1) The document analyzes error performance in underwater acoustic noise channels with non-Gaussian distributions. Field data was collected off the coast of Malaysia and found to follow a Student's t distribution rather than Gaussian.
2) A probability density function for the noise amplitude is proposed based on the Student's t distribution. An expression for binary error probability is derived considering the non-Gaussian noise characteristics.
3) Simulations show the underwater acoustic noise channel has slightly better error performance than Gaussian noise channels at low SNR, but significantly worse performance at high SNR, due to the shape of the Student's t distribution. The non-Gaussian noise degrades performance more for higher order modulations.
Bit error rate analysis of miso system in rayleigh fading channeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Weibull Distribution Based Channel Prototype For Decrease of Rain Attenuation...IJTET Journal
Current satellite communication networks will workat frequencies above 10GHz for transmission and reception of signals. At these frequency bands, the most prevailing fading mechanism, is rain attenuation. In this paper, a unique channel prototype, a synthesizer for generating rain attenuation time series for satellite links operating at 10GHz and above is offered. The proposed channel prototype modifies M-B model since it generates rain attenuation time series that follow the Weibull distribution. The novel dynamic model is based on the first-order Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs) and deliberates rain attenuation induced on a slant path as a Weibull-based stochastic process. Moreover, the theoretical terminologies for the computation of the exceedance probability of hitting time random variable are presented. The synthesizer is substantiated in terms of the exceedance probability and the speculative CCDF of hitting time comparing to these derived from the simulations in the hitting time section. The hitting time statistics may be engaged for the prime strategy of Fade Mitigation Techniques (FMTs).
Noise uncertainty effect on multi-channel cognitive radio networks IJECEIAES
Achieving high throughput is the most important goal of cognitive radio networks. The main process in cognitive radio is spectrum sensing that targets getting vacant channels. There are many sensing methods like matched filter, feature detection, interference temperature and energy detection which is employed in the proposed system; however, energy detection suffers from noise uncertainty. In this paper a study of throughput under noise fluctuation effect is introduced. The work in this paper proposes multi-channel system; the overall multi-channel throughput is studied under noise fluctuation effect. In addition, the proficiency of the network has been examined under different number of channels and sensing time with noise uncertainty.
Scattering Regimes for Underwater Optical Wireless Communications using Monte...IJECEIAES
Optical wireless communications has shown tremendous potential for underwater applications as it can provide higher bandwidth and better security compared to acoustic technologies. In this paper, an investigation on scattering regimes for underwater links using Monte Carlo simulation has been presented.While the focus of this paper is on diffuse links, the simulation results of collimated links is also provided for comparison purpose. Three types of water namely clear, coastal and turbid water are being used in the simulation. It is shown that the effect of scattering on the path loss cannot be accurately modeled by the existing channel model; ie. Beers-Lambert (BL) law. It has been shown that the distance at which the unscattered light drops to zero can be used to estimate the transition point for the scattering regimes in case of diffuse links. The transition point for diffuse links in coastal water and turbid water can be estimated to be around 22 m and 4 m respectively. Further analysis on the scattering order probability at different scattering regimes illustrates how scattering is affected by beam size, water turbidity and distance. From the frequency response plot, it is estimated that the bandwidth of several order of GHz can be achieved when the links are operating in the minimal scattering region and will reduce to several hundreds of MHz when the link is operating in multiple scattering region.
Tropospheric Scintillation with Rain Attenuation of Ku Band at Tropical RegionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Tropospheric scintillation can become a significant impairment in satellite communication systems, especially in tropical regions with frequencies higher than 10 GHz, the attenuation is dramatically affecting the scintillation. This work concentrates on those aspects in equatorial Johor Bahru, Malaysia, based on a one-year Ku-band propagation measurement campaign, utilizing the equipment of Direct Broadcast Receiver (DBR) and Automatic Weather Station (AWS). This study investigates the relationship between wet scintillation and rain attenuation using experimental measurement and concentrate on the probability density function (PDF) of different scintillation parameters. From the results, it is concluded that wet scintillation intensity increases with rain attenuation. Thus, the relationship can be phrased by linear equations or power-law. The PDFs of wet scintillation intensity, adapted to a given rain attenuation level, are found lognormally distributed, leading to selection of method for determining the relation between conditional PDFs and rain attenuation.
Interfade Duration Statistics at Ku-band for Satellite Earth Links System in ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fade dynamics is one of more important parameters when implementing Fade Mitigation
Techniques (FMTs) to counteract an excessive attenuation that affect satellite communication systems
operating above 10 GHz. The statistics of probable duration between two rain fade namely interfade
duration enables system operator to estimate how long the system will need to recover before the next
outage and assist in designing the FMTs. In this paper, interfade duration statistics have been derived from
one year of slant path attenuation measurements data collected in Equatorial Johor Bahru at 12.2 GHz
with elevation angle of 75.61o. The result had shown the dependency of number of events with attenuation
thresholds. Empirical interfade duration statistics are also obtained and suitable model distribution are
proposed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Bit error rate analysis of miso system in rayleigh fading channeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Weibull Distribution Based Channel Prototype For Decrease of Rain Attenuation...IJTET Journal
Current satellite communication networks will workat frequencies above 10GHz for transmission and reception of signals. At these frequency bands, the most prevailing fading mechanism, is rain attenuation. In this paper, a unique channel prototype, a synthesizer for generating rain attenuation time series for satellite links operating at 10GHz and above is offered. The proposed channel prototype modifies M-B model since it generates rain attenuation time series that follow the Weibull distribution. The novel dynamic model is based on the first-order Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs) and deliberates rain attenuation induced on a slant path as a Weibull-based stochastic process. Moreover, the theoretical terminologies for the computation of the exceedance probability of hitting time random variable are presented. The synthesizer is substantiated in terms of the exceedance probability and the speculative CCDF of hitting time comparing to these derived from the simulations in the hitting time section. The hitting time statistics may be engaged for the prime strategy of Fade Mitigation Techniques (FMTs).
