power with a managerial orientation of authority. The employees in turn are oriented towards obedience and dependence on the boss. The employee need that is met is subsistence. The performance result is minimal.
· Custodial — The basis of this model is economic resources with a managerial orientation of money. The employees in turn, are oriented towards security, benefits, and dependence on the organization. The employee need that is met is security. The performance result is passive cooperation.
· Supportive — The basis of this model is leadership with a managerial orientation of support. The employees in turn are oriented towards job performance and participation. The employee need that is met is status and recognition. The performance result is awakened drives.
· Collegial — The basis of this model is partnership with a managerial orientation of teamwork. The employees in turn are oriented towards responsible behavior and self-discipline. The employee need that is met is self-actualization. The performance result is moderate enthusiasm.
Although there are four separate models, almost no organization operates exclusively in one. There will usually be a predominate one, with one or more areas over-lapping with the oth ...
Factors influncing demanding senior care productÃkash Raƞga
The empirical study attempts to find how the old age people are known to the health care related products of Bangladesh in different economic status. The physical and health condition of older men and women trend to same in many other developed and developing countries. In the context of growing number of older population it has become one of the major challenges for the planners of Bangladesh.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
1. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 1
MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
LO 1 MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF OB
o Explain key elements of organizational behavior
L0 2 DISCUSS MODELS OF OB
o Discuss Theories of management – x,y,z
o Compare and contrast models of OB – autocratic, custodial, supportive,
collegial and system
OB SYSTEMS
All organizations achieve goals by creating, communicating and operating s
system. (Newstrom 27) Some systems are consciously created and regularly
looked at and updated. The purpose of these systems is to help managers
shift everything in the organization – people, technology, structure and
environment - to get results, or outcomes for the organization.
THREE CRITERIA
Progressive Organizations measure their results or outcomes by three
criteria
PERFORMANCE
Product and services quality and quantity, level of customer service
EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION
May be measured by - lower absenteeism, tardiness or turnover
PERSONAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Employees gain lifelong knowledge and skills leading to continued
employability and career advancement.
FIGURE 1 THREE CRITERIA TO MEASURE OUTCOMES OF OB SYSTEMS
A system comes out of the beliefs and intentions of those who create it -
owners - and from the managers who run it. The model that an organization
uses comes from assumptions and beliefs about the way things are, the
purpose of these activities and the way they should be.
Performance
Personal
Growth and
Development
Employee
satisfaction
2. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 2
The thinking of owners and managers comes from fact premises and value
premises.
FACT PREMISES
Fact premisesare a person’s view of how the world behaves. The view
comes from science and personal experiences, from the important things a
person learns. Fact premises come from direct and indirect lifelong learning
and experiences and help guide our behavior.
VALUE PREMISES
Value premises are different. Value premises are how desirable something
is. Value premises are beliefs we hold. We control these. We can choose,
change or replace our value premises, but this is not always easy because
we hold them deeply.
Owners and Managers set up organizations based on this thinking.
Vision is what the organization can be – a desirable future.
Mission identifies the business the organization is in, markets, types of
customers and the reasons for it to exist.
Goals are achievements the organization is aiming for in a set time. For an
organization to succeed, management and employee goals must merge.
This organizational culture is a reflection of the formal organization with
policies, structures and procedures. Managers use a leadership style,
communication skills, and knowledge of interpersonal and group interactions
to create a quality of life for employees. If this is done correctly, employees
will be motivated to reach organizational goals. Thus, a good system results
in motivation. Motivation, together with employee skills and abilities, leads to
goals being reached and people being satisfied.
Good OB builds mutual support with manager and employee jointly
influencing each other and jointly benefitting…power with people, not over
them. Modern OB is based on human values of treating people with dignity.
MCGREGOR’S THEORY X AND THEORY Y
Theory X says that most people don’t like to work and will avoid it if they can.
Theory X managers believe that they need to force and threaten people to
work.
The organizational model“feeds into value premises, which help shape
vision. Vision is a stretching..of mission and goals pinpoint targets for
achieving that mission. Together, models, values, vision, mission and
goals exist and create the organizational culture.” (Newstrom 30)
3. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 3
Theory Y says that people can direct and control themselves, working
towards the goals set by a company.
Ouchi’s Theory Z says that workers, managers and can share control, work
as a team to accomplish the company’s goal.
Theory X Theory Y Theory Z
Employees dislike work and
will try to avoid it.
Employees prefer to be
controlled and directed.
Employees seek security, not
responsibility.
Employees must be
intimidated by managers to
perform.
Employees are motivated by
financial rewards.
Employees view work as a
natural part of life.
Employees prefer limited
control and direction.
Employees will seek
responsibility under proper
work conditions.
Employees perform better in
work environments that are
not intimidating.
Employees are motivated by
many different needs.
