Peat soil stabilization produces improved parameters because of the admixture
added to form crystals that fill the pore and wrap the peat soil. Crystal growth is
strongly influenced by the filtration of water from its surroundings, the width of area
stabilization, and the curing periods. To predict the parameter behaviour of stabilized
Peat Soil during the curing periods, the Difference Method is employed by assuming
crystal growth occurs in porous media. Control equations are built on the behaviour
of peat crystal growth, mass conservation, and Darcy's law. Numerical computing is
based on several control statements made and completed with the assistance of Mat
Labs software. The prediction of stabilized Peat Soil parameters is modelled in the
width of the stabilization area and the different curing periods. Predictive results
through numerical computing show that the soil volume, porosity and flow of
stabilized peat fluid in the stabilization area of 70 is the most optimal value compared
to the width of the other stabilization areas
Improving the load carrying capacity of square footing resting on reinforced ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rapid growth of the big cities in the vertical direction leads to essentially of strengthening of low bearing capacity areas as the cost of land is very high and also, the disposal of the plastic wastes such as plastic bottles, bags etc. is a big problem and environmental hazards in such areas. The waste plastic bottles as geotechnical material are used to solve both geotechnical and environmental problems. The laboratory investigations are carried out to evaluate the effect of waste plastic bottles as soil reinforcement for improving bearing capacity of soil. The bearing capacity of square footing on sandy soil reinforced with waste plastic water bottles for different L/D ratio, number of layers and for different densities of foundation soil is evaluated through model test. The increase in the bearing capacity with the provision of waste plastic bottle as reinforcement is observed. Keywords: Sand, Ultimate load, Settlement, Reinforcement, U/B ratio, L/D ratio.
Numerical Simulations on Triaxial Strength of Silty Sand in Drained Conditionsijceronline
Silty sand deposits exhibit low bearing capacity at different density levels and depths. It may be due to low frictional values and non-plastic behaviour in nature. This study focuses on response of silty sand under drained conditions of triaxial testing using hypoplastic model. The influence of soil state parameters i.e. void ratio/relative density, and consolidation pressure level on drained response of silty sands is examined from the model simulations. The model results are displayed graphically in terms of stress-strain curves, stress paths and volume change-strain plots. The results reveal that the response of soil is dependent on both the combination of density and consolidation pressure levels.
Improvement of bearing capacity of square footing on compacted pond ash with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Pond ash is waste by product which is producing in huge quantity by thermal power plants. The disposal of pond ash is the major problem to the environment. The way for disposing pond ash would be as a structural fill for low lying areas and used as embankment material. In this paper laboratory investigations are carried out to improve the bearing capacity of pond ash reinforced with geo-grid by conducting load tests in a model tank. The parameters varied during the tests were number of reinforcement layers and overlapping of reinforcement. The improvement of ultimate bearing capacity is observed. The ultimate bearing capacity ratios were evaluated. Keywords: Pond ash, Geogrid, Square footing, u/B, h/B, b/B, Bearing capacity ratio
Estimates of Elasticity and Compressive Strenght in Soil Cement Mixed With Ij...AM Publications
Similar to concretes, soil cements have increasing strengths with age. More importantly, this type of material has lower elasticity comparatively to solely soils. Being used as road foundation materials, soil cements may have sufficient strength to support loads from vehicles. However, in a long run, repetitive loadings, such as those from vehicles, may damage soil cements foundations signified by cracking. To address this limitation, palm sugar fibers have been added to the soil cement mixture. It is found that fibers can increase the elasticity of soil cements. This study has also provided results of compression strength tests conducted in soil mechanic laboratory over 30 (thirty) remolded cylindrical samples of soil cements that have different ages, e.g., 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively. The samples are reconstructed of type SC soils, type I cements, and palm sugar fibers. The amounts of cement are 6% and 10% by weight of dry soils, while the portion of palm sugar fiber is 0,5% by weight of dray soils. Before being tested, the samples are stored under a constant temperature. Last but not least, the data series obtained from these tests are analysed and results in an important expression that can be used for estimating the compression strength and elasticity module of soil cements added with palm sugar fibers. Last but not least, the data series obtained from these tests are analysed and results in an important expression that can be used for estimating the compression strength and elasticity modulus of soil cements mixed ijuk-aren. The results obtained is empirical equation models forecast increased compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of soil cement mixed ijuk-aren.
Fixity depth of offshore piles in elastoplastic soft clay under dynamic loadeSAT Journals
Abstract
This work represents study of dynamic behavior of offshore piles embedded in elastoplastic soft clay, and estimating the fixity depth of pile. ABAQUS finite element program which used to simulate the problem. The soil was modeled in two case elastic state model and elastoplastic state model represented by cam-clay model, three dimension element used to represent the interaction between pile and soil, and laboratory tests used to getting the real properties of clayey soil and to descried interface. The results obtained developed two empirical equations used to calculate depth of pile fixity for pile embedded in elastic and elastoplastic soil respectively. Also, show the depth of pile fixity is increase about (40 %) due to change soil model from elastic to plastic, when pile embedded in elastoplastic soil its dependent on soil strength, interface properties and pile rigidity. The pile head displacement is increase about 90 % while the bending moment is decease 10 % at pile head.