Noise uncertainty effect on multi-channel cognitive radio networks IJECEIAES
Achieving high throughput is the most important goal of cognitive radio networks. The main process in cognitive radio is spectrum sensing that targets getting vacant channels. There are many sensing methods like matched filter, feature detection, interference temperature and energy detection which is employed in the proposed system; however, energy detection suffers from noise uncertainty. In this paper a study of throughput under noise fluctuation effect is introduced. The work in this paper proposes multi-channel system; the overall multi-channel throughput is studied under noise fluctuation effect. In addition, the proficiency of the network has been examined under different number of channels and sensing time with noise uncertainty.
Scattering Regimes for Underwater Optical Wireless Communications using Monte...IJECEIAES
Optical wireless communications has shown tremendous potential for underwater applications as it can provide higher bandwidth and better security compared to acoustic technologies. In this paper, an investigation on scattering regimes for underwater links using Monte Carlo simulation has been presented.While the focus of this paper is on diffuse links, the simulation results of collimated links is also provided for comparison purpose. Three types of water namely clear, coastal and turbid water are being used in the simulation. It is shown that the effect of scattering on the path loss cannot be accurately modeled by the existing channel model; ie. Beers-Lambert (BL) law. It has been shown that the distance at which the unscattered light drops to zero can be used to estimate the transition point for the scattering regimes in case of diffuse links. The transition point for diffuse links in coastal water and turbid water can be estimated to be around 22 m and 4 m respectively. Further analysis on the scattering order probability at different scattering regimes illustrates how scattering is affected by beam size, water turbidity and distance. From the frequency response plot, it is estimated that the bandwidth of several order of GHz can be achieved when the links are operating in the minimal scattering region and will reduce to several hundreds of MHz when the link is operating in multiple scattering region.
Tropospheric Scintillation with Rain Attenuation of Ku Band at Tropical RegionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Tropospheric scintillation can become a significant impairment in satellite communication systems, especially in tropical regions with frequencies higher than 10 GHz, the attenuation is dramatically affecting the scintillation. This work concentrates on those aspects in equatorial Johor Bahru, Malaysia, based on a one-year Ku-band propagation measurement campaign, utilizing the equipment of Direct Broadcast Receiver (DBR) and Automatic Weather Station (AWS). This study investigates the relationship between wet scintillation and rain attenuation using experimental measurement and concentrate on the probability density function (PDF) of different scintillation parameters. From the results, it is concluded that wet scintillation intensity increases with rain attenuation. Thus, the relationship can be phrased by linear equations or power-law. The PDFs of wet scintillation intensity, adapted to a given rain attenuation level, are found lognormally distributed, leading to selection of method for determining the relation between conditional PDFs and rain attenuation.
Interfade Duration Statistics at Ku-band for Satellite Earth Links System in ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fade dynamics is one of more important parameters when implementing Fade Mitigation
Techniques (FMTs) to counteract an excessive attenuation that affect satellite communication systems
operating above 10 GHz. The statistics of probable duration between two rain fade namely interfade
duration enables system operator to estimate how long the system will need to recover before the next
outage and assist in designing the FMTs. In this paper, interfade duration statistics have been derived from
one year of slant path attenuation measurements data collected in Equatorial Johor Bahru at 12.2 GHz
with elevation angle of 75.61o. The result had shown the dependency of number of events with attenuation
thresholds. Empirical interfade duration statistics are also obtained and suitable model distribution are
proposed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Satellite Telemetry Data Transmission Immunity from the ASI and Jamming Using...IOSRJECE
In the satellite telemetry command, controlling the power of the uplink signal, radiated away from the Earth to the spacecraft and downlink signal, radiated toward the Earth form the spacecraft is very important. The Uplink is transmitted at high power because of the unlimited power, while downlink should be controlled in power because of limited spacecraft power resources. This results in a lower Power Spectral Density (PSD) for the downlink and higher PSD for the uplink, which in many cases the uplink power due to be strong enough to reach the satellites at GEO would often also violate the PSD limits in the other orbits satellite telemetry signals like LEO. In addition due to long distance between the Earth and satellite, the received signals at the both terrestrial and transponder receivers are extremely week and strongly influenced by intentional interference (like jamming) or inadvertent interferences (such as the ASI). Spreading spectrum can solve the PSD problems for both directions but consumes a wide bandwidth. Fortunately, signals can be distinguished by using different spreading codes, allowing for CDMA. The Pseudo Noise (PN) spreading codes allow using many satellites or users (located in one satellite) the same frequency with overlapping signals simultaneously and also range measurement as useful ability to track the spacecraft in the space by the expanding value of the PN codes (Doppler Shift).[1] This paper specially considers to satellite telemetry data transmission immunity from the interference using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) based on CDMA namely DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence-CDMA) by the unique properties correlation functions of the Gold and M-Sequence codes. Also the codes are examined in the fading channels, Reyleigh and AWGN, in terms of the BER vs. Eb/No to compare the practical results with theoretical values.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Although unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were mostly studied and used for military purposes before, they