Employees like work
Employees help make
decisions
Employees take individual
responsibility
Employers and managers
share control
Employees expect long term
employment, slower rates of
promotion
Activity
Complete the x and y self – assessment.
Which type of manager do you want to work for?
Which type of manager will you be?
CLASS DISCUSSION
Discuss Theory X Y Z. Which theory – if any – do you believe in? Do you
think that both exist in different places? Can you give examples?.
4. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 4
FIVE MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR:
We will look at five models of organizational behavior in this course.
FIGURE 2 FIVE MODELS
These models are the most common models in use over the last 100 years.
They are in order. Some of the oldest are still practiced.
Models are possible explanations which explain how things work in an
organization. Models are guides to understanding owners and management
behavior in particular. Top managers can and do influence the whole
organization.
However, these models may be in use within a department or branch or in the
whole organization. No model can explain everything.
Managers choose models based on people, technology, environment and
structure. Models can change over time depending on circumstances.
ACTIVITY
What do you know about about Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz, Dahi
Khalfan Tamim, Dalia Mogahed, MohammedAlabbar? (Note: these were the
first four in Arabian Businesses “Most Powerful Arabs List” March 2010)
About Mark Zuckerman, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Carly Fiorino, Raja Essa Al
Gurg, Juma Al Majid, HH Sheik Hamdan bin Moh’d Al Maktoum, Majid Al
Futtaim.?
How does their management thinking affect their organizations?
Autocratic
Model
Custodial
Model
Supportive
Model
Collegial
Model
Systems
Model
5. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 5
1 AUTOCRATIC MODEL
This model came about during the industrial revolution, in the 1800’s and
1900’s. It depends on powerThe manager has the power to demand “you do
this or else” – and an employee who does not follow orders is punished.
The manager has formal, official, authority over employees.
This model assumes that employees have to be directed and pushed into
doing the work.In this model, management does the thinking, employees
obey orders and depend on the manager. Employees are tightly controlled.
The manager can hire, fire and “perspire” them.
Employees may obey managers but employees may not respect
management.
Typically, employees receive minimum pay for minimum expected
performance. Employees may have lower skills. Often, employees work in
the authority model because they have to….to provide subsistence for
themselves and their families.
Its weakness is that it leads to “micro management” With micro
management, managers control all details of daily operations. Managers
control time and processes, they put their needs above those of employees,
they insist on complicated approval processes for even the smallest things
and closely monitor all results.
The problem with the autocratic model and micro management is that it
leads to low employee morale, poor decision-making (no one will make a
decision because he/ she is afraid of the decision being over turned) and high
turnover. As well, employees kept quiet about hating the workplace, they
certainly made their feelings known at home and in the community.
This model can get things done BUT it has high human costs. It can be
useful in crisis situations, within armies or with short-term employees.
(Newstrom 34)
The autocratic model was acceptable 100 years ago. However, today’s
understanding of people’s needs as well as changing society values show
better ways of to organize behavior.
6. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 6
2. CUSTODIAL MODEL
In the late 1800’s, employers realized that employees might work better if
their basic needs more satisfied, if they were more secure and had a better
quality of work life. This was called paternalism- taking care of employees
by providing them with benefits to meet their security needs.
The custodial approach depends on economic resources – money for wages
and benefits - to motivate employees. The company has to have enough
money to cover these costs. By the 1930’s most employers were offering
welfare programs…for example, housing, medical care and insurance, fewer
working hours sick pay, pensions and paid vacation time off.
The problem with the custodial model is that it leads to dependence on the
organization by the employee because of the security offered.Employees do
not want to leave the organization, not so much because they like the job, but
because they like or depend on the benefits that go with it. They cannot
afford to quit.
In this model, employees may focus on economic rewards. They may be
reasonable content, but may not be highly motivated – just passively
cooperative.
Companies that adopt the custodial approach normally have a lower staff
turnover. However, employees do not produce their best work and are not
motivated to grow to their full potential. The custodial model is a good
foundation for organizations to grow to the next approach.( Newstrom 35)
3. SUPPORTIVE MODEL
The supportive model came from research done in the 1920’s and 1930’s. It
depends on leadership, not authority or money. Through leadership,
managers provide a work situation in which employees can develop.
The supportive model assumes that employees want to work and will take
responsibility. Employees are encouraged to be involved in the organization.
Employees are more strongly motivated because their status and
recognition needs are better met than with earlier models.
The supportive approach is not about money, but about the way people are
treated at work. A supportive manager helps employees solve problems and
accomplish their work. However, some managers may agree with the model
but not actually practice it at work.
This model is followed widely, especially in the West, because it responds to
employee drives for complex needs. It is especially useful in productionwork
7. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 7
places. Employees in developing countries are aware of management
practices around the world and are demanding more modern approaches.
4. COLLEGIAL MODEL
This model began about 50 years ago.Collegial means people working
together cooperatively. In this model, management builds a feeling of
partnership with employees. The environment is open and people participate.
