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MODE OF
DOCUMENTARIES
The Bill Nichols Theory
Poetic
This mode is not used as often in documentaries
today, as they just wouldn’t be very entertaining,
they normally contain no dialogue. Mostly used
music to portray topic, the message to
sometimes unclear in the documentaries and is
then up to the viewer. A good example of a
poetic mode is ‘Man of Aran’ made in 1934 by
Robert Flaherty
Exposition
This mode uses a lot of narration, this makes the
modes easy for the viewer to follow and are
normally used in nature documentaries for
example ‘Planet Earth’. These are popular mode
used and show a logical argument using direct
address although can have a preferred meaning.
Observational
This mode tries to capture as accurately as
possible the reality of the subject being filmed,
an example the this mode being implemented is
‘fly-on-the-wall’ documentaries for instance ‘Big
Brother’ or ‘Educating Yorkshire’, this mode is
another common one for today’s TV.
Reflexive
This is the mode where the film maker shows
their presence in the front of the camera and
narrates the subject. This means the viewer
sees the process of the documentary being
made, an example of this is ‘Sarah Palin: You
Betcha!’ in 2011.
Participatory
In this mode the filmmaker is clearly influencing
the documentary and there is obvious direct
engagement between the filmmaker and the
subject. For example something that presents a
participatory mode is the filmmaker asking a
personally question, an documentary example is
‘Living with Michael Jackson’ in 2004.
Performative
In this mode the maker of the documentary
becomes the subject of the programme, an
example of this is ‘supersize me’.
Criticisms-
Stella Bruzzi (2000) criticised Nichols for suggesting that
documentary makers have aimed for the ‘perfect
representation of the real’ and would fail in this impossible
aim, thus undermining the documentary.
Quotes she said that are for instance ‘all types of
documentary have existed at different times’ and have
often, mixed styles. ‘What is the point of worrying about
authenticity’ she sees documentaries as contributing to
meaning about real world events.
Another criticism is Steven Barnett (Disney Fiction) he said
that documentaries were dumbed down for mass
audiences and not to educate but to entertain. More
concerned with ratings and views for example ‘Teen Mom’

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Mode of documentaries

  • 2. Poetic This mode is not used as often in documentaries today, as they just wouldn’t be very entertaining, they normally contain no dialogue. Mostly used music to portray topic, the message to sometimes unclear in the documentaries and is then up to the viewer. A good example of a poetic mode is ‘Man of Aran’ made in 1934 by Robert Flaherty
  • 3. Exposition This mode uses a lot of narration, this makes the modes easy for the viewer to follow and are normally used in nature documentaries for example ‘Planet Earth’. These are popular mode used and show a logical argument using direct address although can have a preferred meaning.
  • 4. Observational This mode tries to capture as accurately as possible the reality of the subject being filmed, an example the this mode being implemented is ‘fly-on-the-wall’ documentaries for instance ‘Big Brother’ or ‘Educating Yorkshire’, this mode is another common one for today’s TV.
  • 5. Reflexive This is the mode where the film maker shows their presence in the front of the camera and narrates the subject. This means the viewer sees the process of the documentary being made, an example of this is ‘Sarah Palin: You Betcha!’ in 2011.
  • 6. Participatory In this mode the filmmaker is clearly influencing the documentary and there is obvious direct engagement between the filmmaker and the subject. For example something that presents a participatory mode is the filmmaker asking a personally question, an documentary example is ‘Living with Michael Jackson’ in 2004.
  • 7. Performative In this mode the maker of the documentary becomes the subject of the programme, an example of this is ‘supersize me’.
  • 8. Criticisms- Stella Bruzzi (2000) criticised Nichols for suggesting that documentary makers have aimed for the ‘perfect representation of the real’ and would fail in this impossible aim, thus undermining the documentary. Quotes she said that are for instance ‘all types of documentary have existed at different times’ and have often, mixed styles. ‘What is the point of worrying about authenticity’ she sees documentaries as contributing to meaning about real world events. Another criticism is Steven Barnett (Disney Fiction) he said that documentaries were dumbed down for mass audiences and not to educate but to entertain. More concerned with ratings and views for example ‘Teen Mom’