have become very popular recently for both civil uses, such as law enforcement and crop survey, and for
potential commercial uses such as grocery delivery and Internet extension. Researchers investigating new
networking protocols for UAV networks usually need the help of simulations to test their protocol designs,
particularly when networks of large scales are desired in their tests. One choice that researchers need to
make in the simulation of UAV networks is the radio propagation model for the air links. In this paper we
compare the three radio propagation models that are available in the ns2 network simulation package and
investigate if the choice of one particular model would have a significant impact on the simulation results
for UAV networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effective capacity in cognitive radio broadcast channelsMarwan Hammouda
Abstract—In this paper, we investigate effective capacity by
modeling a cognitive radio broadcast channel with one secondary transmitter (ST) and two secondary receivers (SRs) under quality-of-service constraints and interference power limitations.We initially describe three different ooperative channel sensing strategies with different ard-decision combining algorithms at the ST, namely OR, Majority, and AND rules. Since the channel sensing occurs with possible errors, we consider a combined
interference power constraint by which the transmission power of the secondary users (SUs) is bounded when the channel is sensed as both busy and idle. Furthermore, regarding the channel sensing decision and its correctness, there exist ...
Study of tropospheric scintillation effects in Ku-band frequency for satellit...IJECEIAES
Scintillation is a rapid fluctuation of electromagnetic waves in terms of phase and amplitude due to a small-scale inconsistency in the transmission path (or paths) with time. Scintillation exists continuously throughout a day whether during raining or clear sky conditions. The raw signal data need to exclude other propagations factors that include signal fluctuations to further understand the scintillation studies. This paper presents the analysis of tropospheric scintillation data from January 2016 till December 2016 at Ku-band frequency of 12.202 GHz beacon signal. The experimental data from MEASAT 3B were collected and analyzed to see the effect of tropospheric scintillation. The elevation angle of the dish antenna is 77.45 . The highlighted objectives are to analyze the scintillation data at Ku-band, and to compare and validate the results with other scintillation models. The result shows that the stipulated scintillation analysis has higher amplitude, which is 0.73 dB compared to other scintillation analysis which has lower scintillation amplitude: 0.45 dB (Karasawa), 0.42 dB (ITU-R), 0.4 dB (Nadirah & Rafiqul), 0.42 dB (Van De Kamp), and 0.11 dB (Anthony & Mandeep).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Bit Error Rate Assessment of Digital Modulation Schemes on Additive White Gau...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Estimation of Rain Attenuation based on ITU-R Model in Guntur (A.P), IndiaIDES Editor
Satellite communication systems operating at Ku
(12/14 GHz) and Ka band (20/30 GHz) frequencies are used
for broadband multimedia and internet based services. At these
frequencies, the signal will be affected by various propagation
impairments such as rain attenuation, cloud attenuation,
tropospheric scintillation, ionospheric scintillation, water
vapour attenuation, and rain and ice depolarization. Among
all the propagation impairments, rain attenuation is the most
important and critical parameter. In this paper, rain
attenuation is calculated at KL University, Guntur using
ITU-R rain attenuation model. The preliminary results of the
work will be used to calculate the attenuation experimentally
and comparison can be made, which helps to develop a new
rain attenuation model at Ku and Ka bands.
Joint Radio Resource Allocation for Dual - Band Heterogeneous Wireless NetworkRamoni Adeogun, PhD
Presentation of my paper on radio resource management in HetNet at IEEE WCNC 2018. The full paper can be downloaded here: https://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/joint-resource-allocation-for-dual-band-heterogeneous-wireless-ne
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MMSE and ZF Analysis of Macrodiversity MIMO Systems and Wimax Networks over F...IJERA Editor
We consider the large scale MIMO systems in which the number of users are gradually increased at that time the receiving antennas performance also decreased gradually. In contrast, almost no analytical results are available for macro diversity systems where both the sources and receive antennas are widely separated. Here, receive antennas experience unequal average SNRs from a source and receiver antenna receives a different average SNR from each source. Although this is an extremely difficult problem,In this paper, we provide approximate distributions for the output SNR of a ZF receiver and the output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of an MMSE receiver. In addition, simple high SNR approximations are provided for the symbol error rate (SER) of both receivers assuming M-PSK or M-QAM modulations .For better performance of receivers we can also implement the MMSE and ZF analysis in Wimax networks.
