This document summarizes the modeling of a time-modulated ultra-wideband (TM UWB) communication link. It describes:
1) How TM UWB signals are generated using time-hopping and pulse-position modulation to transmit data bits.
2) The modeling of an additive white Gaussian noise channel and a correlator receiver to detect signals.
3) The results of simulating a 200-bit transmission, showing UWB pulses are distorted by noise but the original data can be recovered by correlation and integration at the receiver.
Broad-Spectrum Model for Sharing Analysis between IMTAdvanced Systems and FSS...IOSRJECE
An appraisal of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) accredited for IMT-Advanced has been well thought-out in this letter. Derivation of the power spectral density (PSD) produce new model which easily assess the interfering signal power that appears in the band of a victim system without a spectrum emission mask. Furthermore, the broad-spectrum investigative model (BIM) can assess the interference from the 4G systems into FSS systems, when transmit power is unallocated to some sub-carriers overlapping the band of the victim system. Closed form is derived to create the model.
This document summarizes a survey on wireless sensor network lifetime constraints. It discusses how sensor node energy consumption affects network lifetime and the role of routing protocols in extending lifespan. Generic energy consumption includes reception, transmission, and sensing. Deployment strategies like deterministic grids can balance energy usage to prolong network lifetime. Routing protocols aim to minimize transmissions and optimize paths to reduce energy costs.
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF PAPR REDUCTION FOR OFDM SIGNAL IN LTE SYSTEMijwmn
This document discusses performance improvement of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in long-term evolution (LTE) systems. It proposes an improved amplitude clipping and filtering method for PAPR reduction that shows significant improvement over existing methods, with a slight increase in bit error rate. The document provides background on OFDM, PAPR issues in OFDM, and motivations for reducing PAPR such as improving power amplifier efficiency.
An enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networkIJECEIAES
The document summarizes an enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol proposed for wireless sensor networks. The proposed protocol selects cluster heads based on current energy levels to avoid nodes with low energy from being selected. It also chooses a root cluster head with high residual energy and short distance to the sink to aggregate and transmit all cluster data. Simulations show the proposed protocol performs better than LEACH in increasing network lifetime by balancing energy consumption and extending stability periods.
Error Performance Analysis in Underwater Acoustic Noise with Non-Gaussian Dis...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1) The document analyzes error performance in underwater acoustic noise channels with non-Gaussian distributions. Field data was collected off the coast of Malaysia and found to follow a Student's t distribution rather than Gaussian.
2) A probability density function for the noise amplitude is proposed based on the Student's t distribution. An expression for binary error probability is derived considering the non-Gaussian noise characteristics.
3) Simulations show the underwater acoustic noise channel has slightly better error performance than Gaussian noise channels at low SNR, but significantly worse performance at high SNR, due to the shape of the Student's t distribution. The non-Gaussian noise degrades performance more for higher order modulations.
This document compares the performance of the 6th derivative Gaussian UWB pulse shape to the 2nd derivative Gaussian pulse shape in an IEEE 802.15.3a multipath fading channel using different types of RAKE receivers in the presence of multiple-user interference and Gaussian noise. It finds that both the pulse shape used and the number of RAKE fingers impact the signal-to-noise ratio and bit error rate performance in the channel model. Specifically, it concludes that the 6th derivative pulse is more suitable for meeting FCC power regulations and achieving better BER performance since higher derivatives increase the peak emission frequency while decreasing signal bandwidth.
A Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) Modulation Format: Perspective and Prospe...IJECEIAES
The explosive demand of broadband services nowadays requires data communication systems to have intensive capacity which subsequently increases the need for higher data rate as well. Although implementation of multiple wavelengths channels can be used (e.g. 4 × 25.8 Gb/s for 100 Gb/s connection) for such desired system, it usually leads to cost increment issue which is caused by employment of multiple optical components. Therefore, implementation of advanced modulation format using a single wavelength channel has become a preference to increase spectral efficiency by increasing the data rate for a given transmission system bandwidth. Conventional advanced modulation format however, involves a degree of complexity and costly transmission system. Hence, carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) modulation format has emerged as a promising advanced modulation format candidate due to spectral efficiency improvement ability with reduction of optical transceiver complexity and cost. The intriguing properties of CAP modulation format are reviewed as an attractive prospect in optical transmission system applications.
Satellite Telemetry Data Transmission Immunity from the ASI and Jamming Using...IOSRJECE
In the satellite telemetry command, controlling the power of the uplink signal, radiated away from the Earth to the spacecraft and downlink signal, radiated toward the Earth form the spacecraft is very important. The Uplink is transmitted at high power because of the unlimited power, while downlink should be controlled in power because of limited spacecraft power resources. This results in a lower Power Spectral Density (PSD) for the downlink and higher PSD for the uplink, which in many cases the uplink power due to be strong enough to reach the satellites at GEO would often also violate the PSD limits in the other orbits satellite telemetry signals like LEO. In addition due to long distance between the Earth and satellite, the received signals at the both terrestrial and transponder receivers are extremely week and strongly influenced by intentional interference (like jamming) or inadvertent interferences (such as the ASI). Spreading spectrum can solve the PSD problems for both directions but consumes a wide bandwidth. Fortunately, signals can be distinguished by using different spreading codes, allowing for CDMA. The Pseudo Noise (PN) spreading codes allow using many satellites or users (located in one satellite) the same frequency with overlapping signals simultaneously and also range measurement as useful ability to track the spacecraft in the space by the expanding value of the PN codes (Doppler Shift).[1] This paper specially considers to satellite telemetry data transmission immunity from the interference using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) based on CDMA namely DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence-CDMA) by the unique properties correlation functions of the Gold and M-Sequence codes. Also the codes are examined in the fading channels, Reyleigh and AWGN, in terms of the BER vs. Eb/No to compare the practical results with theoretical values.
Broad-Spectrum Model for Sharing Analysis between IMTAdvanced Systems and FSS...IOSRJECE
An appraisal of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) accredited for IMT-Advanced has been well thought-out in this letter. Derivation of the power spectral density (PSD) produce new model which easily assess the interfering signal power that appears in the band of a victim system without a spectrum emission mask. Furthermore, the broad-spectrum investigative model (BIM) can assess the interference from the 4G systems into FSS systems, when transmit power is unallocated to some sub-carriers overlapping the band of the victim system. Closed form is derived to create the model.
