The document summarizes an enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol proposed for wireless sensor networks. The proposed protocol selects cluster heads based on current energy levels to avoid nodes with low energy from being selected. It also chooses a root cluster head with high residual energy and short distance to the sink to aggregate and transmit all cluster data. Simulations show the proposed protocol performs better than LEACH in increasing network lifetime by balancing energy consumption and extending stability periods.
Prolong Lifetime Analysis and Efficient Utilization of Energy in Heterogeneou...IJTET Journal
Abstract - The clustering-based protocols are believed to be the best for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The evaluation is based on two new clustering-based protocols, which are called single-hop energy-efficient clustering protocol (S-EECP) and multi-hop energy-efficient clustering protocol (M-EECP) [1]. In S-EECP, the cluster heads (CHs) are elected by a weighted probability [2] based on the ratio between average energy of the network and residual energy of each node. The nodes having more initial energy and residual energy will have more chances to be elected as CHs than nodes with low energy. In M-EECP, the election of CHs is same as S-EECP, but the elected CHs communicate the data packets to the base station via multi-hop communication approach. To analyze the network lifetime three types of sensor nodes equipped with different battery energy are assumed. By analyzing these parameters, M-EECP achieves load balance among the CHs better than the existing clustering protocols and gives prolong network lifetime. Here the simulation is based on ns-2 simulator.
One of Machine Type Communication (MTC) applications is Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN). WSN is an intelligent network application system to collect, integrate, and transmit data
autonomously. Sensor nodes in WSN, communicate over short distance via a wireless medium
and collaborate to accomplish a common task, such as enviroment monitoring, military
surveillance and industrial process control. The constraining aspect of WSN usage is the
limited power of each sensor node, so energy efficiency becomes an important issue in WSN.
Routing is a function in WSN, which consumes a substantial amount of energy. One of the
routing protocols that can increase the energy efficiency of WSN is Low Energy Adaptive
Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). In this paper, High Altitude Platform (HAP) is used to replace
Base Station (BS) as sink node in WSN. HAP is designed at altitudes of 17, 20 and 22 km. Then
WSN over HAP using the LEACH routing protocol evaluated its performance. Performance
indicators that we evaluated are engergy consumption, number of dead nodes and total average
packets which is sent to HAP. From a series of simulations conducted, the results obtained that
the higher the laying of HAP, then the coverage area will be greater. So that the energy
consumption will be smaller, the number of dead node less and the avarage of total packet
delivered to the HAP will be greater.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
MPC-EAR : Maximal Power Conserved And Energy Aware Routing in Ad hoc Networksijsrd.com
Power preservation in wireless ad hoc networks is a decisive factor as energy resources are inadequate at the electronic devices in use. Power-aware routing strategies are fundamentally route selection strategies built on accessible ad hoc routing protocols. This paper proposed a new Maximal Power Conserved And Energy Aware Routing (MPC-EAR ) topology for mobile ad hoc networks that enhances the network life span. Simulation results prove that the projected protocol has a higher performance other minimal energy usage, energy level aware and energy conserving routing protocols such as MTPR, MMECR and CMMECR.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
A survey on Energy Efficient ProtocolsLEACH, Fuzzy-based approach and Neural ...IJEEE
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) plays a very important role in transmitting the data from source to destination but energy consumption is one of the major challenges in these networks. WSN consists of hundreds to thousands of nodes which consume energy while transmitting the information and with a span of time whole energy get consumed and network life time gets reduced. Clustering and Cluster head (CH) selection are important parameters used to enhance the lifetime of the WSN. Clustering use two methods: rotating CH periodically in every round to distribute the energy consumption among nodes and the node with more residual energy becomes CH.This research paper is focused on the performance of the techniques used to enhance the energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Low- Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Fuzzy- Based and Neural Network are some of the important techniques used. MATLAB simulation tool is considered in this paper.
Prolong Lifetime Analysis and Efficient Utilization of Energy in Heterogeneou...IJTET Journal
Abstract - The clustering-based protocols are believed to be the best for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The evaluation is based on two new clustering-based protocols, which are called single-hop energy-efficient clustering protocol (S-EECP) and multi-hop energy-efficient clustering protocol (M-EECP) [1]. In S-EECP, the cluster heads (CHs) are elected by a weighted probability [2] based on the ratio between average energy of the network and residual energy of each node. The nodes having more initial energy and residual energy will have more chances to be elected as CHs than nodes with low energy. In M-EECP, the election of CHs is same as S-EECP, but the elected CHs communicate the data packets to the base station via multi-hop communication approach. To analyze the network lifetime three types of sensor nodes equipped with different battery energy are assumed. By analyzing these parameters, M-EECP achieves load balance among the CHs better than the existing clustering protocols and gives prolong network lifetime. Here the simulation is based on ns-2 simulator.
One of Machine Type Communication (MTC) applications is Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN). WSN is an intelligent network application system to collect, integrate, and transmit data
autonomously. Sensor nodes in WSN, communicate over short distance via a wireless medium
and collaborate to accomplish a common task, such as enviroment monitoring, military
surveillance and industrial process control. The constraining aspect of WSN usage is the
limited power of each sensor node, so energy efficiency becomes an important issue in WSN.