Improving the load carrying capacity of square footing resting on reinforced ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rapid growth of the big cities in the vertical direction leads to essentially of strengthening of low bearing capacity areas as the cost of land is very high and also, the disposal of the plastic wastes such as plastic bottles, bags etc. is a big problem and environmental hazards in such areas. The waste plastic bottles as geotechnical material are used to solve both geotechnical and environmental problems. The laboratory investigations are carried out to evaluate the effect of waste plastic bottles as soil reinforcement for improving bearing capacity of soil. The bearing capacity of square footing on sandy soil reinforced with waste plastic water bottles for different L/D ratio, number of layers and for different densities of foundation soil is evaluated through model test. The increase in the bearing capacity with the provision of waste plastic bottle as reinforcement is observed. Keywords: Sand, Ultimate load, Settlement, Reinforcement, U/B ratio, L/D ratio.
Numerical Simulations on Triaxial Strength of Silty Sand in Drained Conditionsijceronline
Silty sand deposits exhibit low bearing capacity at different density levels and depths. It may be due to low frictional values and non-plastic behaviour in nature. This study focuses on response of silty sand under drained conditions of triaxial testing using hypoplastic model. The influence of soil state parameters i.e. void ratio/relative density, and consolidation pressure level on drained response of silty sands is examined from the model simulations. The model results are displayed graphically in terms of stress-strain curves, stress paths and volume change-strain plots. The results reveal that the response of soil is dependent on both the combination of density and consolidation pressure levels.
Improvement of bearing capacity of square footing on compacted pond ash with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Pond ash is waste by product which is producing in huge quantity by thermal power plants. The disposal of pond ash is the major problem to the environment. The way for disposing pond ash would be as a structural fill for low lying areas and used as embankment material. In this paper laboratory investigations are carried out to improve the bearing capacity of pond ash reinforced with geo-grid by conducting load tests in a model tank. The parameters varied during the tests were number of reinforcement layers and overlapping of reinforcement. The improvement of ultimate bearing capacity is observed. The ultimate bearing capacity ratios were evaluated. Keywords: Pond ash, Geogrid, Square footing, u/B, h/B, b/B, Bearing capacity ratio
Estimates of Elasticity and Compressive Strenght in Soil Cement Mixed With Ij...AM Publications
Similar to concretes, soil cements have increasing strengths with age. More importantly, this type of material has lower elasticity comparatively to solely soils. Being used as road foundation materials, soil cements may have sufficient strength to support loads from vehicles. However, in a long run, repetitive loadings, such as those from vehicles, may damage soil cements foundations signified by cracking. To address this limitation, palm sugar fibers have been added to the soil cement mixture. It is found that fibers can increase the elasticity of soil cements. This study has also provided results of compression strength tests conducted in soil mechanic laboratory over 30 (thirty) remolded cylindrical samples of soil cements that have different ages, e.g., 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively. The samples are reconstructed of type SC soils, type I cements, and palm sugar fibers. The amounts of cement are 6% and 10% by weight of dry soils, while the portion of palm sugar fiber is 0,5% by weight of dray soils. Before being tested, the samples are stored under a constant temperature. Last but not least, the data series obtained from these tests are analysed and results in an important expression that can be used for estimating the compression strength and elasticity module of soil cements added with palm sugar fibers. Last but not least, the data series obtained from these tests are analysed and results in an important expression that can be used for estimating the compression strength and elasticity modulus of soil cements mixed ijuk-aren. The results obtained is empirical equation models forecast increased compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of soil cement mixed ijuk-aren.
Fixity depth of offshore piles in elastoplastic soft clay under dynamic loadeSAT Journals
Abstract
This work represents study of dynamic behavior of offshore piles embedded in elastoplastic soft clay, and estimating the fixity depth of pile. ABAQUS finite element program which used to simulate the problem. The soil was modeled in two case elastic state model and elastoplastic state model represented by cam-clay model, three dimension element used to represent the interaction between pile and soil, and laboratory tests used to getting the real properties of clayey soil and to descried interface. The results obtained developed two empirical equations used to calculate depth of pile fixity for pile embedded in elastic and elastoplastic soil respectively. Also, show the depth of pile fixity is increase about (40 %) due to change soil model from elastic to plastic, when pile embedded in elastoplastic soil its dependent on soil strength, interface properties and pile rigidity. The pile head displacement is increase about 90 % while the bending moment is decease 10 % at pile head.