This document summarizes a survey on wireless sensor network lifetime constraints. It discusses how sensor node energy consumption affects network lifetime and the role of routing protocols in extending lifespan. Generic energy consumption includes reception, transmission, and sensing. Deployment strategies like deterministic grids can balance energy usage to prolong network lifetime. Routing protocols aim to minimize transmissions and optimize paths to reduce energy costs.
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF PAPR REDUCTION FOR OFDM SIGNAL IN LTE SYSTEMijwmn
This document discusses performance improvement of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in long-term evolution (LTE) systems. It proposes an improved amplitude clipping and filtering method for PAPR reduction that shows significant improvement over existing methods, with a slight increase in bit error rate. The document provides background on OFDM, PAPR issues in OFDM, and motivations for reducing PAPR such as improving power amplifier efficiency.
An enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networkIJECEIAES
The document summarizes an enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol proposed for wireless sensor networks. The proposed protocol selects cluster heads based on current energy levels to avoid nodes with low energy from being selected. It also chooses a root cluster head with high residual energy and short distance to the sink to aggregate and transmit all cluster data. Simulations show the proposed protocol performs better than LEACH in increasing network lifetime by balancing energy consumption and extending stability periods.
Error Performance Analysis in Underwater Acoustic Noise with Non-Gaussian Dis...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1) The document analyzes error performance in underwater acoustic noise channels with non-Gaussian distributions. Field data was collected off the coast of Malaysia and found to follow a Student's t distribution rather than Gaussian.
2) A probability density function for the noise amplitude is proposed based on the Student's t distribution. An expression for binary error probability is derived considering the non-Gaussian noise characteristics.
3) Simulations show the underwater acoustic noise channel has slightly better error performance than Gaussian noise channels at low SNR, but significantly worse performance at high SNR, due to the shape of the Student's t distribution. The non-Gaussian noise degrades performance more for higher order modulations.
This document compares the performance of the 6th derivative Gaussian UWB pulse shape to the 2nd derivative Gaussian pulse shape in an IEEE 802.15.3a multipath fading channel using different types of RAKE receivers in the presence of multiple-user interference and Gaussian noise. It finds that both the pulse shape used and the number of RAKE fingers impact the signal-to-noise ratio and bit error rate performance in the channel model. Specifically, it concludes that the 6th derivative pulse is more suitable for meeting FCC power regulations and achieving better BER performance since higher derivatives increase the peak emission frequency while decreasing signal bandwidth.
A Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) Modulation Format: Perspective and Prospe...IJECEIAES
The explosive demand of broadband services nowadays requires data communication systems to have intensive capacity which subsequently increases the need for higher data rate as well. Although implementation of multiple wavelengths channels can be used (e.g. 4 × 25.8 Gb/s for 100 Gb/s connection) for such desired system, it usually leads to cost increment issue which is caused by employment of multiple optical components. Therefore, implementation of advanced modulation format using a single wavelength channel has become a preference to increase spectral efficiency by increasing the data rate for a given transmission system bandwidth. Conventional advanced modulation format however, involves a degree of complexity and costly transmission system. Hence, carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) modulation format has emerged as a promising advanced modulation format candidate due to spectral efficiency improvement ability with reduction of optical transceiver complexity and cost. The intriguing properties of CAP modulation format are reviewed as an attractive prospect in optical transmission system applications.
Satellite Telemetry Data Transmission Immunity from the ASI and Jamming Using...IOSRJECE
In the satellite telemetry command, controlling the power of the uplink signal, radiated away from the Earth to the spacecraft and downlink signal, radiated toward the Earth form the spacecraft is very important. The Uplink is transmitted at high power because of the unlimited power, while downlink should be controlled in power because of limited spacecraft power resources. This results in a lower Power Spectral Density (PSD) for the downlink and higher PSD for the uplink, which in many cases the uplink power due to be strong enough to reach the satellites at GEO would often also violate the PSD limits in the other orbits satellite telemetry signals like LEO. In addition due to long distance between the Earth and satellite, the received signals at the both terrestrial and transponder receivers are extremely week and strongly influenced by intentional interference (like jamming) or inadvertent interferences (such as the ASI). Spreading spectrum can solve the PSD problems for both directions but consumes a wide bandwidth. Fortunately, signals can be distinguished by using different spreading codes, allowing for CDMA. The Pseudo Noise (PN) spreading codes allow using many satellites or users (located in one satellite) the same frequency with overlapping signals simultaneously and also range measurement as useful ability to track the spacecraft in the space by the expanding value of the PN codes (Doppler Shift).[1] This paper specially considers to satellite telemetry data transmission immunity from the interference using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) based on CDMA namely DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence-CDMA) by the unique properties correlation functions of the Gold and M-Sequence codes. Also the codes are examined in the fading channels, Reyleigh and AWGN, in terms of the BER vs. Eb/No to compare the practical results with theoretical values.
This document discusses finding an optimum transmission range in a wireless sensor network to balance delay and energy consumption. It analyzes how transmission range, node deployment, number of hops, and forwarding techniques affect energy usage. The researchers deployed sensor nodes in a grid and evaluated greedy forwarding and residual energy forwarding under varying transmission ranges. They found that an optimal range exists that uses less energy per transmission while minimizing the number of hops needed to reach destinations.
One of Machine Type Communication (MTC) applications is Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN). WSN is an intelligent network application system to collect, integrate, and transmit data
autonomously. Sensor nodes in WSN, communicate over short distance via a wireless medium
and collaborate to accomplish a common task, such as enviroment monitoring, military
surveillance and industrial process control. The constraining aspect of WSN usage is the
limited power of each sensor node, so energy efficiency becomes an important issue in WSN.
Routing is a function in WSN, which consumes a substantial amount of energy. One of the
routing protocols that can increase the energy efficiency of WSN is Low Energy Adaptive
Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). In this paper, High Altitude Platform (HAP) is used to replace
Base Station (BS) as sink node in WSN. HAP is designed at altitudes of 17, 20 and 22 km. Then
WSN over HAP using the LEACH routing protocol evaluated its performance. Performance
indicators that we evaluated are engergy consumption, number of dead nodes and total average
packets which is sent to HAP. From a series of simulations conducted, the results obtained that
the higher the laying of HAP, then the coverage area will be greater. So that the energy
consumption will be smaller, the number of dead node less and the avarage of total packet
delivered to the HAP will be greater.