Routing is a function in WSN, which consumes a substantial amount of energy. One of the
routing protocols that can increase the energy efficiency of WSN is Low Energy Adaptive
Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). In this paper, High Altitude Platform (HAP) is used to replace
Base Station (BS) as sink node in WSN. HAP is designed at altitudes of 17, 20 and 22 km. Then
WSN over HAP using the LEACH routing protocol evaluated its performance. Performance
indicators that we evaluated are engergy consumption, number of dead nodes and total average
packets which is sent to HAP. From a series of simulations conducted, the results obtained that
the higher the laying of HAP, then the coverage area will be greater. So that the energy
consumption will be smaller, the number of dead node less and the avarage of total packet
delivered to the HAP will be greater.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
MPC-EAR : Maximal Power Conserved And Energy Aware Routing in Ad hoc Networksijsrd.com
Power preservation in wireless ad hoc networks is a decisive factor as energy resources are inadequate at the electronic devices in use. Power-aware routing strategies are fundamentally route selection strategies built on accessible ad hoc routing protocols. This paper proposed a new Maximal Power Conserved And Energy Aware Routing (MPC-EAR ) topology for mobile ad hoc networks that enhances the network life span. Simulation results prove that the projected protocol has a higher performance other minimal energy usage, energy level aware and energy conserving routing protocols such as MTPR, MMECR and CMMECR.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
A survey on Energy Efficient ProtocolsLEACH, Fuzzy-based approach and Neural ...IJEEE
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) plays a very important role in transmitting the data from source to destination but energy consumption is one of the major challenges in these networks. WSN consists of hundreds to thousands of nodes which consume energy while transmitting the information and with a span of time whole energy get consumed and network life time gets reduced. Clustering and Cluster head (CH) selection are important parameters used to enhance the lifetime of the WSN. Clustering use two methods: rotating CH periodically in every round to distribute the energy consumption among nodes and the node with more residual energy becomes CH.This research paper is focused on the performance of the techniques used to enhance the energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Low- Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Fuzzy- Based and Neural Network are some of the important techniques used. MATLAB simulation tool is considered in this paper.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IMPROVEMENT OF TRADITIONAL CLUSTERING METHOD IN WIRELESS S...IJCNCJournal
In the traditional clustering routing protocol of wireless sensor network, LEACH protocol (Low Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is considered to have many outstanding advantages in the implementation
of the hierarchy according to low energy adaptive cluster to collect and distribute the data to the base
station. The main objective of LEACH is: To prolong life time of the network, reduce the energy
consumption by each node, using the data concentration to reduce bulletins in the network. However, in the
case of large network, the distance from the nodes to the base station is very different. Therefore, the
energy consumption when becoming the host node is very different but LEACH is not based on the
remaining energy to choose the host node, which is based on the number of times to become the host node
in the previous rounds. This makes the nodes far away from the base station lose power sooner.
In this paper, we give a new routing protocol based on the LEACH protocol in order to improve operating
time of sensor network by considering energy issues and distance in selecting the cluster-head (CH), at that
time the nodes with high energy and near the base station (BS) will have a greater probability of becoming
the cluster-head than the those in far and with lower energy.
SLGC: A New Cluster Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network for Decrease...IJCSEA Journal
Decrease energy consumption and maximizing network lifetime are important parameters in designing and protocols for wireless sensor network (WSN).Clustering is one of the efficient methods in energy consumption by Cluster-Head in WSN. Besides, CH can process and aggregate data sent by cluster members, thus reducing network traffic for sending data to sink. In this paper presents a new cluster routing algorithm by dividing network into grids. In each grid computes the center-gravity and threshold of energy for selecting the node that has the best condition base on these parameters in grid for selecting Cluster-Head in current round, also SLGC selecting Cluster-Heads for next rounds thereby this CHs reduce the volume of controlling messages for next rounds and inform nodes for sending data into CH of respective round. This algorithm prolong network lifetime and decrease energy consumption by selecting CH in grid and sending data of grid to sink by this CH. Result of simulation shows that SLGC algorithm in comparison with the previous clustering algorithm has maximizing network lifetime and decrease energy consumption in network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Trilateration-based localization (TBL) has become a corner stone of modern technology. This study
formulates the concern on how wireless sensor networks can take advantage of the computational
intelligent techniques using both single- and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) with an
overall aim of concurrently minimizing the required time for localization, minimizing energy consumed
during localization, and maximizing the number of nodes fully localized through the adjustment of wireless
sensor transmission ranges while using TBL process. A parameter-study of the applied PSO variants is
performed, leading to results that show algorithmic improvements of up to 32% in the evaluated objectives.
THRESHOLD SENSITIVE HETEROGENOUS ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR BETTER ENERGY UTILIZATI...ijassn
Advancements in WSN have led to the wide applicability of sensor network in various fields. WSNs basic classification is Reactive and Proactive network. Reactive networks responds to the very immediate changes in its environment in required parameters of interest, as opposed to the Proactive network, due to continuous sensing nature of WSN. To make it more efficient and improved in terms of Energy in network’s
lifetime, we need to reduce the energy expense in the network model, which is one of the most significant issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1, 2]. In this paper, we proposed an efficient version of TSEP Protocol, which prolongs the networks lifetime by efficient utilization of sensor energy, as we have simulated. We evaluated the performance of our protocol and compared the results with the TSEP. And from the results of simulation, it can be concluded easily that our proposed efficient routing protocol performs better in terms of network lifetime and stability period
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Power saving mechanism for hybrid routing protocol using scheduling techniqueeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Magnify Network Lifetime in WSN by Reducing Data Aggregation Distance of Weak...ijwmn
Energy efficient protocols have always played a vital role in conservation of energy in Wireless Sensor
Network. One of the major introduced protocols is LEACH a cluster based protocol. To improve its
performance, an algorithm named as Maximizing the Network Lifetime of Clustered-based WSN Using
Probability of Residual Energy is introduced. This protocol improved the Cluster Head selection process of
LEACH by using the concept of residual energy. In the proposed paper, further improvement is done by
enhancing the data transmission process. This process heightens the lifetime of the nodes having very less
energy left by reducing their data transmission distance. Implemented results in MATLAB shows increase
in the stability and lifetime of the network..
Improved LEACH protocol for increasing the lifetime of WSNsIJECEIAES
Recently, wireless sensor network (WSN) is taking a high place in several applications: military, industry, and environment. The importance of WSNs in current applications makes the WSNs the most developed technology at the research level and especially in the field of communication and computing. However, WSN’s performance deals with a number of challenges. Energy consumption is the most considerable for many researchers because nodes use energy to collect, treat, and send data, but they have restricted energy. For this reason, numerous efficient energy routing protocols have been developed to save the consumption of power. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is considered as the most attractive one in WSNs. In the present document, we evaluate the LEACH approach effectiveness in the cluster-head (CH) choosing and in data transmission, then we propose an enhanced protocol. The proposed algorithm aims to improve energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of WSN through selecting CHs depending on the remaining power, balancing the number of nodes in clusters, determining abandoned nodes in order to send their data to the sink. Then CHs choose the optimal path to achieve the sink. Simulation results exhibit that the enhanced method can decrease the consumption of energy and prolong the life-cycle of the network.
Implementation of optimal solution for network lifetime and energy consumptio...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In current scenarios MANET mainly focus on low power battery operated devices. Moreover in a MANET transmission of large data consumes more energy that affects the performance of network, energy consumption, throughput, end to end delay, and packet overhead. The sum of these parameter metrics measure must be taken into account to increase the life-time and network energy efficiency. The main constraint in WSN is due to the restricted power in a node, which cannot be substituted. The node senses the data and it is moved towards the sink. This action of data movement needs to be efficient and the usage of battery in the sensor node requires to be efficiently employed to improve the network lifetime. The development of the energy efficient algorithms is of primary concern in the research arena of MANET. In any network, most of the routing protocols are focused directly to collect and bifurcate the large data for long distance communication. The prime goal of this research focused to identifies and survey more suitable routing protocol for MANET. That consumed less energy and increase life time of network. In this paper the author made on attempt on improved energy efficient LEACH protocol for MANET to reduce the energy dissipation that to life time of the network during the data transmission between source nodes and destination nodes.