Improvement of Fading Channel Modeling Performance for Wireless Channel IJECEIAES
Fading channel modeling is generally defined as the variation of the attenuation of a signal with various variables. Time, geographical position, and radio frequency which is included. Fading is often modeled as a random process. Thus, a fading channel is a communication channel that experiences fading. In this paper, the proposed system presents a new design and simulate a wireless channel using Rayleigh channels. Rayleigh channels using two approaches (flat and frequency-selective fading channels) in order to calculate some path space loss efforts and analysis the performance of different wireless fading channel modeling. The results show that the bite error rate (BER) performance is dramatically improved in the value of signal to noise ratio (SNR) is equal to 45dB. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed method enhances the performance of fading channel modeling by reducing the error of BER when the SNR is reduced also. Moreover, the more accurate model is Rayleigh model which can be considered for developing fading channel model.
Error Rate Performance of Interleaved Coded OFDM For Undersea Acoustic LinksCSCJournals
Studies on undersea acoustic communication links, set up through highly complex and inhomogeneous underwater channel using various orders of QAM and PSK based OFDM techniques, have been reported in open literature. However, their bit error rate performances still need to be improved. Coding, when combined with OFDM, helps to detect and correct errors without having the overhead of too many retransmissions, as the bandwidth is a scarce resource in undersea scenario. The technique of interleaving, which is frequently employed in digital communication and storage systems to enhance the performance of the coding schemes, can be used to improve the error rate performance of the coded OFDM. The error rate performances of interleaved convolutional and BCH coded OFDMs for undersea acoustic links for binary phase shift keying and its differential variant have been studied in this paper. It is found that at high SNR, the process of interleaving and coding offers significant improvement in the error rate performance. It is also worth mentioning the fact that interleaving improves the performance of both convolutional and BCH coded OFDM systems.
Satellite Telemetry Data Transmission Immunity from the ASI and Jamming Using...IOSRJECE
In the satellite telemetry command, controlling the power of the uplink signal, radiated away from the Earth to the spacecraft and downlink signal, radiated toward the Earth form the spacecraft is very important. The Uplink is transmitted at high power because of the unlimited power, while downlink should be controlled in power because of limited spacecraft power resources. This results in a lower Power Spectral Density (PSD) for the downlink and higher PSD for the uplink, which in many cases the uplink power due to be strong enough to reach the satellites at GEO would often also violate the PSD limits in the other orbits satellite telemetry signals like LEO. In addition due to long distance between the Earth and satellite, the received signals at the both terrestrial and transponder receivers are extremely week and strongly influenced by intentional interference (like jamming) or inadvertent interferences (such as the ASI). Spreading spectrum can solve the PSD problems for both directions but consumes a wide bandwidth. Fortunately, signals can be distinguished by using different spreading codes, allowing for CDMA. The Pseudo Noise (PN) spreading codes allow using many satellites or users (located in one satellite) the same frequency with overlapping signals simultaneously and also range measurement as useful ability to track the spacecraft in the space by the expanding value of the PN codes (Doppler Shift).[1] This paper specially considers to satellite telemetry data transmission immunity from the interference using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) based on CDMA namely DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence-CDMA) by the unique properties correlation functions of the Gold and M-Sequence codes. Also the codes are examined in the fading channels, Reyleigh and AWGN, in terms of the BER vs. Eb/No to compare the practical results with theoretical values.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Although unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were mostly studied and used for military purposes before, they
have become very popular recently for both civil uses, such as law enforcement and crop survey, and for
potential commercial uses such as grocery delivery and Internet extension. Researchers investigating new
networking protocols for UAV networks usually need the help of simulations to test their protocol designs,
particularly when networks of large scales are desired in their tests. One choice that researchers need to
make in the simulation of UAV networks is the radio propagation model for the air links. In this paper we
compare the three radio propagation models that are available in the ns2 network simulation package and
investigate if the choice of one particular model would have a significant impact on the simulation results
for UAV networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effective capacity in cognitive radio broadcast channelsMarwan Hammouda
Abstract—In this paper, we investigate effective capacity by
modeling a cognitive radio broadcast channel with one secondary transmitter (ST) and two secondary receivers (SRs) under quality-of-service constraints and interference power limitations.We initially describe three different ooperative channel sensing strategies with different ard-decision combining algorithms at the ST, namely OR, Majority, and AND rules. Since the channel sensing occurs with possible errors, we consider a combined
interference power constraint by which the transmission power of the secondary users (SUs) is bounded when the channel is sensed as both busy and idle. Furthermore, regarding the channel sensing decision and its correctness, there exist ...