Performance Analysis of Ultra Wideband Communication SystemEditor IJMTER
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a radio transmission scheme that uses extremely low power
pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has several advantages
over conventional continuous wave radio communications including potential support for high data
rates, robustness to multipath interference and fading. The paper covers Ultra Wide-Band
technology. General description, Challenges, various modulation schemes such as OOK, PAM,
PPM, and BPSK under specified Ultra Wide Band regimes: low Power spectral density, large
spreading ratio and a highly dispersive channel. The capacity and BER performance of a single user
ultra wideband communication is investigated for various modulation schemes and coded, uncoded
methods also simulated. Fading channel like Ricean and Rayleigh are compared. Channelized digital
receiver concept is discussed.
Energy Enhancement by Selecting Optimal Routing Path from Source to sink Node...ijiert bestjournal
WSNs are used for collecting limitations have to be taken into account when desi gning e nergy dissipation significantly methods namely A- star algorithm and fuzzy approach for WSN routing path from the source to the destination,by considering the battery power,number of hops,and traffic load for extend lifetime improves by employing the optimized routing protocol lifetime.
New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technologyijtsrd
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been widely used in an area of wireless cellular communication system, providing the both increased capacity and reliability. However, the use of multiple antennas in mobile terminals may not be very practical due to limited space and other implementation issues. In this paper, cooperative MIMO has been used in a way to optimise the implementation and working of conventional MIMO systems in terms of BER and Spectral Efficiency while maintaining a minimal number of antennas on each handset. Cooperative MIMO with V-BLAST transmission over Rayleigh flat fading channels and amplify and forward protocol with one relay node for modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK, QAM using various decoding techniques has been analysed. Decoding algorithms like ZF, MMSE and ML have been analysed with respect to their BER performances. Since, there is throughput loss in cooperative MIMO due to extra resources required for relaying, adaptive modulation has been used with C-MIMO to meet the demands for high data rates in Long Term Evolution Network. Sukhreet Kaur | Dr. Amita Soni"New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12919.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/12919/new-adaptive-cooperative-mimo-for-lte-technology/sukhreet-kaur
Sparse channel estimation for underwater acoustic communication using compres...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on using compressed sensing techniques for channel estimation in underwater acoustic communications. It first provides background on underwater acoustic channels and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). It then describes using comb-type pilot signals for channel estimation and traditional least squares and minimum mean squared error methods. The document introduces compressed sensing as a method to reconstruct sparse signals from few measurements. It proposes applying compressed sensing using matching pursuit algorithms to take advantage of the sparse nature of underwater acoustic channels and estimate the channel with fewer pilots.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Improved performance of scs based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using d...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Tremendous growth in current wireless networks raises the demand of more frequency spectrum, over the finite availability of spectrum resource. Although, the research has specifies that the available primary users (i.e. licensed user) has not occupying the channel all the time. The most effective technology known as Cognitive radio giving promises for a solution of under utilization of available frequency spectrum in wireless communication. In cognitive radio network two types of wireless user can be define as primary user and secondary user. Primary users have highest priority to utilize the available band of frequency and secondary user can utilize these services only when the channel is vacant by primary user and there will be no any interference. The optimization of this may be implemented by a smart technique such as cognitive radio, which is fully automated intelligent wireless sensor tool having capability to sense, learn & adjust relevant operating parameters dynamically in radio atmosphere. This can be happen if we prefer the appropriate window technique to evaluate system parameter for sensing the availability of vacant band. We show that by comparing the different windows techniques, cognitive radios not only provide better spectrum opportunity but also provide the chance to huge number of wireless users.
Keywords: Primary user, Secondary user, Spectrum Sensing and Window technique etc.
SLGC: A New Cluster Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network for Decrease...IJCSEA Journal
Decrease energy consumption and maximizing network lifetime are important parameters in designing and protocols for wireless sensor network (WSN).Clustering is one of the efficient methods in energy consumption by Cluster-Head in WSN. Besides, CH can process and aggregate data sent by cluster members, thus reducing network traffic for sending data to sink. In this paper presents a new cluster routing algorithm by dividing network into grids. In each grid computes the center-gravity and threshold of energy for selecting the node that has the best condition base on these parameters in grid for selecting Cluster-Head in current round, also SLGC selecting Cluster-Heads for next rounds thereby this CHs reduce the volume of controlling messages for next rounds and inform nodes for sending data into CH of respective round. This algorithm prolong network lifetime and decrease energy consumption by selecting CH in grid and sending data of grid to sink by this CH. Result of simulation shows that SLGC algorithm in comparison with the previous clustering algorithm has maximizing network lifetime and decrease energy consumption in network.
Investigation and Analysis of SNR Estimation in OFDM systemIOSR Journals
Estimation of signal to noise ratio (SNR) of received signal and to transmit the signal effectively for
the modern communication system. The performance of existing non-data-aided (NDA) SNR estimation methods
are substantially degraded for high level modulation scheme such as M-ary amplitude and phase shift keying
(APSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).In this paper SNR estimation proposed method which uses
zero point auto-correlation of received signal per block and auto/cross- correlation of decision feedback signal
in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Proposed method can be studied into two types;
Type 1 can estimate SNR by zero point auto-correlation of decision feedback signal based on the second
moment property. Type 2 uses both zero point auto-correlation and cross-correlation based on the fourth
moment property. In block-by-block reception of OFDM system, these two SNR estimation methods can be
possible for the practical implementation due to correlation based the estimation method and they show more
stable estimation performance than the earlier SNR estimation methods.
Approximation of Gaussian derivatives for UWB communicationijsrd.com
UWB is a new interesting technology for wireless communications. It can replace traditionally carrier-based radio transmission by pulse-based transmission using ultrawide band frequency but at a very low energy. An important aspect of research in this domain is to find a pulse with an optimal shape, whose power spectral density respects and best fits emission limitation mask imposed by FCC. In this paper we review common used Gaussian pulses and its derivatives and the influence of shape factor, finding an optimal specific value for each derivative. Next, we search to obtain possible better pulse shapes as linear combinations of Gaussian derivatives. Older studies refer in one case to the same shape factor for all derivatives and in other case to higher factor for first derivative and smaller shape factors for subsequent derivatives. Our new idea is to use Gaussian derivatives, each with its specific optimal shape factor and to use a "trial and error" algorithm to obtain a linear combination pulse with better performance.
Localization of nodes in an infrastructure less network serves many purposes. Several issues relating to
security, routing, etc it can be solved if only the actual location of nodes were known. Existing approaches
estimate the location of a node in a network by using received signal strength indicator (RSSI), Time of
Arrival, Time difference of Arrival and, if directional antennas are available, Direction of Arrival. In these
methods the localization accuracy is less (in the order of 20cm). The aim of this paper is to localize nodes
in adhoc networks with improved accuracy using ultra wide band.The proposed method uses a train of low
amplitude pulses of high bandwidth, which reduces the energy consumption, effects due to small scale
fading, and dispersion in time and frequency. The network was simulated in NS-2 with UWB extension and
the localization accuracy was found to be improved (upto 1cm).