DYNAMIC RE-CLUSTERING LEACH-BASED (DR-LEACH) PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) contains a large number of sensor nodes equipped with limited energy supplies. In most applications, sensor nodes are deployed in a random fashion. Therefore, battery replacement or charging is considered not practical. As a result, routing protocols must be energy-efficient to prolong the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we propose a new Dynamic Re-clustering LEACH-Based protocol (DR-LEACH) which aims to reduce the energy consumption and extending the network’s lifetime. The idea is to balance energy consumption of Cluster Heads (CHs) by generating clusters with almost equal number of nodes during each round of the network life time. To perform this, we first calculate the optimal number of CHs in each round, and based on that we calculate the optimal size of each cluster. Results show that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime and reduces overall energy consumption compared to LEACH and BCDCP protocols.
Transmission Time and Throughput analysis of EEE LEACH, LEACH and Direct Tran...acijjournal
This paper gives a brief description about some routing protocols like EEE LEACH, LEACH and Direct
Transmission protocol (DTx) in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and a comparison study of these
protocols based on some performance matrices. Addition to this an attempt is done to calculate their
transmission time and throughput. To calculate these, MATLAB environment is used. Finally, on the basis
of the obtained results from the simulation, the above mentioned three protocols are compared. The
comparison results show that, the EEE LEACH routing protocol has a greater transmission time than
LEACH and DTx protocol and with smaller throughput.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IMPROVEMENT OF TRADITIONAL CLUSTERING METHOD IN WIRELESS S...IJCNCJournal
In the traditional clustering routing protocol of wireless sensor network, LEACH protocol (Low Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is considered to have many outstanding advantages in the implementation
of the hierarchy according to low energy adaptive cluster to collect and distribute the data to the base
station. The main objective of LEACH is: To prolong life time of the network, reduce the energy
consumption by each node, using the data concentration to reduce bulletins in the network. However, in the
case of large network, the distance from the nodes to the base station is very different. Therefore, the
energy consumption when becoming the host node is very different but LEACH is not based on the
remaining energy to choose the host node, which is based on the number of times to become the host node
in the previous rounds. This makes the nodes far away from the base station lose power sooner.
In this paper, we give a new routing protocol based on the LEACH protocol in order to improve operating
time of sensor network by considering energy issues and distance in selecting the cluster-head (CH), at that
time the nodes with high energy and near the base station (BS) will have a greater probability of becoming
the cluster-head than the those in far and with lower energy.
SLGC: A New Cluster Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network for Decrease...IJCSEA Journal
Decrease energy consumption and maximizing network lifetime are important parameters in designing and protocols for wireless sensor network (WSN).Clustering is one of the efficient methods in energy consumption by Cluster-Head in WSN. Besides, CH can process and aggregate data sent by cluster members, thus reducing network traffic for sending data to sink. In this paper presents a new cluster routing algorithm by dividing network into grids. In each grid computes the center-gravity and threshold of energy for selecting the node that has the best condition base on these parameters in grid for selecting Cluster-Head in current round, also SLGC selecting Cluster-Heads for next rounds thereby this CHs reduce the volume of controlling messages for next rounds and inform nodes for sending data into CH of respective round. This algorithm prolong network lifetime and decrease energy consumption by selecting CH in grid and sending data of grid to sink by this CH. Result of simulation shows that SLGC algorithm in comparison with the previous clustering algorithm has maximizing network lifetime and decrease energy consumption in network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Trilateration-based localization (TBL) has become a corner stone of modern technology. This study
formulates the concern on how wireless sensor networks can take advantage of the computational
intelligent techniques using both single- and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) with an
overall aim of concurrently minimizing the required time for localization, minimizing energy consumed
during localization, and maximizing the number of nodes fully localized through the adjustment of wireless
sensor transmission ranges while using TBL process. A parameter-study of the applied PSO variants is
performed, leading to results that show algorithmic improvements of up to 32% in the evaluated objectives.
THRESHOLD SENSITIVE HETEROGENOUS ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR BETTER ENERGY UTILIZATI...ijassn
Advancements in WSN have led to the wide applicability of sensor network in various fields. WSNs basic classification is Reactive and Proactive network. Reactive networks responds to the very immediate changes in its environment in required parameters of interest, as opposed to the Proactive network, due to continuous sensing nature of WSN. To make it more efficient and improved in terms of Energy in network’s
lifetime, we need to reduce the energy expense in the network model, which is one of the most significant issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1, 2]. In this paper, we proposed an efficient version of TSEP Protocol, which prolongs the networks lifetime by efficient utilization of sensor energy, as we have simulated. We evaluated the performance of our protocol and compared the results with the TSEP. And from the results of simulation, it can be concluded easily that our proposed efficient routing protocol performs better in terms of network lifetime and stability period
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Power saving mechanism for hybrid routing protocol using scheduling techniqueeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Magnify Network Lifetime in WSN by Reducing Data Aggregation Distance of Weak...ijwmn
Energy efficient protocols have always played a vital role in conservation of energy in Wireless Sensor
Network. One of the major introduced protocols is LEACH a cluster based protocol. To improve its
performance, an algorithm named as Maximizing the Network Lifetime of Clustered-based WSN Using
Probability of Residual Energy is introduced. This protocol improved the Cluster Head selection process of
LEACH by using the concept of residual energy. In the proposed paper, further improvement is done by
enhancing the data transmission process. This process heightens the lifetime of the nodes having very less
energy left by reducing their data transmission distance. Implemented results in MATLAB shows increase
in the stability and lifetime of the network..
Improved LEACH protocol for increasing the lifetime of WSNsIJECEIAES
Recently, wireless sensor network (WSN) is taking a high place in several applications: military, industry, and environment. The importance of WSNs in current applications makes the WSNs the most developed technology at the research level and especially in the field of communication and computing. However, WSN’s performance deals with a number of challenges. Energy consumption is the most considerable for many researchers because nodes use energy to collect, treat, and send data, but they have restricted energy. For this reason, numerous efficient energy routing protocols have been developed to save the consumption of power. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is considered as the most attractive one in WSNs. In the present document, we evaluate the LEACH approach effectiveness in the cluster-head (CH) choosing and in data transmission, then we propose an enhanced protocol. The proposed algorithm aims to improve energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of WSN through selecting CHs depending on the remaining power, balancing the number of nodes in clusters, determining abandoned nodes in order to send their data to the sink. Then CHs choose the optimal path to achieve the sink. Simulation results exhibit that the enhanced method can decrease the consumption of energy and prolong the life-cycle of the network.