Compressibility Behaviour of Peat Stabilized with Fly Ash Using DMM An Experi...ijtsrd
Peat is a type of soil made up of partially decomposed plant matters and contains high amount of pores. Therefore, it has high compressibility and low shear strength, which makes it as a geotechnically problematic soil. Two main methods of ground improvement include mechanical and chemical methods. In this research, chemical stabilization was used as ground improvement techniques and this method stabilizes the soil through the addition of chemical admixtures such as ordinary Portland cement OPC , fly ash, lime etc. Major aim of this research was to study the compressibility characteristics of peat stabilized with ASTM class F fly ash FA using deep mixing method DMM , and an experimental and numerical based study was adapted to achieve the aim. As part of the experimental study, testing including index properties test, direct shear test and consolidation test using Rowe cell apparatus were conducted, while PLAXIS 2D numerical package was used to simulate the laboratory Row Cell consolidation test to predict the consolidation characteristics of peat and FA stabilized peat. A FA dosage of 10 by weight was used to prepare the stabilized peat sample. Based on the experimental findings, peat used was classified as sapric amorphous peat. Addition of 10 FA increases the cohesion c and decreases angle of friction F . Further compressibility parameters coefficient of consolidation Cv , coefficient of secondary compression Ca and compression index Cc decrease with the addition of 10 FA and it is due to the chemical reaction between FA and water in the peat, producing a stiffer peat FA stabilized matrix. Percentage reduction in Cv and Ca are 12.7 33.4 and 7.1 25.93 depending on the normal stress, while the percentage reduction in Cc is 10.5 . In addition, it was observed that PLAXIS can predict the consolidation behaviour of peat reasonably well. M. Nithurshan | R. Nitharshan | M. C. M. Nasvi ""Compressibility Behaviour of Peat Stabilized with Fly Ash Using DMM: An Experimental and Numerical Study"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22904.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22904/compressibility-behaviour-of-peat-stabilized-with-fly-ash-using-dmm-an-experimental-and-numerical-study/m-nithurshan
Mixture Experiment Models for Predicting the Compressive Strength and Water A...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An Investigation of the Interlayer Adhesion Strength in Deeper Layers of the ...AM Publications
A road pavement structure is typically composed of different layers arranged one on top of the other, all supported by a natural or improved subgrade. The main purpose of this configuration is to provide the most effective structure with adequate potential to spread traffic loading from the surface to the subgrade with minimum damage. In spite of material properties and construction techniques, researchers have shown that the overall pavement performance is significantly influenced by the interlayer adhesion condition throughout the pavement structure ([8], [11], [21], [22]). Lack of intimate contact between layers results in them acting as individuals rather than as a thick bonded unit. This therefore induces overloading of layers which leads to premature deterioration of the entire structure due to traffic induced distresses. This work, therefore investigated the interlayer adhesion characteristics between the granular base and the lightly cemented subbase of a typical South African pavement structure. The influence of bonding condition on the overall pavement performance was also studied. A series of interlayer direct shear tests was run on 300 x 300 mm samples made of two layers: a 100mm G2 Granular Base (GB) compacted on top of the 100mm Cement Treated Subbase (CTSB) composed of a G5 material stabilised with 1.8% of cement. Effects of the CTSB scarification, normal pressure and moisture conditions were analysed whereby the results of the interlayer strength tests were compared with those of intra-layer strength tests. The comparative analysis showed that scarifying the CTSB before laying the GB enhances intimate contact between two layers and stimulates the unison interaction which, according to structural modelling results, improves the overall pavement performance.
Efficacy of overlying coarse aggregate and geosynthetic separator on cbr valu...eSAT Journals
Abstract Soft subgrade soil poses challenge for construction of pavements. These soft subgrade soils have a tendency to absorb high moisture content and exhibit high compressibility. Under loads. Because of which the life of pavement constructed over these is highly suffered. Among notable properties plasticity index is a reliable property as listed in literature for identifying these soft soil and nature of compressibility. Soil stabilization is one of the techniques listed in literature for improving these soft soils. Often the stabilization suffers due to high cost particularly improving deep deposits of soft soil and time consuming. . Providing stiff layer with gravelly soil can solve the problem to majority extent. These gravelly layer of soils bear the load and distribute through arch action, to, minimize the stresses to soft soil. .However the efficiency of these gravely layer depends on their relative thickness and prevention from mixing with soft subsoil. This paper discusses the efficacy of overlying aggregate to improve CBR values of soft subgrade in the presence of separator geotextile. The thickness of aggregate is varied and expressed by Hr (a fraction to soil thickness given as Ha/Hs.). Laboratory CBR tests are conducted on four subgrade types with varying in plasticity & fines content overlying with gravelly aggregate with Hr varied from 0, to 0.5 in increments of 0.1.It is observed that PI, Hr and fines content effect CBR. The influence is more pronounced with Plasticity and percent fines. Also the increase (%) is marginal for samples with high Hr. The problem of mixing of aggregate with soft soil tested without separator is more with Hr. Keywords: Plasticity index, CBR value, Separator geotextile, Subgrade, CBR
UNDERSTANDING THE PERFORMANCE OF DEEP MIXED COLUMN IMPROVED SOILS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
The essence of ground improvement is to enhance the engineering properties of weak soils to provide stability and sufficient bearing capacity for construction and other engineering purposes. Deep soil mixing is one method that has been widely employed for this purpose due to the
environmental nature and efficiency of this method. In deep soil mixing, the amount of binder to be mixed with the weak soil depends on the initial moisture content of the surrounding soil. Several researchers have reported on this method of soil improvement through laboratory experiments, in situ testing and numerical modelling.