Noise uncertainty effect on multi-channel cognitive radio networks IJECEIAES
Achieving high throughput is the most important goal of cognitive radio networks. The main process in cognitive radio is spectrum sensing that targets getting vacant channels. There are many sensing methods like matched filter, feature detection, interference temperature and energy detection which is employed in the proposed system; however, energy detection suffers from noise uncertainty. In this paper a study of throughput under noise fluctuation effect is introduced. The work in this paper proposes multi-channel system; the overall multi-channel throughput is studied under noise fluctuation effect. In addition, the proficiency of the network has been examined under different number of channels and sensing time with noise uncertainty.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN), Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) is
used to improve performance of spectrum sensing techniques used for detection of licensed
(Primary) user’s signal. In CSS, the spectrum sensing information from multiple unlicensed
(Secondary) users are combined to take final decision about presence of primary signal. The
mixing techniques used to generate final decision about presence of PU’s signal are also
called as Fusion techniques / rules. The fusion techniques are further classified as data
fusion and decision fusion techniques. In data fusion technique all the secondary users
(SUs) share their raw information of spectrum detection like detected energy or other
statistical information, while in decision fusion technique all the SUs take their local
decisions and share the decision by sending ‘0’ or ‘1’ corresponding to absence and presence
of PU’s signal respectively. The rules used in decision fusion techniques are OR rule, AND
rule and K-out-of-N rule. The CSS is further classified as distributed CSS and centralized
CSS. In distributed CSS all the SUs share the spectrum detection information with each
other and by mixing the shared information; all the SUs take final decision individually. In
centralized CSS all the SUs send their detected information to a secondary base station /
central unit which combines the shared information and takes final decision. The secondary
base station shares the final decision with all the SUs in the CRN. This paper covers
overview of information fusion methods used for CSS and analysis of decision fusion rules
with simulation results.
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 2 - paper7sophiabelthome
This document analyzes spectrum sensing for cognitive radios using an energy detection method. It discusses how energy detection works by passing a signal through a bandpass filter, squaring it to measure energy, and integrating over time to compare to a threshold. Energy detection is efficient as it doesn't require knowing the primary signal, but has disadvantages like longer sensing times and sensitivity to noise power uncertainty. The document evaluates the receiver operating characteristics of energy detection under varying signal-to-noise ratios and time-bandwidth factors, finding detection probability increases with higher SNR and decreases with higher time-bandwidth.
Mobile Primary User in Cognitive Radio State of the Arts and Recent Advancesjosephjonse
The processing of primary user mobility with static or mobile secondary user in the context of cognitive radio (CR) has recently been the subject of several studies and discussions all over the world. These studies are seeking to broaden the horizons of CR implementation beyond the formalism described in the diverse existing standards. The mobility of primary users is likely to reduce the overall performance of the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) and affects the different phases of the cognitive cycle. Said mobility alters the network’s topology, the channel’s availability, and affects spectrum sensing. This makes any endeavor aiming to implement CR technology complicated. This paper is devoted to the analysis and discussion of the scientific literature that has addressed the issue of the primary user’s mobility.
Implementation of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication System Using ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents the designed and implementation of spread spectrum technology for data transfer to overcome the interference problems associated with narrow band, very high frequency and ultra high frequency data transfer systems. The spread spectrum communication is used to reduce jamming of communication and provides a heightened secure communication. In this paper, the design and analyzes are implemented by Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for baseband spread spectrum communication system using Pseudo Noise Sequences (PNS) for spreading digital data. The sequence generator and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) for a single user is implemented in a FPGA module. The generated pseudo noise sequences are investigated for autocorrelation, cross correlation and balance properties. The bit error rates performance of the system is evaluated in multiuser environment under AWGN and reveals that, the DSSS system using pseudo noise sequences as spreading sequences significantly outperforms for the conventional PN sequences system
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been widely used in various applications.
In these networks nodes collect data from the attached sensors and send their data to a base
station. However, nodes in WSN have limited power supply in form of battery so the nodes
are expected to minimize energy consumption in order to maximize the lifetime of WSN. A
number of techniques have been proposed in the literature to reduce the energy
consumption significantly. In this paper, we propose a new clustering based technique
which is a modification of the popular LEACH algorithm. In this technique, first cluster
heads are elected using the improved LEACH algorithm as usual, and then a cluster of
nodes is formed based on the distance between node and cluster head. Finally, data from
node is transferred to cluster head. Cluster heads forward data, after applying aggregation,
to the cluster head that is closer to it than sink in forward direction or directly to the sink.
This reduction in distance travelled improves the performance over LEACH algorithm
significantly.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document compares the performance of three spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio systems: energy detection, matched filter detection, and cyclostationary feature detection. Energy detection simply analyzes signal energy without any prior knowledge, but performs poorly at low SNR. Matched filter detection requires knowledge of the primary signal but performs better than energy detection. Cyclostationary feature detection exploits periodic features of primary signals and achieves the best performance, with 100% detection probability down to -8dB SNR, but has a higher computational complexity. Simulation results show cyclostationary detection outperforms the other techniques in terms of detection probability and false alarm rate across all SNR values.
This document analyzes the performance of M-QAM modulation in OFDM systems. It begins with an introduction to OFDM and how it addresses issues like intersymbol interference caused by multipath fading. It then describes M-QAM and M-PSK modulation schemes used in OFDM. Through MATLAB simulations, it evaluates the bit error rate performance of different modulation orders in AWGN and frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. The results show that higher order QAM in OFDM provides better performance with lower bit error rates than PSK, especially at higher SNR values. Therefore, QAM is determined to be a better choice than PSK for high data rate transmission using OFDM.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a MATLAB SIMULINK model of a wavelength division multiplexed optical communication system using QPSK modulation. The model simulates transmission through single mode fiber both with and without reusing the wavelength from an upstream ultra-wideband signal. It generates Bernoulli binary data that is QPSK modulated and transmitted over increasing lengths of fiber. System performance is evaluated by measuring bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio from the eye diagrams. The results show that wavelength reuse maintains nearly identical performance to the standard system in terms of these key metrics.