Implementation of optimal solution for network lifetime and energy consumptio...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In current scenarios MANET mainly focus on low power battery operated devices. Moreover in a MANET transmission of large data consumes more energy that affects the performance of network, energy consumption, throughput, end to end delay, and packet overhead. The sum of these parameter metrics measure must be taken into account to increase the life-time and network energy efficiency. The main constraint in WSN is due to the restricted power in a node, which cannot be substituted. The node senses the data and it is moved towards the sink. This action of data movement needs to be efficient and the usage of battery in the sensor node requires to be efficiently employed to improve the network lifetime. The development of the energy efficient algorithms is of primary concern in the research arena of MANET. In any network, most of the routing protocols are focused directly to collect and bifurcate the large data for long distance communication. The prime goal of this research focused to identifies and survey more suitable routing protocol for MANET. That consumed less energy and increase life time of network. In this paper the author made on attempt on improved energy efficient LEACH protocol for MANET to reduce the energy dissipation that to life time of the network during the data transmission between source nodes and destination nodes.
DYNAMIC RE-CLUSTERING LEACH-BASED (DR-LEACH) PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) contains a large number of sensor nodes equipped with limited energy supplies. In most applications, sensor nodes are deployed in a random fashion. Therefore, battery replacement or charging is considered not practical. As a result, routing protocols must be energy-efficient to prolong the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we propose a new Dynamic Re-clustering LEACH-Based protocol (DR-LEACH) which aims to reduce the energy consumption and extending the network’s lifetime. The idea is to balance energy consumption of Cluster Heads (CHs) by generating clusters with almost equal number of nodes during each round of the network life time. To perform this, we first calculate the optimal number of CHs in each round, and based on that we calculate the optimal size of each cluster. Results show that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime and reduces overall energy consumption compared to LEACH and BCDCP protocols.
Transmission Time and Throughput analysis of EEE LEACH, LEACH and Direct Tran...acijjournal
This paper gives a brief description about some routing protocols like EEE LEACH, LEACH and Direct
Transmission protocol (DTx) in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and a comparison study of these
protocols based on some performance matrices. Addition to this an attempt is done to calculate their
transmission time and throughput. To calculate these, MATLAB environment is used. Finally, on the basis
of the obtained results from the simulation, the above mentioned three protocols are compared. The
comparison results show that, the EEE LEACH routing protocol has a greater transmission time than
LEACH and DTx protocol and with smaller throughput.
E NERGY D EGREE D ISTANCE C LUSTERING A LGORITHM FOR W Snsijwmn
Energy consumption is an important parameter in th
e context of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs).
Several factors can cause energy over consumption s
uch as mobility, node position (relay or gateway),
retransmissions... In this paper, we described a ne
w Energy-Degree Distance(EDD) Clustering Algorithm
for the WSNs. A node with higher residual energy,
higher degree and closer to the base station is mor
e
likely elected as a clusterhead (CH). The inter clu
ster and intra cluster communications are realized
on one
hop. The principal goal of our algorithm is to min
imize the energy consumption and balance energy
consumption among all nodes. By comparing EDD clust
ering algorithm with LEACH algorithm,
simulation results have shown its effectiveness i
n saving energy
Energy-Efficient Hybrid K-Means Algorithm for Clustered Wireless Sensor Netw...IJECEIAES
Energy efficiency is the most critical challenge in wireless sensor network. The transmission energy is the most consuming task in sensor nodes, specifically in large distances. Clustered routing techniques are efficient approaches used to lower the transmission energy and maximize the network’s lifetime. In this paper, a hybrid clustered routing approach is proposed for energy optimization in WSN. This approach is based on KMeans clustering algorithm and LEACH protocol. The simulation results using MATLAB tool have shown that the proposed hybrid approach outperforms LEACH protocol and optimizes the nodes energy and the network lifetime.
ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF A COMBINED HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL COMPRESSION APPROACH...IJCNCJournal
Energy efficiency is an essential issue to be reckoned in wireless sensor networks development. Since the low-powered sensor nodes deplete their energy in transmitting the collected information, several strategies have been proposed to investigate the communication power consumption, in order to reduce the amount of transmitted data without affecting the information reliability. Lossy compression is a promising solution recently adapted to overcome the challenging energy consumption, by exploiting the data correlation and discarding the redundant information. In this paper, we propose a hybrid compression approach based on two dimensions specified as horizontal (HC) and vertical compression (VC), typically implemented in cluster-based routing architecture. The proposed scheme considers two key performance metrics, energy expenditure, and data accuracy to decide the adequate compression approach based on HC-VC or VC-HC configuration according to each WSN application requirement. Simulation results exhibit the performance of both proposed approaches in terms of extending the clustering network lifetime.
DATA GATHERING ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEYijasuc
Recent developments in processor, memory and radio technology have enabled wireless sensor networks
which are deployed to collect useful information from an area of interest. The sensed data must be
gathered and transmitted to a base station where it is further processed for end-user queries. Since the
network consists of low-cost nodes with limited battery power, power efficient methods must be employed
for data gathering and aggregation in order to achieve long network lifetimes. In an environment where in
a round of communication each of the sensor nodes has data to send to a base station, it is important to
minimize the total energy consumed by the system in a round so that the system lifetime is maximized. With
the use of data fusion and aggregation techniques, while minimizing the total energy per round, if power
consumption per node can be balanced as well, a near optimal data gathering and routing scheme can be
achieved in terms of network lifetime. Several application specific sensor network data gathering protocols
have been proposed in research literatures. However, most of the proposed algorithms have been some
attention to the related network lifetime and saving energy are two critical issues for wireless sensor
networks. In this paper we have explored general network lifetime in wireless sensor networks and made an
extensive study to categorize available data gathering techniques and analyze possible network lifetime on
them.