Study of tropospheric scintillation effects in Ku-band frequency for satellit...IJECEIAES
Scintillation is a rapid fluctuation of electromagnetic waves in terms of phase and amplitude due to a small-scale inconsistency in the transmission path (or paths) with time. Scintillation exists continuously throughout a day whether during raining or clear sky conditions. The raw signal data need to exclude other propagations factors that include signal fluctuations to further understand the scintillation studies. This paper presents the analysis of tropospheric scintillation data from January 2016 till December 2016 at Ku-band frequency of 12.202 GHz beacon signal. The experimental data from MEASAT 3B were collected and analyzed to see the effect of tropospheric scintillation. The elevation angle of the dish antenna is 77.45 . The highlighted objectives are to analyze the scintillation data at Ku-band, and to compare and validate the results with other scintillation models. The result shows that the stipulated scintillation analysis has higher amplitude, which is 0.73 dB compared to other scintillation analysis which has lower scintillation amplitude: 0.45 dB (Karasawa), 0.42 dB (ITU-R), 0.4 dB (Nadirah & Rafiqul), 0.42 dB (Van De Kamp), and 0.11 dB (Anthony & Mandeep).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Bit Error Rate Assessment of Digital Modulation Schemes on Additive White Gau...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Estimation of Rain Attenuation based on ITU-R Model in Guntur (A.P), IndiaIDES Editor
Satellite communication systems operating at Ku
(12/14 GHz) and Ka band (20/30 GHz) frequencies are used
for broadband multimedia and internet based services. At these
frequencies, the signal will be affected by various propagation
impairments such as rain attenuation, cloud attenuation,
tropospheric scintillation, ionospheric scintillation, water
vapour attenuation, and rain and ice depolarization. Among
all the propagation impairments, rain attenuation is the most
important and critical parameter. In this paper, rain
attenuation is calculated at KL University, Guntur using
ITU-R rain attenuation model. The preliminary results of the
work will be used to calculate the attenuation experimentally
and comparison can be made, which helps to develop a new
rain attenuation model at Ku and Ka bands.
Joint Radio Resource Allocation for Dual - Band Heterogeneous Wireless NetworkRamoni Adeogun, PhD
Presentation of my paper on radio resource management in HetNet at IEEE WCNC 2018. The full paper can be downloaded here: https://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/joint-resource-allocation-for-dual-band-heterogeneous-wireless-ne
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MMSE and ZF Analysis of Macrodiversity MIMO Systems and Wimax Networks over F...IJERA Editor
We consider the large scale MIMO systems in which the number of users are gradually increased at that time the receiving antennas performance also decreased gradually. In contrast, almost no analytical results are available for macro diversity systems where both the sources and receive antennas are widely separated. Here, receive antennas experience unequal average SNRs from a source and receiver antenna receives a different average SNR from each source. Although this is an extremely difficult problem,In this paper, we provide approximate distributions for the output SNR of a ZF receiver and the output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of an MMSE receiver. In addition, simple high SNR approximations are provided for the symbol error rate (SER) of both receivers assuming M-PSK or M-QAM modulations .For better performance of receivers we can also implement the MMSE and ZF analysis in Wimax networks.
Improvement of Fading Channel Modeling Performance for Wireless Channel IJECEIAES
Fading channel modeling is generally defined as the variation of the attenuation of a signal with various variables. Time, geographical position, and radio frequency which is included. Fading is often modeled as a random process. Thus, a fading channel is a communication channel that experiences fading. In this paper, the proposed system presents a new design and simulate a wireless channel using Rayleigh channels. Rayleigh channels using two approaches (flat and frequency-selective fading channels) in order to calculate some path space loss efforts and analysis the performance of different wireless fading channel modeling. The results show that the bite error rate (BER) performance is dramatically improved in the value of signal to noise ratio (SNR) is equal to 45dB. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed method enhances the performance of fading channel modeling by reducing the error of BER when the SNR is reduced also. Moreover, the more accurate model is Rayleigh model which can be considered for developing fading channel model.
Error Rate Performance of Interleaved Coded OFDM For Undersea Acoustic LinksCSCJournals
Studies on undersea acoustic communication links, set up through highly complex and inhomogeneous underwater channel using various orders of QAM and PSK based OFDM techniques, have been reported in open literature. However, their bit error rate performances still need to be improved. Coding, when combined with OFDM, helps to detect and correct errors without having the overhead of too many retransmissions, as the bandwidth is a scarce resource in undersea scenario. The technique of interleaving, which is frequently employed in digital communication and storage systems to enhance the performance of the coding schemes, can be used to improve the error rate performance of the coded OFDM. The error rate performances of interleaved convolutional and BCH coded OFDMs for undersea acoustic links for binary phase shift keying and its differential variant have been studied in this paper. It is found that at high SNR, the process of interleaving and coding offers significant improvement in the error rate performance. It is also worth mentioning the fact that interleaving improves the performance of both convolutional and BCH coded OFDM systems.
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
The global mobile communication is fast growing in industry. This paper recommends appropriate settings to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile system deploying third generation networks in an urban environment. To meet this aim, a case Study of Sulaimanyia city is considered for this study by establishing suitable radio channel models. The work presents a statistical channel model, where fixed and nomadic analysis services are considered in the simulated radio coverage scenario. The cartographic dataset had been collected, and Matlab Software was used for showing the analysis and simulation results. Statistical channel models are derived that combine standard parameters such as separation distance, operating frequency and terminal height with more advanced and innovative parameters such as distance dependent shadowing and LOS probability.
Performance analysis on the basis of a comparative study between multipath ra...ijmnct
Interference is the most important issue for present wireless communication. There are various kinds of
channel used in wireless communication. Here I want to show a performance analysis on the basis of two
different channels – AWGN and Multipath Rayleigh fading channel. This is the comparative analysis with
different kinds of modulation techniques. Here I have also measured the Bit Error Rate with respect to
different modulation techniques and compare the rate in different channels. My objective is to compare the
different characteristics of the transmitter and receiver for different types of channels and modulators.