This document discusses finding an optimum transmission range in a wireless sensor network to balance delay and energy consumption. It analyzes how transmission range, node deployment, number of hops, and forwarding techniques affect energy usage. The researchers deployed sensor nodes in a grid and evaluated greedy forwarding and residual energy forwarding under varying transmission ranges. They found that an optimal range exists that uses less energy per transmission while minimizing the number of hops needed to reach destinations.
One of Machine Type Communication (MTC) applications is Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN). WSN is an intelligent network application system to collect, integrate, and transmit data
autonomously. Sensor nodes in WSN, communicate over short distance via a wireless medium
and collaborate to accomplish a common task, such as enviroment monitoring, military
surveillance and industrial process control. The constraining aspect of WSN usage is the
limited power of each sensor node, so energy efficiency becomes an important issue in WSN.
Routing is a function in WSN, which consumes a substantial amount of energy. One of the
routing protocols that can increase the energy efficiency of WSN is Low Energy Adaptive
Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). In this paper, High Altitude Platform (HAP) is used to replace
Base Station (BS) as sink node in WSN. HAP is designed at altitudes of 17, 20 and 22 km. Then
WSN over HAP using the LEACH routing protocol evaluated its performance. Performance
indicators that we evaluated are engergy consumption, number of dead nodes and total average
packets which is sent to HAP. From a series of simulations conducted, the results obtained that
the higher the laying of HAP, then the coverage area will be greater. So that the energy
consumption will be smaller, the number of dead node less and the avarage of total packet
delivered to the HAP will be greater.
Performance Analysis of Ultra Wideband Communication SystemEditor IJMTER
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a radio transmission scheme that uses extremely low power
pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has several advantages
over conventional continuous wave radio communications including potential support for high data
rates, robustness to multipath interference and fading. The paper covers Ultra Wide-Band
technology. General description, Challenges, various modulation schemes such as OOK, PAM,
PPM, and BPSK under specified Ultra Wide Band regimes: low Power spectral density, large
spreading ratio and a highly dispersive channel. The capacity and BER performance of a single user
ultra wideband communication is investigated for various modulation schemes and coded, uncoded
methods also simulated. Fading channel like Ricean and Rayleigh are compared. Channelized digital
receiver concept is discussed.
Energy Enhancement by Selecting Optimal Routing Path from Source to sink Node...ijiert bestjournal
WSNs are used for collecting limitations have to be taken into account when desi gning e nergy dissipation significantly methods namely A- star algorithm and fuzzy approach for WSN routing path from the source to the destination,by considering the battery power,number of hops,and traffic load for extend lifetime improves by employing the optimized routing protocol lifetime.
New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technologyijtsrd
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been widely used in an area of wireless cellular communication system, providing the both increased capacity and reliability. However, the use of multiple antennas in mobile terminals may not be very practical due to limited space and other implementation issues. In this paper, cooperative MIMO has been used in a way to optimise the implementation and working of conventional MIMO systems in terms of BER and Spectral Efficiency while maintaining a minimal number of antennas on each handset. Cooperative MIMO with V-BLAST transmission over Rayleigh flat fading channels and amplify and forward protocol with one relay node for modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK, QAM using various decoding techniques has been analysed. Decoding algorithms like ZF, MMSE and ML have been analysed with respect to their BER performances. Since, there is throughput loss in cooperative MIMO due to extra resources required for relaying, adaptive modulation has been used with C-MIMO to meet the demands for high data rates in Long Term Evolution Network. Sukhreet Kaur | Dr. Amita Soni"New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12919.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/12919/new-adaptive-cooperative-mimo-for-lte-technology/sukhreet-kaur
Sparse channel estimation for underwater acoustic communication using compres...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on using compressed sensing techniques for channel estimation in underwater acoustic communications. It first provides background on underwater acoustic channels and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). It then describes using comb-type pilot signals for channel estimation and traditional least squares and minimum mean squared error methods. The document introduces compressed sensing as a method to reconstruct sparse signals from few measurements. It proposes applying compressed sensing using matching pursuit algorithms to take advantage of the sparse nature of underwater acoustic channels and estimate the channel with fewer pilots.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Improved performance of scs based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using d...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Tremendous growth in current wireless networks raises the demand of more frequency spectrum, over the finite availability of spectrum resource. Although, the research has specifies that the available primary users (i.e. licensed user) has not occupying the channel all the time. The most effective technology known as Cognitive radio giving promises for a solution of under utilization of available frequency spectrum in wireless communication. In cognitive radio network two types of wireless user can be define as primary user and secondary user. Primary users have highest priority to utilize the available band of frequency and secondary user can utilize these services only when the channel is vacant by primary user and there will be no any interference. The optimization of this may be implemented by a smart technique such as cognitive radio, which is fully automated intelligent wireless sensor tool having capability to sense, learn & adjust relevant operating parameters dynamically in radio atmosphere. This can be happen if we prefer the appropriate window technique to evaluate system parameter for sensing the availability of vacant band. We show that by comparing the different windows techniques, cognitive radios not only provide better spectrum opportunity but also provide the chance to huge number of wireless users.
Keywords: Primary user, Secondary user, Spectrum Sensing and Window technique etc.
SLGC: A New Cluster Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network for Decrease...IJCSEA Journal
Decrease energy consumption and maximizing network lifetime are important parameters in designing and protocols for wireless sensor network (WSN).Clustering is one of the efficient methods in energy consumption by Cluster-Head in WSN. Besides, CH can process and aggregate data sent by cluster members, thus reducing network traffic for sending data to sink. In this paper presents a new cluster routing algorithm by dividing network into grids. In each grid computes the center-gravity and threshold of energy for selecting the node that has the best condition base on these parameters in grid for selecting Cluster-Head in current round, also SLGC selecting Cluster-Heads for next rounds thereby this CHs reduce the volume of controlling messages for next rounds and inform nodes for sending data into CH of respective round. This algorithm prolong network lifetime and decrease energy consumption by selecting CH in grid and sending data of grid to sink by this CH. Result of simulation shows that SLGC algorithm in comparison with the previous clustering algorithm has maximizing network lifetime and decrease energy consumption in network.
Investigation and Analysis of SNR Estimation in OFDM systemIOSR Journals
Estimation of signal to noise ratio (SNR) of received signal and to transmit the signal effectively for
the modern communication system. The performance of existing non-data-aided (NDA) SNR estimation methods
are substantially degraded for high level modulation scheme such as M-ary amplitude and phase shift keying
(APSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).In this paper SNR estimation proposed method which uses
zero point auto-correlation of received signal per block and auto/cross- correlation of decision feedback signal
in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Proposed method can be studied into two types;
Type 1 can estimate SNR by zero point auto-correlation of decision feedback signal based on the second
moment property. Type 2 uses both zero point auto-correlation and cross-correlation based on the fourth
moment property. In block-by-block reception of OFDM system, these two SNR estimation methods can be
possible for the practical implementation due to correlation based the estimation method and they show more
stable estimation performance than the earlier SNR estimation methods.