A Survey on Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network Using Mobile SinkIJEEE
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is collection of large number of sensor nodes which senses the physical conditions of environment and send the data to sink. WSN can be classified as static and mobile WSN. In static routing protocol, energy consumption is not uniformly distributed. To avoid this problem, wireless sensor network with mobile sink can be used, where mobile sink gathers data from other nodes using 1-hop communication. In this paper, we presented the various types of WSN. At last, we compared the various routing protocol of WSN with mobile sink based on parameter no. of sinks, mobility of CH and mobility pattern.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
The comparison between routing protocols based on lifetime of wireless sensor...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERI...ijwmn
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
A Review Paper on Power Consumption Improvements in WSNIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a network of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, small
size sensor nodes which are densely deployed inside a physical environment to collect, process and transmit the
information to sink node. As Sensor nodes are generally battery-powered, it is necessary to balance between
power consumption and energy storage capacity to sustain sensor node's operational life. Therefore one of the
important challenge in WSN is to improve power consumption efficiently to prolong network lifetime by
minimizing the amount of data transmissions throughout the network and maximizing node's low power
residence time. In this paper, two energy optimization techniques, Cluster-Based energy efficient routing
(CBER) scheme and extension to IEEE 802.15.4 standard by dynamic rate adaption and control for energy
reduction (DRACER) protocol for wireless sensor networks has been reviewed. CBER technique increases
network lifetime by reducing Hot Spot problem and end-to-end energy consumption using multi-hop wireless
routing whereas DRACER protocol reduces network latency and average power consumption by minimizing
network overhead using automatic data rate selection process. So, both of these techniques, if utilized in
combination, it is possible to achieve very high energy efficiency in WSN
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MIMO COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH ENERGY HARVESTING SENSOR ...ijasuc
This paper addresses the maximizing network lifetime problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) taking
into account the total Symbol Error rate (SER) at destination. Therefore, efficient power management is
needed for extend network lifetime. Our approach consists to provide the optimal transmission power
using the orthogonal multiple access channels between each sensor. In order to deeply study the
properties of our approach, firstly, the simple case is considered; the information sensed by the source
node passes by a single relay before reaching the destination node. Secondly, global case is studied; the
information passes by several relays. We consider, in the previous both cases, that the batteries are nonrechargeable. Thirdly, we spread our work the case where the batteries are rechargeable with unlimited
storage capacity. In all three cases, we suppose that Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is used as a
detector, and Amplify and Forward (AF) as a relaying strategy. Simulation results show the viability of
our approach which the network lifetime is extended of more than 70.72%when the batteries are non
rechargeable and 100.51% when the batteries are rechargeable in comparison with other traditional
method.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MIMO COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH ENERGY HARVESTING SENSOR ...ijasuc
This paper addresses the maximizing network lifetime problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) taking
into account the total Symbol Error rate (SER) at destination. Therefore, efficient power management is
needed for extend network lifetime. Our approach consists to provide the optimal transmission power
using the orthogonal multiple access channels between each sensor. In order to deeply study the
properties of our approach, firstly, the simple case is considered; the information sensed by the source
node passes by a single relay before reaching the destination node. Secondly, global case is studied; the
information passes by several relays. We consider, in the previous both cases, that the batteries are nonrechargeable. Thirdly, we spread our work the case where the batteries are rechargeable with unlimited
storage capacity. In all three cases, we suppose that Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is used as a
detector, and Amplify and Forward (AF) as a relaying strategy. Simulation results show the viability of
our approach which the network lifetime is extended of more than 70.72%when the batteries are non
rechargeable and 100.51% when the batteries are rechargeable in comparison with other traditional
method.
Scalability Aware Energy Consumption and Dissipation Models for Wireless Sens...IJECEIAES
Most of Wireless Sensor Networks researches focus on reducing the amount of energy consumed by nodes and network to increase the network lifetime. Thus, several papers have been presented and published to optimize energy consumption in each area of WSNs, such as routing, localization, coverage, security, etc. To test and evaluate their propositions, authors apply an energy dissipation model; this model must be more realistic and suitable to give good results. In this paper we present a general preview on different sources of energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, and provide a comparative study between two energy models used in WSNs that offer an effective and an adequate tool for researchers.
THRESHOLD SENSITIVE HETEROGENOUS ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR BETTER ENERGY UTILIZATI...ijassn
Advancements in WSN have led to the wide applicability of sensor network in various fields. WSNs basic classification is Reactive and Proactive network. Reactive networks responds to the very immediate changes in its environment in required parameters of interest, as opposed to the Proactive network, due to continuous sensing nature of WSN. To make it more efficient and improved in terms of Energy in network’s lifetime, we need to reduce the energy expense in the network model, which is one of the most significant issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1, 2]. In this paper, we proposed an efficient version of TSEP Protocol, which prolongs the networks lifetime by efficient utilization of sensor energy, as we have simulated. We evaluated the performance of our protocol and compared the results with the TSEP. And
from the results of simulation, it can be concluded easily that our proposed efficient routing protocol performs better in terms of network lifetime and stability period.
Similar to An enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor network (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
An enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor network
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2020, pp. 5462∼5469
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp5462-5469 Ì 5462
An enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless
sensor network
Ikram Daanoune, Abdennaceur Baghdad, Abdelhakim Ballouk
Department of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Electronics, Energy, Automatics and Data Processing,
Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
Article Info
Article history:
Received Feb 22, 2020
Revised Apr 25, 2020
Accepted May 7, 2020
Keywords:
Clustering
Current energy
LEACH
Network lifetime
WSN
ABSTRACT
Recent few years, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been an increasingly important
technology that has been applied in almost all domains, even in complex environments
where human activity is impossible. In WSN, various factors are impacted energy
consumption, such as communication protocols, packet data transmission, and limited
battery. So, the lifespan of the WSNs is limited. In this context, energy efficiency is
the factor most attracted by many researchers. In this paper, we proposed a new im-
proved LEACH routing protocol. This proposed protocol based on the current energy
to select cluster-heads, and it uses a root cluster-head with more current energy and
low distance to the sink to gather all data, then sends it to the sink. The simulation
results in MATLAB confirmed that the proposed algorithm performed better than the
conventional LEACH protocol, and increased the network lifetime in WSN.
Copyright c 2020 Insitute of Advanced Engineeering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Ikram Daanoune,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Laboratory of Electronics, Energy, Automatics and Data Processing (EEA&TI), Hassan II University,
FST Mohammedia-Casablanca (B.P. 146 Mohammedia 20650 Morocco).
Email: daa.ikram@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
In the last few years, WSN recognizes an increased interest through its use in different domains such
as military, medical, environment, etc. [1, 2]. The WSN consists of a large number of low power micro-
sensor nodes deployed in a large space with at least one BS [3]. Every micro-sensor monitors physical or
environmental conditions such as pressure, temperature, humidity, etc. [4] then dispatch the collected data back
to the BS. In WSN, the positions of the nodes are not predetermined, which allows an autonomous organization
of the network [5, 6]. As shown in Figure 1 WSN includes sensor nodes distributed randomly, a BS receives
all data that was collected from the environment, and the user that gathered data through the internet.