Implementation of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication System Using ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents the designed and implementation of spread spectrum technology for data transfer to overcome the interference problems associated with narrow band, very high frequency and ultra high frequency data transfer systems. The spread spectrum communication is used to reduce jamming of communication and provides a heightened secure communication. In this paper, the design and analyzes are implemented by Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for baseband spread spectrum communication system using Pseudo Noise Sequences (PNS) for spreading digital data. The sequence generator and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) for a single user is implemented in a FPGA module. The generated pseudo noise sequences are investigated for autocorrelation, cross correlation and balance properties. The bit error rates performance of the system is evaluated in multiuser environment under AWGN and reveals that, the DSSS system using pseudo noise sequences as spreading sequences significantly outperforms for the conventional PN sequences system
Analysis on the performance of pointing error effects for RIS-aided FSO link ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, we analysis on the performance of pointing error effects for reconfigurable intelligent surfeces (RISs) aided free-space optical (FSO) communication link over moderate to strong atmospheric turbulence channels. Among these solutions, RISs are considered as hardware technology to improve performance of optical wireless communication systems. Performance evaluation of systems is affected by atmospheric attenuation, pointing errors and moderate to strong atmospheric turbulence channels for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) technique. Atmospheric turbulence channel from moderate to strong is modeled using gamma-gamma distribution. Several numerical results obtained the average symbol error rate (ASER) performance versus beam waist radius and signal to noise ratio for three value of pointing error displacement standard deviation. From the results, it is show that with RIS assisted can effectively improve the performance and link distance of the wireless communication systems.
Computer-Based Analysis of The Performance of Different Modulation Techniques...theijes
The wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) mobilewireless networks is among the lot of experiences digital communication has had for its tremendous growth. WCDMAnetworks are meant to provide a diverse amount/range of multimedia services tomobile users with assured quality of service (QoS). To achieve this, our report is dwelling mainly on the analysis of the performanceof Phase Shift Keying modulation(M-PSK)and MAry Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)in WCDMA with different modulation channels,by comparing channel element like Bit Error Ratein RAYLEIGH fading and AWGN Channels using Matlab/Simulink. This research analysis will assist/enable us determine which modulation technique is performance effective in WCDMAsystem via any of these channelsat higher run time and M-Ary number.
Noise Analysis on Indoor Power Line Communication Channelijsrd.com
The power line communication technology is now considered as a good alternative for the implementing communication network. Digital networks can be established using the same set of wires that is use to distribute the power signal through the power-line channel(PLC) because power line networks are excellent infrastructure for broadband data transmission however various noise exist due to stochastic change in the network load impedance. This paper is an attempt to identify different type of noise in PLC channel and investigate the performance of indoor channel of PLC system. The noise seen in the power-line channel varies with frequency, time and from line to line .in this paper we classify different type of noises its characteristics and the process to remove it from power line channel.
Impact of Using Modified Open Area Okumura-Hata Propagation Model in Determin...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the applicability of the Okumura - Hata model in Malaysia in GSM frequency band. The study was carried out in the open area only since measurements provided from Malaysia Mobile were about the open areas. The mean square error (MSE) was calculated between measured path loss values and those predicted on basis of Okumura-Hata model for an open area. The MSE is up to 6dB, which is an acceptable value for the signal prediction. Therefore, the model gave a significant difference in an open area that allowed necessary changes to be introduced in the model. That error was minimized by subtracting the calculated MSE (15.31dB) from the original equation of open area for Okumura-Hata model. Modified equation was also verified for another cell in an open area in Malaysia and gave acceptable results.
Average Channel Capacity of Amplify-and-forward MIMO/FSO Systems Over Atmosph...IJECEIAES
In amplify-and-forward (AF) relay channel, when the direct link between source and destination terminals is deeply faded, the signal from the source terminal to the destination terminal propagates through the relay terminals, each of which relays a signal received from the previous terminal to the next terminal in series. This paper, we theoretically analyze the performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) AF free-space optical (FSO) systems. The AF-MIMO/FSO average channel capacity (ACC), which is expressed in terms of average spectral efficiency (ASE) is derived taking into account the atmospheric turbulence effects on the MIMO/FSO channel. They are modeled by log-normal and the gamma-gamma distributions for the cases of weak-to-strong turbulence conditions. We extract closed form mathematical expression for the evaluation of the ACC and we quantitatively discuss the influence of turbulence strength, link distance, different number of relay stations and different MIMO configurations on it.
please if any problem in this slide than give me feedback i will remove those problem .
Two people can damage a society one who knows and does not talk, another one who does not know and talk.
Similar to Error Performance Analysis in Underwater Acoustic Noise with Non-Gaussian Distribution (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 16, No. 2, April 2018 : 681 – 689
682
the performance of binary underwater communication systems. The rest of this paper is
organized as follows. Section 2 defines the signal model. Section 3 describes the results of
noise model from collected data. The Error Performance Analysis Of binary phase shift keying
(BPSK) Signal is explained in section 4. The results and discussion are discussed in Section 5 .
Finally, the conclusion of the paper is elaborated in Section 6.
2. Signal Model
Many applications assumed that, the received signal can be defined as follows:
[ ] [ ] [ ] (1)
where ( )is the M-ary PSK signal of interest and ( ) is the UWAN. The assumptions of
Gaussian distribution for UWAN are described in [8]. However, recent work suggested that the
UWAN follows t-distribution [9] and stable alpha distribution [10].