The collegial modelis about team work. Managers are coaches to help build
better teams. Employeesare responsible – they feel obliged to others on the
team to produce quality work.Employees must be self-disciplined. Many
employees feel satisfied that they are making a worthwhile contribution. This
leads to self actualization and moderate enthusiasm in the way they perform.
The collegial model is especially useful for creative work,like marketing or
communications or in thinking environments, like education or planning.
(Newstrom 38)
5. THE SYSTEM MODEL
This is the most recent model. In this model, people want more than money,
job security and cooperative teams. Employees today want trust, an ethical
workplace, managers who show care and compassion and a workplace that
has a sense of community.
The system model focuses on “identifying developing and managing the
strengths within employees”. Managers focus on “helping employees
develop feelings of hope, optimism, self confidence, empathy,
trustworthiness, esteem, courage, efficacy and resiliency.”
In the system model, “Managers protect and nurture their employees…to
develop a positive workplace culture which leads to organizational success
and committed employees.”
Both managers and employees need social intelligence in this modelwith
managers as facilitators. (Newstrom 39).
8. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 8
In the system model, managers and employees see the mutual benefits and
obligations they share in the complex system (the organization). Everyone
has psychological ownership for the organization, its products and services.
Everyone feels possessive, responsible and “at home” in the organization.
Employees can reach a state of self motivation. Their highest order needs
are met. They have passion and commitment to organizational goals, not just
their own personal wants and needs.
TABLE 1 FIVE MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR (NEWSTROM 33)
CONCLUSIONS
Models have changed over time. The choice of model depends on employee
needs and the situation. Any of the models work in some situations. There is
a trend toward the newer models.
The Model used depends on the knowledge and skills of managers, the
expectations of employees, the policies and ways of life in the organization
and the nature of the work e.g. low skilled, high programmed work,
temporary work, or intellectual work.
Autocratic Custodial Supportive Collegial System
Based on Power Economic
resources
Leadership Partnership Trust, sharing
Managerial
Orientation
Authority Money Support Teamwork Caring,
compassion
Employee
Orientation
Obedience Security and
benefits
Job performance Responsible
behavior
Psychological
ownership
Employee
psychological
result
Dependence on
boss
Dependence on
organization
Participation Self-discipline Self motivation
Employees
needs met
Subsistence
(survival)
Security Status and
recognition
Self-actualization Wide range
Performance
result
Minimum Passive
cooperation
Awakened drives Moderate
enthusiasm
Passion and
commitment to
organizational
goals
9. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 9
EVOLVING USAGE AND CONTINGENCY
There is no “best model”. Management is to identify the model it is actually
using and then assess its current effectiveness.
Managers must also be flexible. Every organization has a changing
environment and task conditions. A good manager should respond, if
necessary, by changing the model which he or she is using.
RELATION TO HUMAN NEEDS
All models are related to human needs. Each model is built on the others and
is progressive because employees and organizations progress to situations
where newer needs arise.
INCREASING USE OF SOME MODELS
There is a trend toward supportive, collegial and system models. Top
managers in multi-national corporations cannot be authoritarian and still be
effective. Decisions need to be made closer to operations, “the front line”. In
the Middle East, some organizations will be forced to redefine the old
authoritarian and custodial models and move towards more participative
ones.
As an example of this, in January 2011, many Arabs demonstrated in the
streets of Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Yemen. They demanded the
removal of old authority figures and requested more of a supportive or
collegial model.
MANAGERIAL FLEXIBILITY
“Managers need to identify the current behavioral model but also must keep it
flexible…Managers need to read, reflect, to interact with others, and to be
receptive to challenges to their thinking from collegues and employees.”
(Newstrom 42)
10. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 10
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the meaning of an organizational behavior system?
2. What criteria do managers use to assess the end results of an OB
system?
3. Describe fact and value premises. List an example of each.
4. What is the difference between mission, vision and goals.
5. What are the three managerial assumptions described in the text?
Give examples of each from your own experience.
6. When would a manager use each of the assumptions? What factors
would a manager consider when making the choice?
7. Compare and contract each of the five models of organizational
behavior and give the advantages and disadvantages of each.
8. What is the underlying assumption (Theory X or Theory Y) of each of
the four models? Give reasons for each of your answers
11. Nigel Perry 2007 / MCC 2011 11
REVIEW
INSIGHTS
An insight is a new and clear perception. It is an ability to “see”
something clearly. Insights are new knowledge or new ways to view
something. Insights are things you want to remember. (Newstrom 24)
Highlight in your own words ten insights from this unit.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CRITICAL THINKING
Think back on the material in this unit. (Newstrom 25)
What three questions would you raise about the material?
REFLECTION
A reflection is what you think and feel about something.(Newstrom 25)
Express your personal thoughts and feelings or reactions to any of the ideas or
topics in this unit. Be prepared to share these with the class.