Each sensor node in the network has four units: sensing, treatment, wireless transmission and power
unit (generally are batteries) [7] as presented in Figure 2. One of the most important units is the power
unit. Sensor nodes in such an environment are energy-constrained since the batteries can not be recharged or
replaced [3]. Consequently, designing an energy-aware protocol got an interest to prolong the network
lifetime [8]. Thus, energy consumption is the major important factor in most applications where all sensor
nodes are constrained with energy which related to the lifetime of the network. The restricted power of nodes
needs the design of a protocol of communication that conserves energy [9]. The restricted power of nodes
needs the design of a protocol of communication that conserves energy [9]. In this way, many kinds of research
are focused on routing protocols, which is one of the most technologies in WSNs.
Journal homepage: : http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 Ì 5463
Figure 1. WSN architecture
Figure 2. Sensor node units in WSN
In the literature, many routing protocols have designed to arrange the transmission of data from nodes
to the sink [10], and most of them are based on the hierarchical clustering mechanism [11]. The Low Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) protocol [12] is the famous and the popular hierarchical clustering
routing protocol, which will be described in the next section [13]. In order to prolong the network lifetime
and reduce energy consumption in LEACH, various protocol are proposed, such as DMR [14], MH-LEACH
[15], MHT-LEACH[16], O-LEACH [17], etc. In this work, we are based on the LEACH protocol to develop
a new enhanced LEACH protocol, which improves the energy consumption in WSNs. The present paper aims
to propose energy-efficiency, stability, residual energy, distance, and the multi-hop technique based clustering
routing protocol. This protocol uses these metrics to minimize the energy consumption in the network and
extend the network lifespan in WSNs.
The remaining of the paper is orderly as follows: Section 2 presents the LEACH protocol.
The proposed protocol will be described in section 3. Section 4 covers results and analysis. Finally, the
last section concludes the paper.
2. LEACH (LOW ENERGY ADAPTIVE CLUSTERING HIERARCHY)
LEACH [12] is the most popular and the most famous clustering hierarchical protocol designed for an
energy economy of the network [18]. It uses the clustering technique which divides the network into clusters,
and through clustering mechanism, the nodes organize themselves into a hierarchical organization. Every round
in the LEACH algorithm consists of two main phases: set-up phase and steady phase[19].
In the first phase, CHs are elected and clusters are formed. At the beginning of each round, every
sensor node produces a random value between 0 and 1 [20]. If this value is lower than the probability function
T(n) defined in the equation (1), this node selected as CH. Even if, it becomes a normal node [21].
T(n) =
P
1−P ∗(r mod(1/P )) , n ∈ G
0 else
(1)
Where p concerned the percentage of the number of clusters in the network. r is the current epoch, and G is a
group of nodes that have not been selected as CHs in epoch r.
Afterward, the CHs are selected, they diffuse information to the network. Therefore, each normal node
chooses its CH belongs depending on the strength of the received signal. In the second phase, when clusters are
configured and each node knows its time slot in TDMA. The normal nodes transmit their collected data to their
CHs by their time slots in the TDMA schedule. The TDMA schedule is used to adjust the channel of internal
An enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor network (Ikram Daanoune)
3. 5464 Ì ISSN: 2088-8708
access in every cluster and reduce the interference between clusters [22]. Therefore, each CH aggregates and
compresses the received data from its members with its own. Thus, the cluster’s information is routed directly
in a single hop to the BS through the CHs.
2.1. Radio energy consumption model
In each node, the transmitter consumes ET x defined in the equation (2) to transfer n bits remote
receiver di meters. There are two different radio models: (1) the free space (fs) that it is adopted when the
distance between the transmitter and the receiver is less than the threshold distance di0; (2) the multi-path (mp)
which it is used when the distance is greater than di0. Then, the receiver consumes ERx described in the (4) to
receive n bit of packet.
ET x(n, di) =
n.Eelec + n. fs.di2
, di < di0
n.Eelec + n. mp.di4
, di >= di0
(2)
di0 =
fs
mp
(3)
ERx(n) = n ∗ Eelec (4)
Where the energy consumption of the transmitter or the receiver is introduced by Eelec, fs and mp present
the energy consumption factor of amplification in the free space and the multi-path respectively.
LEACH is designed to decrease energy consumption. It has some advantages, such as every node
can equally divide the charge imposed at CHs to a certain extent because any sensor node that was selected as
a CH in some epoch can not be reselected as a CH yet [23]. Besides, the exploitation of the TDMA avoids
the collision between CHs. Nonetheless, it has some disadvantages as it affects the single-hop while CHs
communicate directly to the sink. Furthermore, for long-distance betwixt CH and the BS can produce more
energy consumption that makes LEACH not apt for large networks. Moreover, the random selection of CHs
leads to not giving all nodes the possibility to become CHs. Thereby, if a node with less current energy is
elected as CH would die rapidly, which affects the network life cycle.
3. THE PROPOSED PROTOCOL
In this document, our contribution is an enhanced LEACH algorithm. The overall purpose of the
proposed protocol is selecting CH according to the residual energy of nodes to avoid the participation of nodes
with less energy as CH. To prevent that all CHs communicate with the BS, it picks out a CH with the greatest
residual energy and the smallest distance to the sink as a parent CH. Then, it uses the multi-hop between CHs
to reach the parent CH as we can see in Figure 3. The multi-hop technique is used to improve the transmission
distance betwixt CHs and the sink. It includes two principal phases as mentioned below. Set-up phase where
we form clusters and we select CH of each cluster. The steady phase that contains three sub-phases.
Figure 3. The proposed protocol architecture
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2020 : 5462 – 5469
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 Ì 5465
3.1. Set-up phase
The random selection of CHs in LEACH leads to not giving all nodes the opportunity to become
CHs, also it results in the energy imbalance of sensor nodes. To guarantee the energy balance in the network,
the proposed algorithm selects CH according to the current energy. In every epoch, each node computes its
current energy applying the (5). This node can participate in the CH role if its current energy is superior to the
average current energy.
Ecur = Einit − Econ (5)
Where Econ= ET x + ERx
ET x and ERx are defined respectively in equation (2) and (4) in section 2.1., and Einit is the initial energy
provides to the nodes at the beginning.
Thus, based on [12, 24, 25] we defined a new threshold function as shown in (6).