The power spectrum density (PSD) of white Gaussian noise is a constant over the
complete frequency range, all frequencies range with a magnitude of . For a given time
instant, it has shaped probability distribution function pdf ( ) given by [11]:
( )
√
(2)
where represent the standard deviation. The delta function on the autocorrelation functions
means that adjacent samples are independent with all samples are Gaussian with the same
statistical properties. Thus, he observed samples are considered independent identically
distributed (i.i.d). Because of the underwater acoustic noise (UWAN) is contain of many
individual sources, A precise identification of the distribution is required [5-6]. Some publications
have stated that the UWAN does not follow the Gaussian distribution [6, 9, 12, 13]. Instead, it
follows probability density function with extended tail shape, reflecting an accentuated impulsive
behaviour due to the high incidence of large amplitude noise events. Thus, the distribution of
data is appropriately described by the Student's t distribution [14-15].
3. Data Collection and Non-Gaussian Noise Model
Field trials were conducted at Desaru beach (1°35.169ʹN, 104° 21.027′E) to collect
signal samples and investigate the statistical properties of UWAN. The signals were received at
a frequency range of 7 Hz –22 KHz by using a broadband hydrophone (Dolphin EAR 100
Series). The measurements were obtained at depths from 1m to 7m from the seafloor, which is
at a depth of 8 m. The wind speed was approximately 7 Kn, and the surface temperature was
approximately 27C° [14]. Figure 1 shows the time representation of the collected data at depths
of 3 meters and 7 meters where the impulsive nature of the noise can be clearly observed.
(a) 3 Meters (b) 7 Meters
Figure 1. Time Representation of the UWAN at Depths of 3 Meters and 7 Meters.
3. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
Error Performance Analysis in Underwater Acoustic Noise ... (Nor Shahida Mohd Shah)
683
The distributions obtained from the collected data were compared with the Gaussian
distribution and Student's t distribution with the distribution fitting tool in MATLAB.
The comparison results clearly show that the amplitude of the UWAN generally follows the
Student's t distribution, as shown in Figure 2. Therefore, the UWAN does not validate the
assumption of Gaussian distribution. Clearly, the noise amplitude distribution fitted with the
Student's t distribution. The Student’s t is expressed as [16].
( )
[( )⁄ ]
√ ( ⁄ )
( )
( )⁄
(3)
where Γ(·) is the gamma function and is the degree of freedom that controls the dispersion of
the distribution. The pdf represented in Equation 3 has a zero mean and a variance equal to
( )⁄ for .
3 Meters Depth 7 Meters Depth
Figure 2. Comparison of the Amplitude Distribution of the UWAN with the Gaussian Distribution
and t-Distribution.
Table 1 indicates the degree of freedom for different depths. For a short period of time,
on the order of a few seconds, the UWAN can be assumed to be stationary [17].
Table 1. Degree of Freedom for Different Depth
Depth (m) Analysis period (Sec) Degree of freedom(v)
1 1.85 2.94
3 1.26 2.91
5 1.55 2.82
7 1.12 2.8
From the Table above, the average degree of freedom is approximately 3. The analysis
of the UWAN shows that its characteristics are not the same as AWGN. The pdf of the UWAN
follows a Student’s t distribution, in contrast to the assumption of a Gaussian pdf proposed in a
previous study [8]. However, to allow modeling a random variable with variance > 2, it is
possible to make the following change of variables:
√
( )
(4)
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and consequently, a new scaled pdf function can be written as:
( )
[( )⁄ ]
√ ( ) ( ⁄ )
(
( )
)
( )⁄
(5)
For , then the pdf formula is obtained by:
( ) ( )
(6)
and also for , the pdf is:
( ) ( ) (7)
4. Error Performance Analysis Of BPSK Signal
From the previously estimated pdf, it is possible to evaluate an expression of the
probability of symbol error for binary signaling through the UWAN channel.The system model is
as shown in the Figure 3.
Figure 3. Simplified Block Diagram with BPSK Transmitter-Receiver.
For BPSK signal the amplitudes of the transmitted symbols are given by +A or −A, and then
these functions for degree of freedom 3 can be defined as:
( ) ( )⁄ (
( )
) (8)
( ) ( )⁄ (
( )
) (9)
Thus, for a binary equiprobable source, the probability of symbol error in the detection of an
antipodal signal corrupted by additive noise can be directly calculated by integration of any of
the likelihood functions, i.e.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )⁄⁄ (10)
if p(s1)=p(s0)=0.5, then:
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685
∫ ( )⁄
(11)
The energy of each bit is given by Eb = A
2
Tb, where Tb is the bit interval. In addition, the average
power spectral density of the noise can be expressed by No = σ
2
/B, where B = 1/2Tb is the
bandwidth occupied by the baseband signal. Without generality loss, assuming that the
amplitude of the pulses is unitary, i.e. A = 1, then the noise variance σ
2
can be related to the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per bit Eb/No, according to the following relationship:
( ⁄ )
(12)
Finally, changing the variables in Equation 8 and applying the result in Equation 11, it follows
that the symbol error probability of the binary UWAN channel can be estimated as:
√ ∫ [ ( ) ] (13)
In same method, for degree of freedom equal 4, the symbol error probability of the binary
UWAN channel can be estimated as:
√ ∫ *
( )
+ (14)
The theoretical error performance of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, can
be estimated as [18]:
(√ ) (15)
In the same manner, the symbol error probability of the QPSK modulation and 16-PSK
modulation in UWAN channel can be derived.