Performance of cyclic loading on circular footing on geogrid reinforced sandbedeSAT Journals
Abstract Foundation is a part of structure which transmits weight of structure to the ground. In addition to static loads the foundations are subjected to dynamic loads like machine loads, seismic loads and moving wheel loads. This paper presents laboratory test results of cyclic loading on circular footing on geogrid reinforced sandbed for different densities. In this paper, works are carried out on circular footing with different densities i.e. 1.642gm/cc, 1.722gm/cc, 1.763gm/cc and with number of layers as 0, 1, 2, 3. Dynamic soil properties as coefficient of elastic uniform compression Cu, coefficient of elastic uniform shear Cτ, coefficient of elastic non-uniform shear Cψ and the coefficient of elastic non uniform compression Cφ were also determined. It has been concluded that as density of sand bed and as number of layers increases, settlement of footing decreases. Keywords : Cyclic loading, geogrid, coefficient of elastic uniform compression , coefficient of elastic uniform shear, coefficient of elastic non-uniform shear and the coefficient of elastic non uniform compression.
Effect of encasement length on geosynthetic reinforced stone columnseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Compressibility Behaviour of Peat Stabilized with Fly Ash Using DMM An Experi...ijtsrd
Peat is a type of soil made up of partially decomposed plant matters and contains high amount of pores. Therefore, it has high compressibility and low shear strength, which makes it as a geotechnically problematic soil. Two main methods of ground improvement include mechanical and chemical methods. In this research, chemical stabilization was used as ground improvement techniques and this method stabilizes the soil through the addition of chemical admixtures such as ordinary Portland cement OPC , fly ash, lime etc. Major aim of this research was to study the compressibility characteristics of peat stabilized with ASTM class F fly ash FA using deep mixing method DMM , and an experimental and numerical based study was adapted to achieve the aim. As part of the experimental study, testing including index properties test, direct shear test and consolidation test using Rowe cell apparatus were conducted, while PLAXIS 2D numerical package was used to simulate the laboratory Row Cell consolidation test to predict the consolidation characteristics of peat and FA stabilized peat. A FA dosage of 10 by weight was used to prepare the stabilized peat sample. Based on the experimental findings, peat used was classified as sapric amorphous peat. Addition of 10 FA increases the cohesion c and decreases angle of friction F . Further compressibility parameters coefficient of consolidation Cv , coefficient of secondary compression Ca and compression index Cc decrease with the addition of 10 FA and it is due to the chemical reaction between FA and water in the peat, producing a stiffer peat FA stabilized matrix. Percentage reduction in Cv and Ca are 12.7 33.4 and 7.1 25.93 depending on the normal stress, while the percentage reduction in Cc is 10.5 . In addition, it was observed that PLAXIS can predict the consolidation behaviour of peat reasonably well. M. Nithurshan | R. Nitharshan | M. C. M. Nasvi ""Compressibility Behaviour of Peat Stabilized with Fly Ash Using DMM: An Experimental and Numerical Study"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22904.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22904/compressibility-behaviour-of-peat-stabilized-with-fly-ash-using-dmm-an-experimental-and-numerical-study/m-nithurshan
Mixture Experiment Models for Predicting the Compressive Strength and Water A...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An Investigation of the Interlayer Adhesion Strength in Deeper Layers of the ...AM Publications
A road pavement structure is typically composed of different layers arranged one on top of the other, all supported by a natural or improved subgrade. The main purpose of this configuration is to provide the most effective structure with adequate potential to spread traffic loading from the surface to the subgrade with minimum damage. In spite of material properties and construction techniques, researchers have shown that the overall pavement performance is significantly influenced by the interlayer adhesion condition throughout the pavement structure ([8], [11], [21], [22]). Lack of intimate contact between layers results in them acting as individuals rather than as a thick bonded unit. This therefore induces overloading of layers which leads to premature deterioration of the entire structure due to traffic induced distresses. This work, therefore investigated the interlayer adhesion characteristics between the granular base and the lightly cemented subbase of a typical South African pavement structure. The influence of bonding condition on the overall pavement performance was also studied. A series of interlayer direct shear tests was run on 300 x 300 mm samples made of two layers: a 100mm G2 Granular Base (GB) compacted on top of the 100mm Cement Treated Subbase (CTSB) composed of a G5 material stabilised with 1.8% of cement. Effects of the CTSB scarification, normal pressure and moisture conditions were analysed whereby the results of the interlayer strength tests were compared with those of intra-layer strength tests. The comparative analysis showed that scarifying the CTSB before laying the GB enhances intimate contact between two layers and stimulates the unison interaction which, according to structural modelling results, improves the overall pavement performance.