Th(n) =
P E
1−Pr∗(t %(1/P r)) , n ∈ C , Where PE = Pr ∗ Ecur
Einit
0 else
(6)
Where the percentage of the number of CHs in the network is presented by Pr, t introduces the number of the
current turn, C presents the collections of the nodes that have not yet been CH in the last 1/Pr turns. Einit
represents the initial energy provides the nodes at the beginning whereas Ecur shows the current energy of
nodes at the t turn.
After the first condition, each node takes a random value between 0 and 1. This node will be elected
as a CH at the current turn if this value is inferior to the threshold function Th. On the other hand, it becomes
a normal node. Afterward, CHs broadcast information to the network. Each normal node determines its CH
belongs according to the strength of the received signal from CH.
3.2. Steady phase
3.2.1. TDMA (time divisionmultiple access) schedules
TDMA schedule is created by every CH after cluster configuration according to the distance and the
total number of nodes in each cluster [25, 26]. Each normal node has a TDMA time slot for sending its data to
its CH.
3.2.2. Root cluster head selection
In this phase, the proposed algorithm selects the root CH that has residual energy more than the
average residual energy of CHs and its distance to the sink is less than the average distance between CHs and
the sink, where are depicted in (7) and (8) respectively.
Eaverage =
CH
i=1 Ecur(i)
CH
(7)
daverage =
CH
j=1 d(j)
CH
(8)
Ecur offers the residual energy of CH at the current turn when d indicates the distance between every CH and
the sink.
3.2.3. Data transmission
When all components in the network know their roles in the previous phases, the normal nodes starting
to gather data from the environment then transfer it to their CHs corresponding. Afterward, each CH commu-
nique with the closest CH to reach the root CH applying the multi-hop technique. After receiving information
of all CHs, the root CH aggregates them with its own then sends them directly in a single hop to the sink as
shown in Figure 3.
An enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor network (Ikram Daanoune)
5. 5466 Ì ISSN: 2088-8708
4. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
In this section, we use simulation to analyze and emulate the performance of the proposed approach.
Simulations are performed in the Matlab 2016b platform. The simulation parameters of our proposed model are
mentioned in Table 1. We deployed randomly 200 nodes in area 200 *200 m2
, the sink was placed at position
(100,250).
Table 1. Parameters value
Parameter Symbol Value
Total number of nodes N 200
Total number of sinks S 1
Area M*N 200 * 200 m2
Initial energy Einit 1 Joule
The sink location (x,y) (100, 250)
The deployment of nodes deployment random
Energy consumed in the Radio module to transmit or receive the signal ET x = ERx 50 nJ/bit
Energy consumed by the amplifier to transmit at a short distance fs 10 pJ/bit/m2
Energy consumed by the amplifier to transmit at a longer distance mp 0.0013 pJ/bit/m4
Data aggregation energy EDA 5 nJ/bit
Packet size n 500 bytes
Number of rounds r 6000
The main purpose of the proposed algorithm is to extend the network lifetime by selecting CHs ac-
cording to the current energy and choosing a root CH. In the beginning, all nodes have the same initial energy
Einit =1 Joule. Each sensor node transmits a 4000 bits data packet per round to its cluster head. The percentage
of the total number of CHs in the network is 5%, while the simulation is repeated with 10% and 20% both for
the proposed algorithm and LEACH.
The simulation result that shows the relative performance of discussed protocols with parameter values
of Table 1, and Pr=20% are presented in Figure 4 (a). It provides dead nodes depending on rounds. Figure 4 (b)
compares the behavior of both LEACH and the proposed protocol for Pr=10%. Figure 5 illustrates the diagram
of comparative analysis of both discussed protocols for Pr=5%, while FND presents the First Die Node, and
HND indicates the Half Node Die. Figure 6 (a), Figure 6 (b), and Figure 7 illustrate the total current energy of
nodes in the network for 20%, 10%, and 5% respectively.
The obtained results from the tree cases exhibit the effectiveness of our method for optimizing the
energy consumption in WSNs. Thereby, it indicates that the proposed algorithm has performed better than the
original LEACH protocol in all cases by balancing the total energy consumption, increasing the stability period
and extending the network lifetime.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Dead nodes in LEACH and the proposed protocol for 20% and 10%, (a) Dead nodes for 20%, and
(b) Dead nodes for 10%
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2020 : 5462 – 5469
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 Ì 5467
Figure 5. Dead nodes in LEACH and the proposed protocol for 5%
(a) (b)
Figure 6. Total current energy in LEACH and the proposed protocol, (a) Total current energy for 20%, and
(b) Total current energy for 10%
Figure 7. Total current energy in LEACH and the proposed protocol for 5%
5. CONCLUSION
Presently, the major challenge faced for routing protocol in WSN is making an energy-efficient design.
To solve this problem, it must make the sensor node working for a long period with less consumption of energy.
The sending data and reception present generally the major energy consumption in the network. To meet this
challenge several clustering routing protocols have been developed. This paper proposed a new approach for
hierarchical clustering routing protocol in WSN with energy-saving by the hierarchical and clustering method.
The first purpose of the enhanced protocol is balancing the energy consumption of nodes. The second purpose
is prolonging the network lifetime and improving the stability period through: (1) taking into account the
An enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor network (Ikram Daanoune)
7. 5468 Ì ISSN: 2088-8708
current energy in CH selection, (2) consideration of current energy and the distance to the sink to pick a leader
CH that send aggregated data to the sink after receiving all collected data. The present study was designed to
evaluate the proposed protocol performance against the original LEACH algorithm.
Simulation results in MATLAB confirmed that the proposed algorithm enhances the stability period.
Hence, it extends the network lifespan more than the original LEACH protocol owing to the number of dead
nodes and the total current energy of the network. Thus, it indicates also that the proposed algorithm achieves
better results than the conventional LEACH protocol in all discussed cases.
As future research, it is destined to implement other QoS (Quality of Service).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors of this work would like to appreciate the excellent suggestions of the reviewers and editors
of the IJECE journal to improve the quality of this document.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Rai and P. Rai. ”Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in WSN Using Game Theory,”
Advances in Communication, Cloud, and Big Data, vol. 31, pp.1-9, 2019.
[2] I. Daanoune, A. Baghdad, and A. Balllouk, ”A comparative study between ACO-based protocols and
PSO-based protocols in WSN,” 7th Mediterranean Congress of Telecommunications, pp. 1-4, 2019.
[3] S. Shanthi, P. Nayak, and S. Dandu, ”Minimization of Energy Consumption in WSN by Using a Special
Mobile Agent,” Immunological Tolerance, vol. 1899, pp. 359-368, 2019.