5. Results and Analysis
The different M-ary PSK modulation techniques (BPSK, QPSK and 16-PSK) are tested
in UWAN and compared with the traditional channel (AWGN). Figure 4 shows graphs of the
symbol error probability Pe as a function of Eb/No for binary bipolar signaling. The red trace is
the estimation for the error probability for the UWAN channel obtained directly from Eq. 13,
while black continuous trace shows the theoretical error performance of the additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Simulation results, shown as blue continuous trace, are also
presented for the UWAN. The Figure 5 shows graphs of the symbol error probability Pe as a
function of Eb/No for binary bipolar signaling for degree of freedom equal 4.
As can be viewed in Figure 4, the UWAN channel appears to be slightly less prone to
errors compared to the AWGN channel, up to a SNR level of approximately 3 dB. After this
point, the error probability for the UWAN channel becomes significantly larger in relation to the
AWGN channel, and the performance gap enlarges for increasing SNR levels. Although
behavior in the UWAN channel at low SNR seems to be counterintuitive, it can be explained due
to the shape of the probability density function. The UWAN pdf has wider tails and,
consequently, slimmer and taller central body when compared with the normal curve. Thus, for
low SNR conditions, i.e., high noise environments, the error probability in (11) corresponds to
the area of one entire tail and a considerable portion of the central body half of the pdf. The tail
area of the UWAN pdf is larger than the normal but, in compensation, there is section in the
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central body where the Gaussian pdf surpasses the UWAN pdf as shown in Figure 6. Since the
probability density is higher in the central body, the difference between the areas in this region
more than compensates for the area deviation in the tails.
Figure 4. symbol error performance for AWGN and UWAN channels with degree
of freedom d=3
Figure 5. Symbol error performance for AWGN and UWAN channels with degree
of freedom d=4
Figure 6. Comparison between the amplitude distribution of the underwater
acoustic noise and the Gaussian pdf
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
X: 3
Y: 0.02044
Eb/No, dB
BitErrorRate
Bit error probability curve for BPSK modulation degree of freedom=3
theory AWGN
simulation t-distribution
theory t-distribution
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
X: 3
Y: 0.02397
Eb/No, dB
BitErrorRate
Bit error probability curve for BPSK modulation degree of freedom=4
theory AWGN
simulation t-distribution
theory t distribution
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The symbol error probability is illustrated in Figure 7, where Pe is represented as a
function of the Eb/No for QPSK signalling for the degree of freedom equal to 3 and 4.
(a) (b)
Figure 7. QPSK symbol error performance for AWGN and UWAN channels with degree of
freedom (a)d=3 and (b)=4.
For 16-PSK modulation family, the symbol error probability as a function of Eb/No, with 3 and 4
degrees of freedom is presented in figure 8.
(a) (b)
Figure 8. 16-PSK Symbol Error Performance for AWGN and UWAN Channels with Degree of
Freedom (a)d=3 and (b)=4
Table 2 show the SNR critical values which the performance in underwater channel
after this values will be worse than the performance in AWGN channel for different modulation
techniques and degree of freedom 3 and 4. As shown in Table 2, When the M value for M-ary
PSK modulation is increased the critical value for the SNR also increased, on the other hand,
the BER for all the M-ary PSK based digital modulation schemes is decreased gradually with
increasing values of Eb/No.
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Table 2. SNR Critical Values for UWAN Channel better than AWGN Channel
Modulation
SNR (dB)
d=3 d =4
BPSK 3 3
QPSK 6.5 6.5
16-PSK 11 11
For high SNR environments, as expected, the frequent incidence of impulsive events in
the UWAN channel produces severe degradation in the system performance when compared to
the AWGN channel. Given the poor performance of the UWAN channel under these conditions,
it is recognized that employing some error control coding technique would be essential to
mitigate the unwanted effect of the noise and, in this way, contributing to get reliable underwater
acoustic communications.
4. Conclusion
Underwater acoustic noise (UWAN) in tropical shallow waters shows an accentuated
impulsive behavior and, consequently, does not follow the Gaussian distribution. The analysis of
field data measurements has shown that the noise amplitude distribution presents good fitting
with the Student’s t distribution. Thus, in this article it has been proposed an empirical model for
the distribution of the UWAN based on this distribution and the probability density function.The
bit error probability could be derived for the uncoded UWAN channel and it was observed that
UWAN channel is slightly less prone to errors, compared with the AWGN channel, up to a SNR
level of approximately 3 dB, 6.5 dB and 11dB for BPSK, QPSK and 16-PSK modulation
techniques respectively.After these points, the error probability for the UWAN channel
surpasses the AWGN channel and the difference gradually increasing for high SNR. For high
SNR values, the impulsive events produces severe performance is degraded compared with the
AWGN channel. Therefore, when the error rates below 10
-5
, the SNR exceeding 15 dB, 16 dB
and 15 dB for BPSK, QPSK, and 16-PSK modulation techniques, respectively.
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