Approximation of Gaussian derivatives for UWB communicationijsrd.com
UWB is a new interesting technology for wireless communications. It can replace traditionally carrier-based radio transmission by pulse-based transmission using ultrawide band frequency but at a very low energy. An important aspect of research in this domain is to find a pulse with an optimal shape, whose power spectral density respects and best fits emission limitation mask imposed by FCC. In this paper we review common used Gaussian pulses and its derivatives and the influence of shape factor, finding an optimal specific value for each derivative. Next, we search to obtain possible better pulse shapes as linear combinations of Gaussian derivatives. Older studies refer in one case to the same shape factor for all derivatives and in other case to higher factor for first derivative and smaller shape factors for subsequent derivatives. Our new idea is to use Gaussian derivatives, each with its specific optimal shape factor and to use a "trial and error" algorithm to obtain a linear combination pulse with better performance.
Localization of nodes in an infrastructure less network serves many purposes. Several issues relating to
security, routing, etc it can be solved if only the actual location of nodes were known. Existing approaches
estimate the location of a node in a network by using received signal strength indicator (RSSI), Time of
Arrival, Time difference of Arrival and, if directional antennas are available, Direction of Arrival. In these
methods the localization accuracy is less (in the order of 20cm). The aim of this paper is to localize nodes
in adhoc networks with improved accuracy using ultra wide band.The proposed method uses a train of low
amplitude pulses of high bandwidth, which reduces the energy consumption, effects due to small scale
fading, and dispersion in time and frequency. The network was simulated in NS-2 with UWB extension and
the localization accuracy was found to be improved (upto 1cm).
Noise uncertainty effect on multi-channel cognitive radio networks IJECEIAES
Achieving high throughput is the most important goal of cognitive radio networks. The main process in cognitive radio is spectrum sensing that targets getting vacant channels. There are many sensing methods like matched filter, feature detection, interference temperature and energy detection which is employed in the proposed system; however, energy detection suffers from noise uncertainty. In this paper a study of throughput under noise fluctuation effect is introduced. The work in this paper proposes multi-channel system; the overall multi-channel throughput is studied under noise fluctuation effect. In addition, the proficiency of the network has been examined under different number of channels and sensing time with noise uncertainty.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN), Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) is
used to improve performance of spectrum sensing techniques used for detection of licensed
(Primary) user’s signal. In CSS, the spectrum sensing information from multiple unlicensed
(Secondary) users are combined to take final decision about presence of primary signal. The
mixing techniques used to generate final decision about presence of PU’s signal are also
called as Fusion techniques / rules. The fusion techniques are further classified as data
fusion and decision fusion techniques. In data fusion technique all the secondary users
(SUs) share their raw information of spectrum detection like detected energy or other
statistical information, while in decision fusion technique all the SUs take their local
decisions and share the decision by sending ‘0’ or ‘1’ corresponding to absence and presence
of PU’s signal respectively. The rules used in decision fusion techniques are OR rule, AND
rule and K-out-of-N rule. The CSS is further classified as distributed CSS and centralized
CSS. In distributed CSS all the SUs share the spectrum detection information with each
other and by mixing the shared information; all the SUs take final decision individually. In
centralized CSS all the SUs send their detected information to a secondary base station /
central unit which combines the shared information and takes final decision. The secondary
base station shares the final decision with all the SUs in the CRN. This paper covers
overview of information fusion methods used for CSS and analysis of decision fusion rules
with simulation results.
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 2 - paper7sophiabelthome
This document analyzes spectrum sensing for cognitive radios using an energy detection method. It discusses how energy detection works by passing a signal through a bandpass filter, squaring it to measure energy, and integrating over time to compare to a threshold. Energy detection is efficient as it doesn't require knowing the primary signal, but has disadvantages like longer sensing times and sensitivity to noise power uncertainty. The document evaluates the receiver operating characteristics of energy detection under varying signal-to-noise ratios and time-bandwidth factors, finding detection probability increases with higher SNR and decreases with higher time-bandwidth.
Mobile Primary User in Cognitive Radio State of the Arts and Recent Advancesjosephjonse
The processing of primary user mobility with static or mobile secondary user in the context of cognitive radio (CR) has recently been the subject of several studies and discussions all over the world. These studies are seeking to broaden the horizons of CR implementation beyond the formalism described in the diverse existing standards. The mobility of primary users is likely to reduce the overall performance of the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) and affects the different phases of the cognitive cycle. Said mobility alters the network’s topology, the channel’s availability, and affects spectrum sensing. This makes any endeavor aiming to implement CR technology complicated. This paper is devoted to the analysis and discussion of the scientific literature that has addressed the issue of the primary user’s mobility.
Implementation of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication System Using ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents the designed and implementation of spread spectrum technology for data transfer to overcome the interference problems associated with narrow band, very high frequency and ultra high frequency data transfer systems. The spread spectrum communication is used to reduce jamming of communication and provides a heightened secure communication. In this paper, the design and analyzes are implemented by Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for baseband spread spectrum communication system using Pseudo Noise Sequences (PNS) for spreading digital data. The sequence generator and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) for a single user is implemented in a FPGA module. The generated pseudo noise sequences are investigated for autocorrelation, cross correlation and balance properties. The bit error rates performance of the system is evaluated in multiuser environment under AWGN and reveals that, the DSSS system using pseudo noise sequences as spreading sequences significantly outperforms for the conventional PN sequences system
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been widely used in various applications.
In these networks nodes collect data from the attached sensors and send their data to a base
station. However, nodes in WSN have limited power supply in form of battery so the nodes
are expected to minimize energy consumption in order to maximize the lifetime of WSN. A
number of techniques have been proposed in the literature to reduce the energy
consumption significantly. In this paper, we propose a new clustering based technique
which is a modification of the popular LEACH algorithm. In this technique, first cluster
heads are elected using the improved LEACH algorithm as usual, and then a cluster of
nodes is formed based on the distance between node and cluster head. Finally, data from
node is transferred to cluster head. Cluster heads forward data, after applying aggregation,
to the cluster head that is closer to it than sink in forward direction or directly to the sink.