Efficacy of overlying coarse aggregate and geosynthetic separator on cbr valu...eSAT Journals
Abstract Soft subgrade soil poses challenge for construction of pavements. These soft subgrade soils have a tendency to absorb high moisture content and exhibit high compressibility. Under loads. Because of which the life of pavement constructed over these is highly suffered. Among notable properties plasticity index is a reliable property as listed in literature for identifying these soft soil and nature of compressibility. Soil stabilization is one of the techniques listed in literature for improving these soft soils. Often the stabilization suffers due to high cost particularly improving deep deposits of soft soil and time consuming. . Providing stiff layer with gravelly soil can solve the problem to majority extent. These gravelly layer of soils bear the load and distribute through arch action, to, minimize the stresses to soft soil. .However the efficiency of these gravely layer depends on their relative thickness and prevention from mixing with soft subsoil. This paper discusses the efficacy of overlying aggregate to improve CBR values of soft subgrade in the presence of separator geotextile. The thickness of aggregate is varied and expressed by Hr (a fraction to soil thickness given as Ha/Hs.). Laboratory CBR tests are conducted on four subgrade types with varying in plasticity & fines content overlying with gravelly aggregate with Hr varied from 0, to 0.5 in increments of 0.1.It is observed that PI, Hr and fines content effect CBR. The influence is more pronounced with Plasticity and percent fines. Also the increase (%) is marginal for samples with high Hr. The problem of mixing of aggregate with soft soil tested without separator is more with Hr. Keywords: Plasticity index, CBR value, Separator geotextile, Subgrade, CBR
UNDERSTANDING THE PERFORMANCE OF DEEP MIXED COLUMN IMPROVED SOILS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
The essence of ground improvement is to enhance the engineering properties of weak soils to provide stability and sufficient bearing capacity for construction and other engineering purposes. Deep soil mixing is one method that has been widely employed for this purpose due to the
environmental nature and efficiency of this method. In deep soil mixing, the amount of binder to be mixed with the weak soil depends on the initial moisture content of the surrounding soil. Several researchers have reported on this method of soil improvement through laboratory experiments, in situ testing and numerical modelling.
Performance of cyclic loading on circular footing on geogrid reinforced sandbedeSAT Journals
Abstract Foundation is a part of structure which transmits weight of structure to the ground. In addition to static loads the foundations are subjected to dynamic loads like machine loads, seismic loads and moving wheel loads. This paper presents laboratory test results of cyclic loading on circular footing on geogrid reinforced sandbed for different densities. In this paper, works are carried out on circular footing with different densities i.e. 1.642gm/cc, 1.722gm/cc, 1.763gm/cc and with number of layers as 0, 1, 2, 3. Dynamic soil properties as coefficient of elastic uniform compression Cu, coefficient of elastic uniform shear Cτ, coefficient of elastic non-uniform shear Cψ and the coefficient of elastic non uniform compression Cφ were also determined. It has been concluded that as density of sand bed and as number of layers increases, settlement of footing decreases. Keywords : Cyclic loading, geogrid, coefficient of elastic uniform compression , coefficient of elastic uniform shear, coefficient of elastic non-uniform shear and the coefficient of elastic non uniform compression.
Effect of encasement length on geosynthetic reinforced stone columnseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Recycling Dumped Concrete for Making Concrete Paving Blocksdrboon
This study applies recycled concrete as a replacement of coarse aggregate to produce concrete paving blocks. The experiment is conducted to observe concrete strength of the specimen samples. The Thai Industrial Standard for concrete paving blocks (TIS 827-2531) has specified concrete samples at 28 days to have compressive strength surplus 350ksc. This study, recycled concrete has been used at various proportions, 50%, 70%, and 100% replacement of coarse aggregate. The mix concrete uses water-cement ratio 0.47 with design slump 10±2.5cm. Average concrete strengths at 28days are 665 ksc, 456 ksc and 350 ksc. Thus, this work shows possibility that dumped concrete can be recycled with full 100% replacement of coarse aggregate in making concrete paving blocks.
A Predictive Mathematical Model for Water Absorption of Sawdust Ash - Sand Co...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Saw Dust Ash (SDA) is an industrial waste that has been used by many researchers in concrete to achieve economic and environmental sustainability. In this study, 5% of sand was replaced with SDA to produce concrete with different mix ratios. Scheffe’s simplex theory was used for five mix ratios in a {5,2} experimental design which resulted in additional ten mix ratios. Additional fifteen mix ratios were generated from the initial fifteen, for verification and testing. Concrete cubes of 150mmX150mmX150mm were formed using the thirty concrete mix ratios generated, and soaked in water for 24hours. The water absorptions of cubes from each mix ratio were determined with the standard procedure. The results of the first fifteen water absorption values were used for the calibration of the model constant coefficients, while those from the second fifteen were used for the model verification using Scheffe’s simplex lattice design. A mathematical regression model was formulated from the results, with which the water absorptions were predicted. The model was then subjected to a two-tailed t-test with 5% significance, which ascertained the model to be adequate and fit with an R2 value of 0.8244. The study also revealed that SDA can replace 5% of sand and promote environmental sustainability without significantly changing the water absorption.