[4] Mohammed Al-Shalabi, Mohammed Anbar, Tat-Chee Wan, and Ahmad Khasawneh, ”Variants of the
Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol: Survey, Issues and Challenges,” Electronics, vol.
7, no. 8, pp. 136, 2018.
[5] M. Haque, T. Ahmad, and M. Imran, ”Review of Hierarchical Routing Protocols for WSN,” Intelligent
Communication and Computational Technologies, vol. 19, pp. 237-246, 2018.
[6] Heena Dhawan and Sandeep Waraich, ”A Comparative Study on LEACH Routing Protocol and Its Vari-
ants in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 95,
no. 8, pp. 21–27, 2014.
[7] P. Dubey, S. Veenadhar, and S. Gupta, ”Survey on Energy Efficient Clustering and Routing Protocols of
Wireless Sensor Network,” International Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 2019.
[8] Ameer Ahmed Abbasi and Mohamed Younis, ”A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor
networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 30, no. 14-15, pp. 2826-2841, 2007.
[9] Hicham Ouldzira, Hajar Lagraini, Ahmed Mouhsen, Mostafa Chhiba, and Abdelmoumen Tabyaoui,
”MG-leach: an enhanced leach protocol for wireless sensor network,” International Journal of Electri-
cal and Computer Engineering, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 3139-3145, 2019.
[10] Emad A. and Ion M. ”IMHT: Improved MHT-LEACH protocol for wsn,” 8th International Conference on
Information and Communication Systems, pp. 246-251, 2017.
[11] P. Tyagi and V. Verma, ”Leach Routing Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey,” Journal of
Advances in Computational Intelligence and Communication Technologies, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 56-59, 2018.
[12] W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, ”Energy-efficient communication protocol for
wireless microsensor networks,” 33rd Annual Hawaii Inter. Conf. on System Sciences, vol. 1, 2000.
[13] Ravi Kishore Kodali and Naveen Kumar Aravapalli, ”Multi-level LEACH protocol model using NS-3,”
IEEE International Advance Computing Conference, pp. 375-380, 2014.
[14] Emad Alnawafa and Ion Marghescu, ”New Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Routing Techniques for Wireless
Sensor Networks: Static and Dynamic Techniques,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 6, 2018.
[15] J. H. B. Neto, A. R. Cardoso, and J. Celestino Jr, ”MH-LEACH: A Distributed Algorithm for Multi-Hop
Communication,” Wireless Sensor Networks, vol. 2014, pp. 55-61, 2014.
[16] Emad A. and Ion M, ”MHT: Multi-hop technique for the improvement of leach protocol,” 15th RoEduNet
Conference: Networking in Education and Research, pp. 1-5, 2016.
[17] A. El Aalaoui and A. Hajraoui, ”Energy efficiency of organized cluster election method in wireless sensor
net- works,” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 18, no. 1, 2020.
[18] A. S. Kirsan, M. U.H Al Rasyid, and I. Syarif, ”Efficient Energy for Cluster Head Selection using New
LEACH- based routing protocol in WSN,” International Electronics Symposium (IES), pp. 70-75, 2019.
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2020 : 5462 – 5469
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 Ì 5469
[19] A. Yektaparast, Fatemeh-Hoda Nabavi, and A. Sarmast, ”An Improvement on LEACH Protocol (Cell-
LEACH),” 14th international conference on advanced communication technology, pp. 992-996, 2012.
[20] S. Smys, R. Bestak, J.I.Z. Chen, and I. Kotuliak, ”Inter. Conference on Computer Networks and Commu-
nication Technologies,” Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, 2019.
[21] Chunyao Fu, Zhifang Jiang, Wei Wei, and Ang Wei, ”An Energy Balanced Algorithm of LEACH Proto-
col,” WSN, vol. 10, no. 1, 2013.
[22] Seddiki Noureddine, Benahmed Khelifa, and Belgachi Mohammed, ”Approach to minimizing consump-
tion of energy in wireless sensor networks,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
vol. 10, no. 3, 2020.
[23] Xuxun Liu, ”A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sensors, vol. 12,
no. 8, pp. 11113–11153, 2012.
[24] J. Xu, N. Jin, X. Lou, T. Peng, Q. Zhou, and Y. Chen, ”Improvement of LEACH protocol for WSN,” 9th
International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, pp. 2174-2177, 2012.
[25] I. Daanoune, A. Baghdad, and A. Balllouk, ”BRE-LEACH: A New Approach to Extend the Lifetime Of
WSN,” In Third Inter. Conference on Intelligent Computing in Data Sciences (ICDS), pp. 1-6, 2019.
[26] S. B. B. Gowda and G. N. Subramanya, ”DUCA: An Approach to Elongate the Lifetime of WSN,”
Engineering Vibration, Communication and Information Processing, pp. 329-337, 2019.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ikram Daanoune is born on December 29, 1993, in Beni Mellal, Morocco. She obtained her license
degree in electronic engineering and telecommunications, from Faculty of Sciences & Techniques
(FST) of Beni Mellal, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, in 2015, and an engineering diploma on
electrical & telecommunications at FST at Mohammedia, Hassan II University, in 2018. Presently,
she is a Ph.D. student, nominee in the Electronics, Energy, Automatic and Information Processing
(EEA&TI) laboratory at FST Mohammedia, Hassan II University Casablanca. Her study interests
include the development and simulation of classical and computational intelligence routing protocols
to optimize energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Network.
Abdennaceur Baghdad is a doctoral holder in Electronics from Lille University France in 1992.
Presently, He is a university professor with PES grade at FST Mohammedia, Hassan II University
Casablanca-Morocco whither he educates the hyper-frequencies, electronic engineering, antenna, and
systems of telecommunication. He is a participant of the EEA&TI laboratory at Hassan II University.
His researches focused on optical communication, electronic and embedded systems, telecommuni-
cation systems and information technology. He oversees and he co-supervises many doctoral theses.
He is a member of the organizing committees of several international congresses in the same research
area.
Abdelhakim Ballouk is a doctoral holder in Electronics from Bordeaux University France in 1992,
in the automatic domain. Presently, He is a university professor with PES grade at the FST Moham-
media, Hassan II University Casablanca-Morocco where he educates regulation & digital control, and
linear & non-linear automatic. He is a participant of the EEA&TI laboratory at Hassan II University.
He oversees and he co-supervises many doctoral theses. His researches concentrated on Automatic
(robust commands, predictive controls, etc.). His researches focused also in Telecommunication sys-
tems (Antenna, wireless sensor network, etc.).
An enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor network (Ikram Daanoune)