This reduction in distance travelled improves the performance over LEACH algorithm
significantly.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document compares the performance of three spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio systems: energy detection, matched filter detection, and cyclostationary feature detection. Energy detection simply analyzes signal energy without any prior knowledge, but performs poorly at low SNR. Matched filter detection requires knowledge of the primary signal but performs better than energy detection. Cyclostationary feature detection exploits periodic features of primary signals and achieves the best performance, with 100% detection probability down to -8dB SNR, but has a higher computational complexity. Simulation results show cyclostationary detection outperforms the other techniques in terms of detection probability and false alarm rate across all SNR values.
This document analyzes the performance of M-QAM modulation in OFDM systems. It begins with an introduction to OFDM and how it addresses issues like intersymbol interference caused by multipath fading. It then describes M-QAM and M-PSK modulation schemes used in OFDM. Through MATLAB simulations, it evaluates the bit error rate performance of different modulation orders in AWGN and frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. The results show that higher order QAM in OFDM provides better performance with lower bit error rates than PSK, especially at higher SNR values. Therefore, QAM is determined to be a better choice than PSK for high data rate transmission using OFDM.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a MATLAB SIMULINK model of a wavelength division multiplexed optical communication system using QPSK modulation. The model simulates transmission through single mode fiber both with and without reusing the wavelength from an upstream ultra-wideband signal. It generates Bernoulli binary data that is QPSK modulated and transmitted over increasing lengths of fiber. System performance is evaluated by measuring bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio from the eye diagrams. The results show that wavelength reuse maintains nearly identical performance to the standard system in terms of these key metrics.
This document presents a MATLAB Simulink model of a QPSK modulated reusable UWB-based optical network. Key aspects include:
1) The model simulates a WDM PON system using QPSK modulation to transmit data over single mode fiber, with and without wavelength reuse from downstream UWB signals.
2) System performance is evaluated by measuring BER and SNR over increasing fiber lengths.
3) Results show that wavelength reuse does not degrade performance, as SNR and BER values closely resemble the non-reuse method over transmission lengths up to 40,000km.
4) The study demonstrates an effective method for wavelength reuse in optical networks to reduce implementation costs without compromising performance.
Channel characterization and modulation schemes of ultra wideband systemsijmnct
Channel measurements are generally the basis for channel models. Strictly speaking, channel models do
not exclusively require measurements, but it is a fact that all standardized models are derived from
measurements. This licentiate paper is focused on the characterization of ultra-wideband wireless channels.
The paper presents the characterization of ultra wide band system with their benefits and drawbacks within
the telecommunication industry. Furthermore with the advantages of Ultra wideband several modulation
techniques for UWB are discussed in this paper.
Ofdm mimo and v-blast algorithm-key to high speed wireless communicationIAEME Publication
This document provides an overview of OFDM-MIMO technology for high-speed wireless communication. It discusses how OFDM divides a high-rate data stream into parallel lower-rate substreams that are transmitted over multiple carriers. MIMO is then used to further improve data rates and quality of service by exploiting multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver. The document also describes V-BLAST, an algorithm used in MIMO systems to separate simultaneously transmitted signals at the receiver through ordered cancellation.
Ofdm mimo and v-blast algorithm-key to high speed wireless communicationIAEME Publication
This document provides an overview of OFDM-MIMO technology for high-speed wireless communication. It discusses how OFDM divides a high-rate data stream into parallel lower-rate substreams that are transmitted over multiple carriers. MIMO is then used to further improve data rates and quality of service by exploiting multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver. The document also describes V-BLAST, an algorithm used in MIMO systems to separate simultaneously transmitted signals at the receiver through ordered cancellation.
This document examines using a Minimum-Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) adaptive algorithm reception technique for 6th derivative Ultra-wideband (UWB) Gaussian pulse shape signals compared to a conventional UWB Rake receiver. The MMSE adaptive algorithm is more efficient due to its ability to adapt to changes in the IEEE 802.15.3a UWB multipath channel model. Performance is evaluated for Direct-Sequence and Time-Hopping transmission schemes over the channel in the presence of narrowband interference and multiple access interference from other UWB users. Simulation results show the MMSE adaptive algorithm receiver has better performance than the UWB Rake receiver due to its adaptability.
Design of Micro strip Antenna in Ism Band with Polarization Diversity and Fre...paperpublications3
Abstract: In the modern world especially during the last two decades, Wireless communications has been developed widely and rapidly. In future, development in personal communication devices will provide image, speech and data communications at any time, and anywhere around the world. It shows that the future communication terminal antennas must meet the requirements of multi-band or wideband operations to cover the frequency band of operation. Frequency agile antennas in ISM band (2.4-2.4835) GHz that support diversity polarization provides excellent performance for applications including multifunction radar, space-based platforms, wireless communications, and personal electronic devices. To reduce the transmission losses, matching in polarization in both the transmitter and receiver antennas is very much important. In this paper we will design two microstrip antenna one with linearly polarized and other with circularly polarized in 2.4 GHz ISM band with frequency agility in 2.4-2.4835 GHz. In both the design single feeding is used. This paper presents a new design for a linearly polarized antenna based on rectangular microstrip patch. Circular polarization is generated by truncating two opposite edges from a rectangular patch antenna. The truncation splits the field with equal magnitude and 90° phase shift into two orthogonal modes. Both the antennas are simulated with high frequency simulating software (HFSS).
Comparative ber analysis of mitigation of ici through sc,ml and ekf methods i...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that was published in the International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology. The paper investigates methods to mitigate inter-carrier interference (ICI) in OFDM systems, which is caused by frequency offsets. It compares the performance of three ICI mitigation techniques: self-cancellation, maximum likelihood estimation, and an extended Kalman filter method. Through simulations, the paper shows that these three techniques are effective at reducing the effects of ICI. For high frequency offsets and higher order modulation schemes, the maximum likelihood and extended Kalman filter methods perform better than self-cancellation.
This document summarizes a research paper on a two element U-slot loaded circular microstrip array antenna designed for dual band wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antenna was fabricated on a glass epoxy substrate measuring 9 x 5 x 0.16 cm3. Testing showed it achieved a maximum bandwidth of 44.9% between 4.37-6.9 GHz and was able to reduce the size of the antenna by 6.01% while maintaining a peak gain of 5.24 dB. Analysis of the radiation patterns found it exhibited broadside and linearly polarized radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna design was concluded to be simple, low-cost, and suitable for WLAN communication systems.