Predicting Static Modulus of Elasticity of Laterite - Quarry Dust Blocks Usin...IOSRJMCE
The use of alternative materials other than river sand in the production of sandcrete blocks is gaining impetus in most major Nigerian cities. Manufacturers of these blocks are, however, faced with the problem of mix proportion required for the production of the desired property. Static modulus of elasticity of block is one key property required in the design of structures, which is usually neglected. In this work, a mathematical model is formulated using Osadebe's regression theory for predicting the static modulus of elasticity of laterite-quarry dust block. The model is tested for lack of fit using software and found adequate.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH BASED BAC...AM Publications
The present investigation deals with the influence of Bacillus Subtilis bacteria on strength properties of fly ash concrete. In fly ash concrete, cement was partially replaced with 10%, 20% and 30% with fly ash by weight and optimizes the percentage of fly ash for making bacterial concrete. The bacteria Bacillus Subtilis of different cell concentrations 103, 105 and 107 cells/ml were used for making bacterial concrete. The experimental investigations were carried out for 28 and 56 days. Tests conducted include Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. In fly ash concrete, maximum strength properties observed for 10% replacement of cement with fly ash and the percentage of fly ash is fixed as 10% for making bacterial concrete. In bacterial concrete, maximum strength properties obtained for the bacteria cell concentration of 105cells/ml. The improvement in the strength properties of fly ash concrete is due to the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the micro environment by the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MODELING OF E. COLI TRANSPORT ON HOMOGENEOUS CLAY FORMATION INFLUENCED BY PER...IAEME Publication
Modeling of E.coli transport on homogenous clay influenced by permeability has been carried out. The transport of the microbes on uniform clay formation was developed to monitor the migration process of the microbes in the clay region. The model explains the behaviour of the microbes with respect to time of transport on homogenous clay, and determines the rate of concentration including the rate of permeability influence. The results show that without any regeneration of the microbes in the study area, the concentration at the period from 10 – 100 days may be insignificant on homogenous clay formation. From the simulation results it has explain the behaviour in physical process where the contaminant express it deposition from high to low concentration, while in other deposition the heterogeneous setting of some minerals developed high accumulation of E.coli in eighty days thus decreasing slightly in hundred days. The models were compared with the experimental values and both parameters compared favourably well.
An increase in bone-implant contact and an increase in surface hydrophilicity are the two important factors involved in
improving osseointegration. Therefore, three-dimensional elliptical vibration turning method is applied to increase the
hydrophilicity of titanium surface by the generation of hierarchical nano- and micro-textures. That being the case, face
turning process at different cutting conditions is carried out in this research. Surface roughness and the contact angle of
water drops with machined surfaces were selected to be measured for the analysis of surface hydrophilicity. The results
show that an additional surface area can be achieved by the generation of micro- or nano-textures, resulting in a lower
contact angle. Furthermore, intermittent movement of cutting tool in vibration cutting causes the process to be more
stable, achieving the desired range of surface roughness.
Machine learning techniques and multi-scale models to evaluate the impact of ...Shakerqaidi
Machine learning techniques and multi-scale models to evaluate the impact of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and calcium oxide (CaO) in fly ash on the compressive strength of green concrete.pdf
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Modelling of Crystal Growth in Peat Soil Stabilized With Mixing of Lime Caco3 and Fly Ash
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 350 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Peat Soil is organic soils that have very low bearing capacity and high compression ([1]; [2],
[3], [4]) therefore, a method of soil improvement is needed as a model for civil buildings. The
Peat Soil stabilization method continues to be developed because it is more environmentally
friendly and is associated with lower costs ([1], [5]). Stabilization of Peat Soil by mixing
Lime sludge and fly ash can increase carrying capacity and reduce compression, which can
then support the load better than the initial conditions. This behaviour is caused by CaSiO3
crystals forming ([6]; [7]) to fill the pore and wrap the peat fibre.
Chrysanthemum development is strongly influenced by the concentration of solution
(molarity), temperature, energy used in the stages of growth (agitation), and external addition
(seeding agent) ([8]). The process of developing and growing peat crystals is also influenced
by the curing periods of stabilization where, over time, the growing peat crystals fill the pore
and wrap the peat fibre. Based on the growth behaviour of the peat crystals, a mathematical
model will be generated to predict its behaviour in stabilized Peat Soil with Lime sludge and
fly ash.
2. CRYSTALLIZATION
Crystallization is the development of a specific crystalline solid phase where the surface is in
the form of a grid ([9]). This is due to the saturated conditions for a solution and cold
conditions for a liquid. Crystallization might be formed through 3 processes, such as the
development of a saturated condition in a solution, the development of a crystal nucleus in
the solution (nucleation), and the growth of crystal molecules from the nucleation phase until
they reach equilibrium state. Crystal growth is also strongly influenced by the concentration
of the solution (molarity), temperature, energy used in the growth stages (agitation) and
external addition (seeding agent). During the crystallization process there is a change in
potential energy (), which is influenced by Boltzmann's constant (k), temperature (T), and
the ratio between product activity (AP) and equilibrium constant (Keq), where the magnitude
is obtained from the following equation ([10]):
( ) (1)
By using the fluid interaction with solids in porous media, changes in the solids density
can be determined by the equation :
(2)
with φ is porosity, ρs is the density of solids and Γ is the rate of mass transfer, and
̅ ( ) (3)
where c is the concentration at time ∆t, is balanced concentration, ̅ is the
reaction rate, and A is the surface area, the equation is:
̅
(4)
The crystallization process of Peat Soil is also influenced by the water supply in the peat
pore ([11]) hence there is a diffusion process which includes mass transfer of the difference
3. Faisal Estu Yulianto and Basuki Widodo
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 351 editor@iaeme.com
in solution concentration. The fast-developed crystallization process will cause the crystals to
be dissolved (released) again due to water filtration with different concentrations than before
([10]; [12]).
3. MODEL OF PEAT SOIL CRYSTAL GROWTH
The mathematical model will be built from a fluid flow model through porous media
developed from crystals and seepage, while the governing equation is used for the
development of the two models. A sketch of the peat stabilization model influenced by the
water flow on porous media in the laboratory is shown in Figure 1, where the flow affects the
growth of peat crystals in the direction of x, y, and z. Based on the occurring crystal growth
behavior, some control equations used in the mathematical model are as follows.
Figure 1. Schematic laboratory model
3.1. Law of Mass Conservation
Addition of admixture to the Peat Soil stabilization will result in the development of CaSiO3
crystals where there is a change in mass from the initial conditions. Apsley ([13]) states that
the change in the average mass in the control volume, coupled with the mass flow out
through the control surface, is equal to the amount of mass created from the source and
expressed in the following equation:
(5)
With ρ as the density of fluid, u as the longitudinal direction of fluid flow, v as the lateral
fluid flow rate, w as the vertical fluid flow rate, and ϕ as porosity, the mass conversion
equation is written as
( ) (6)
while the change in porosity to time is obtained by using the following equation :
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(7)
Using Darcy's law, the velocity of fluid flow in porous media equation is:
(8)
therefore, the porosity change equation can be written as:
( )
̅ ( )
(9)
then the solid mass growth equation is:
( ) (10)
With , where t is a change in compressibility to time, the compressibility
of rock development, and is compressibility of fluid.
3.2. Fluid Flow Model in Porous Media
The fluid flow model on porous media can be expressed by the Navier-Stokes equation as
follows:
( ) (11)
Because of
√
| | , and (12)
where , , , and
, the equation written in the direction of the x-axis is as follows:
√
(√ ) (13)
then the equation written in the direction of the y-axis is:
√
(√ ) (14)
then the equation written in the direction of the z-axis is:
√
(√ )
(15)
3.3. Non-Dimensional Equation
To simplify matters, non-uniform control questions will be designed into non-dimensional
equations. The non-dimensional variables introduced are as follows:
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
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(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
from equation (6), if the equation is changed into non-dimensional equation, then the
equation is:
(27)
from equation (10) if the equation is changed into non-dimensional equation, then the
equation is:
( )
( ) (28)
from equation (13) if the equation is changed into non-dimensional equation, then the
equation is:
√
(√ ) (29)
from equation (14) if the equation is changed into non-dimensional equation, then the
equation is:
√
(√ ) (30)
from equation (15) if the equation is changed into non-dimensional equation, then the
equation is:
√
(√ ) (31)
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3.4. Mac Cormack Method
The Mac Cormack is a discretization method, widely used to solve hyperbolic partial
differential equations consisting of two stages of achievement, including the predictor stage
and the corrector stage. This method is used because the predictor growth of peat crystals is
influenced by growth in the previous time tn-1.