This document discusses the bit error rate (BER) performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in cognitive radio networks over Rayleigh fading channels. It analyzes the signal to noise ratio of OFDM and proposes two pulse shaping approaches, improved sinc power pulses and raised cosine filters, to reduce inter-carrier interference and minimize BER. Simulation results using MATLAB show that applying these inter-carrier interference cancellation schemes can improve BER performance.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MIMO COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH ENERGY HARVESTING SENSOR ...ijasuc
This paper addresses the maximizing network lifetime problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) taking
into account the total Symbol Error rate (SER) at destination. Therefore, efficient power management is
needed for extend network lifetime. Our approach consists to provide the optimal transmission power
using the orthogonal multiple access channels between each sensor. In order to deeply study the
properties of our approach, firstly, the simple case is considered; the information sensed by the source
node passes by a single relay before reaching the destination node. Secondly, global case is studied; the
information passes by several relays. We consider, in the previous both cases, that the batteries are nonrechargeable. Thirdly, we spread our work the case where the batteries are rechargeable with unlimited
storage capacity. In all three cases, we suppose that Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is used as a
detector, and Amplify and Forward (AF) as a relaying strategy. Simulation results show the viability of
our approach which the network lifetime is extended of more than 70.72%when the batteries are non
rechargeable and 100.51% when the batteries are rechargeable in comparison with other traditional
method.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MIMO COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH ENERGY HARVESTING SENSOR ...ijasuc
This paper addresses the maximizing network lifetime problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) taking
into account the total Symbol Error rate (SER) at destination. Therefore, efficient power management is
needed for extend network lifetime. Our approach consists to provide the optimal transmission power
using the orthogonal multiple access channels between each sensor. In order to deeply study the
properties of our approach, firstly, the simple case is considered; the information sensed by the source
node passes by a single relay before reaching the destination node. Secondly, global case is studied; the
information passes by several relays. We consider, in the previous both cases, that the batteries are nonrechargeable. Thirdly, we spread our work the case where the batteries are rechargeable with unlimited
storage capacity. In all three cases, we suppose that Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is used as a
detector, and Amplify and Forward (AF) as a relaying strategy. Simulation results show the viability of
our approach which the network lifetime is extended of more than 70.72%when the batteries are non
rechargeable and 100.51% when the batteries are rechargeable in comparison with other traditional
method.
Study and Analysis Capacity of MIMO Systems for AWGN Channel Model ScenariosIJERA Editor
Future wireless communication systems can utilize the spatial properties of the wireless channel to enhance the spectral efficiency and therefore increases its channel capacity. This can be designed by deploying multiple antennas at both the transmitter side and receiver side. The basic measure of performance is the capacity of a channel; the maximum rate of communication for which arbitrarily small error probability can be achieved. The AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel introduces the notion of capacity through a heuristic argument. The AWGN channel is then used as a basic building block to check the capacity of wireless fading channels in contrast to the AWGN channel. There is no single definition of capacity for fading channels that is applicable in all situations. Several notions of capacity are developed, and together they form a systematic study of performance limits of fading channels. The various capacity measures allow us to observe clearly the various types of resources available in fading channels: degrees of freedom, power and diversity. The MIMO systems capacity can be enhanced linearly with large the number of antennas. This paper elaborates the study of MIMO system capacity using the AWGN Channel Model, Channel Capacity, Channel Fast Fading, Spatial Autocorrelation and Power delay profile for various channel environments.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging via time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation method has gained a lot of research interests because it can take full advantage of UWB capabilities. Energy detection (ED) based TOA estimation technique is widely used in the area due to its low cost, low complexity and ease of implementation. However, many factors affect the ranging performance of the ED-based methods, especially, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) condition and the integration interval. In this context, a new TOA estimation method is developed in this paper. Firstly, the received signal is denoised using a five-level wavelet decomposition, next, a double sliding window algorithm is applied to detect the change in the variance information of the received signal, the first path (FP) TOA is then calculated according to the first variance sharp increase. The simulation results using the CM1 and CM2 IEEE 802.15.4a channel models, prove that our proposed approach works effectively compared with the conventional ED-based methods.
This document presents a novel dual open stub and U-slot loaded square microstrip antenna design for quad-band operation between 4.37-9.40 GHz. The antenna consists of a square patch with two open stubs placed diagonally and a U-slot embedded in the center. Experimental results show the antenna resonates at four bands with impedance bandwidths between 1.7-9.25% and achieves a peak gain of 2.76 dB, which is 3.45 times higher than a conventional square microstrip antenna. The proposed antenna design is compact, uses low-cost materials, and may be suitable for wireless applications such as WLAN and systems operating in the X-band frequency range.
This document compares the performance of a Minimum-Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) adaptive receiver and a conventional Rake receiver for receiving Ultra-Wideband (UWB) signals over a multipath fading channel. It first describes the UWB pulse shapes and channel model used, including the 6th derivative of the Gaussian pulse and the IEEE 802.15.3a modified Saleh-Valenzuela channel model. It then discusses the Direct-Sequence and Time-Hopping transmission and multiple access schemes for UWB. The document presents the receiver structures for the MMSE adaptive receiver and Rake receiver and compares their performance using MATLAB simulations.
Intersymbol interference distortion cancellation using a modified maximal rat...Alexander Decker
The document describes a modified maximum ratio combiner (MRC) receiver for correcting intersymbol interference (ISI) distortion in mobile wireless channels. The modified MRC uses a single radio frequency (RF) chain and matched filter, whereas a conventional MRC uses multiple RF chains and matched filters depending on the number of propagation paths. The two received signal paths are combined using MRC at the RF stage before being processed through the single RF chain and matched filter. Simulation results showed the modified MRC provides approximately the same bit error rate performance as the conventional MRC, but with relatively lower complexity and processing time since it requires fewer hardware components. Therefore, the modified MRC is a lower cost alternative for mitigating ISI distortion in
Analysis of propagation of modulated optical signal in an integrated optic enviIAEME Publication
This document analyzes the propagation of modulated optical signals in integrated optic environments. It begins by discussing how modulation distributes an optical signal's power across multiple frequency components, requiring analysis beyond the monochromatic assumption. It then models a slab waveguide numerically to show how propagation constants and mode profiles vary with frequency. Finally, it simulates the phase variations experienced by different frequency components of a modulated signal propagating through integrated optic structures like straight waveguides and bends, demonstrating their ability to support wide bandwidths.
Similar to Modelling of a time modulated ultra-wideband communication link (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.