1. Unit Weight of Peat Soil
The Predictor Stage equation (4) is written as:
̅̅̅̅̅̅
* + (32)
The Corrector Stage equation (4) is written as:
[ * ̅̅̅̅̅̅
* ++] (33)
2. Void Ratio of Peat Soil
The Predictor Stage equation (9) is written as:
̅̅̅̅̅̅
[ [( ) ( )
( )] ( )+ (34)
The Corrector Stage equation (9) is written as:
[ *
̅̅̅̅̅̅
*
̅̅̅̅̅̅
*( )
( ) ( )] ( )++] (35)
3.Density of Fluid
The Predictor Stage equation (6) is written as:
̅̅̅̅̅̅
[ ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )] (36)
The Corrector Stage equation (6) is written as:
* *
̅̅̅̅̅̅
*
̅̅̅̅̅̅
(
̅̅̅̅̅̅
)
̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) (
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
)
̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
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(
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
)
̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
(
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
)+]] (37)
4. Fluid Pressure
The Predictor Stage equation (10) is written as:
̅̅̅̅̅̅
*( ( )
) (( )
( ) ( ))+ (38)
The Corrector Stage equation (10) is written as:
[ [
̅̅̅̅̅̅
[( ( )
)
((
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
) (
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
)
(
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
))]]] (39)
5. Velocity of Fluid in Porous Media for x
The Predictor Stage equation (29) is written as:
̅̅̅̅̅̅
[ ( ) ( )
( )
√
(√( ) ( ) ( ) ) + (40)
The Corrector Stage equation (29) is written as:
* *
̅̅̅̅̅̅
*
̅̅̅̅̅̅
(
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
)
(
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
) (
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
)
̅̅̅̅̅̅
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√
(√( ̅̅̅̅̅̅
) ( ) ( ) )
̅̅̅̅̅̅
+]] (41)
6. Velocity of Fluid in Porous Media for y
The Predictor Stage equation (30) is written as:
̅̅̅̅̅̅
[ ( ) ( )
( )
√
(√( ) ( ) ( ) ) + (42)
The Corrector Stage equation (30) is written as:
* *
̅̅̅̅̅̅
*
̅̅̅̅̅̅
(
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
)
( ) (
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
)
̅̅̅̅̅̅
√
(√( ) ( ) ( ) )
̅̅̅̅̅̅
+]] (43)
7. Velocity of Fluid in Porous Media for z
The Predictor Stage equation (31) is written as:
̅̅̅̅̅̅
[ ( ) ( )
( )
√
(√( ) ( ) ( ) ) + (44)
The Corrector Stage equation (31) is written as:
[ [
̅̅̅̅̅̅
[
̅̅̅̅̅̅
(
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
)
( ) (
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
)
̅̅̅̅̅̅
√
(√( ) ( ) ( ) )
̅̅̅̅̅̅
+]] (45)
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4. RESULT OF COMPUTING SIMULATION
The results of the Mat Lab simulation are shown in Figure 2 to Figure 5 for the parameters of
solid mass (t), porosity (e), fluid velocity (k) and crystal growth velocity (vc) for different
stabilization areas and curing periods. Figure 2 shows the value of t for A (the width of the
stabilization area) with 90 being the highest value at the beginning of the stabilization age
where the water in the peat pore macro is sufficient for crystal formation ([5]). As the curing
periods of stabilization becomes longer, the value of t experience changes due to the
decrease of water in the pore macro and the value of t for A = 90 becomes lower due to the
process of fibre decomposition ([4]; [11]).
Figure 2. Behavior of solidsmass of stabilized peat
The growth of CaSiO3 crystals on Peat Soil causes its pore (e) to decrease (Figure 3)
because of crystals developed through filling Peat Soil pore ([5]; [14]). Figure 3 shows that
the largest e value occurs in the stabilization area A = 30 and A = 90; this is due to the growth
of crystals at A = 30 which is disturbed by infiltration of water from the surrounding
(diffusion) due to the small area of stabilization (A) ([12], [14]). Whereas at A = 90, the value
of e becomes large due to the process of crystal decomposition. While the k value difference
between variations of the stabilization area width is not much, a decrease of k-value indicates
that the crystals are growing with increasing curing periods of stabilization.
SolidMass
Time
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
1.1
1.105
1.11
1.115
1.12
1.125
1.13
1.135
waktu
Nilaimassapadatan
Massa padatan gambut
A=30
A=50
A=70
A=90
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Figure 3. Behavior of Peat stabilized porosity
Figure 4. Behavoiur of fluid velocity of stabilized peat
Figure 5 shows the speed of crystal growth decreasing with the increase of curing periods.
This behaviour is expected from the value curve t and e, where the curing periods is below
100. The CaSiO3 crystals growth is rapid and continues to slow when the curing periods
increases. This aligns with the research results conducted by Mochtar, N.E., et.al ([5]) and
Yulianto and Mochtar, N.E. ([14]).
Time
Porosity
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
porositas
FluidVelocity
Time
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
kecepatan fluida
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Figure 5. Behavior of rate crystal growth of stabilized peat
This behaviorhas a similar character with solid mass curve and porosity value. When
curing periods under 100, crystal growth of CaSiO3 is fastly and became slowly after the time
above 100. This is in accordance with the results of research conducted by Mochtar NE.,
et.all ([5]) andYulianto and Mochtar, NE. ([14])
5. CONCLUSION
Based on the previously described and computer simulations, several points can be
concluded, including:
1. Crystal growth is formed quickly at less than 100 and the condition of the peat
pore still has enough water to react.
2. Crystal growth in a stabilization width area that is too small (A = 30) or too large
(A = 90) causes CaSiO3 crystals to be unstable from the diffusion and
decomposition processes.
3. The numerical simulation also show that peat with a stabilization area width (A)
70 produces better parameters due to minimum water filtration.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you to the Directorate General of Higher Education for the research funding given to
us. This publication is part of the research grant. Thank you to all the research teams so that
this research can be completed properly.
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http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 360 editor@iaeme.com
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