The document discusses different modal verbs and how they are used to express permission, prohibition, obligation, and recommendation. It explains verbs like can, may, must, have to, should and ought to and provides examples of how each modal verb is used depending on whether it is giving or denying permission, showing obligation or recommendation. The document also includes exercises for readers to practice using modal verbs correctly in different contexts.

2. MODALS

3. Modals are auxiliary or
helping verbs that indicate the
mode or manner of the actions.
When used alone, they do not
give complete meanings. But
when they are paired with
other verbs, they change the
meaning of these verbs.

4. Natureof
Modals
Use the base form of the word
with the modal. Modals do not
change form.
Modals never end in ‘s’, even
in the third person singular.
Combine the base form of the
verb with the modals- not with
the infinitive ‘to’

5. Natureof
Modals
Use ‘not’ to make modal
verbs negative.
Modals are also used to
form questions
Do not use double modals.

6. Modals are used to
express permission,
prohibition, and
obligation or no
obligation.

7. Modals of Permission

8. Modal verbs expressing
permission are may, could,
and can.
It means that something is
allowed and can be done.
Show politeness and
respect.

9. Can
Is most often used to ask for
or give permission.
Use can to say that someone
has permission to do
something.
Less formal and more direct
than ‘could’. When asking in
a simple or direct way use
‘can’

10. Examples
Can I borrow a pen?
You can sit here; the seat is
free.
You can ask him. He is
approachable.
Can you do me a favor?

11. Could
 Is also used to ask permission (but not
to give it)
 Could is more formal and polite than
‘can’,
 We can also use could to say that
someone was allowed to do something
in the past. (Somebody had a general
permission)
 When being polite, or wanting to show
respect, could is a better choice than
can as it is a more polite form than
‘can’

12. Examples
Could you lend me the
laptop?
Could we go home now?
Could I ask something?
Both staff and students
could use the ice rink.

13. May
Is the most formal way
to ask for and
permission.
A polite modal verb to
ask permission.

14. Examples
May I speak to Mark, please?
You may join them as soon as
you finished your task here.
May I see your passport,
please?
Customers may request a
refund within a period of 30
days.

15. Exercise
Choose the correct
answer from the
choices given.
Can – could
May-might

16. 1.You _____ put your shoes
and coat over there.
2._____we have something
to drink? We are thirsty.
3.Students _____ register for
online classes beginning
next week.

17. 4. We _____ go to any shop in
the mall we wanted to.
5. Tom _____ go with you.
6. _____ I leave early?
7. _____ I use your restroom,
please?

18. 8. _____ I try this coat on?
9. You _____ leave work now,
I’ve got it covered.
10. You _____ go as soon as
you have finished your
exam.

19. ROLEPLAY
ASKING SOMEONE TO:
Attend a friend’s birthday party on
Saturday
Your subject teacher to go to the
comfort room
Your classmate to teach you about
a Math equation
Your neighbor not to burn garbage
Service crew to get you something

20. REVIEW
1.You _____ leave if you’ve
finished.
2._____ I come in?
3.We _____ not get into the
concert without tickets, so we
want him.
4._____ I open the window?
5._____ you turn the heating up a
bit, please?

21. MODALS OF PROHIBITION

22. Are the opposite of giving
permission.
The modal verbs used are
the following: can, must
and may as well as the past
form could, they are used
as negatives.

23. CAN’T
Is normally used to show
inability.
Gives idea of something
that is against the rules.
It is like you are saying
you do not have the ability
because of the rules.

24. EXAMPLES
 Christine Joy can’t enter the school
because she has no ID.
 Ma. Cecilia can’t drive the car unless
she has a driver’s license.
 You can’t go into that restaurant
without a tie.
 You can’t drive in this country unless
you are over eighteen.
 We couldn’t study in the library after
5 pm.

25. MAYNOT
Is the formal way to
prohibit something.

26. EXAMPLES
You may not smoke in
this house.
You may not wear
shoes in the office.

27. MUSTNOT
This modal verb is known
to be the strongest way to
prohibit something or make
a rule against something.
Usually means that it is
the speaker who is setting
the rule.

28. EXAMPLES
Parent to child: You must not
insult your brother in front of
the crowd.
Teacher to student: You must
not be late to class next time.
You must not use a cellphone
during class hours.
You must not write with
pencil.

29. EXERCISE
1. You ___use your phone
in a bus.
2. You ___ smoke in the
office.
3. Did they tell you that
you ____ come into this
area. It’s restricted to staff
only.

30. EXERCISE
4. Children under ten ___use the
pool without adult supervision.
5. You ____eat anymore
chocolate.
6. You ___ take a mobile phone
into the examination room.
7. I’m afraid you ___take the
exam until you pay your
remaining tuition fee.

31. EXERCISE
8. You ___ smoke
anywhere in the train.
9. You ___ leave your
bike there.
10. You ___ bring your
pet inside the mall.

32. INDIVIDUAL
ACTIVITY
DRAW THE FOLLOWING
PROHIBITIONS:
1.The traffic sign
2.The school’s rules and
regulations
3.Your house rules

33. LET’S REVIEW

34. CANNOT
MUSTNOT
1. You _____ play music.
2. You _____ eat in the
conference room.
3. You _____ drive here.
4. You _____ a hat in
class.
5. You _____ use your
phone on a bus.

35.  This is Jose. He belongs to the poorest
family in town. And he decided to
already quit studying because of
poverty. Supposed Jose is your
classmate, what advice will you give
him? Write your pieces of advice to
Jose.

36. WHERE CAN YOU SEE
THE SIGNS?

42. MODAL VERBS OF OBLIGATION

43. There are two types of modal
verbs of obligation: those that
primarily express firm
obligation or necessity - must
and have to - and those that
express are commendation or
moral obligation -should and
ought to

44. My Obligations as a Filipino
Think-Pair-and-Share

45. MUST
Shows us that the
obligation comes
from the speaker.

46. EXAMPLES
FirmObligations
onNecessity
You must see a doctor at
once!
You must not touch that
plate, it is too hot.
We must pay our taxes
to contribute for the
country’s economy.

47. EXAMPLES
Certainty or
strong probability
He must be over
eighty, he was
born in 1930.

48. EXAMPLES
Supposition
I can't find my
laptop, I must have
left it in the train.
If they're out, they
mustn't have heard
the news.

49. HAVETO
Is used when the
obligation comes from
someone else, not the
speaker; for an action
that is necessary
because of rules.

51. EXAMPLES
Firmobligations
ornecessity
I have to be at school tomorrow at 8
a.m. I have an exam!
I've got to be at school tomorrow
at…
I had to see a doctor, because I felt
very sick.
I had to break the window! I lost
my key!
The manager isn't here, he's had to
go to Paris on urgent business.

52. EXAMPLES
Firmobligations
ornecessity
Tomorrow the President will
have to open Parliament.
She's having to move because
she can't stand the noise.
I'm having to take out this
detonator very slowly, to avoid
an explosion.
Oh you're so kind! You didn't
have to do it as well as that!

53. EXAMPLES
Firmobligations
ornecessity
We have to be at the
school two hours
before the program
starts.
You have to do all the
homework.

54. EXAMPLES
Certainty or
strong probability
If my brother;s not in
London, he has to be in
New York.
I’ve got all the right
answers, I must be one of
the winners!
If I remember correctly, it
has to be here.

55. Shouldand
Oughtto
When we want to talk
about obligation, we
are talking about the
right thing to do.

56. EXAMPLES
Children should know how to
respect older people.
Yvnna Cinderelle ought to assist
the volunteers in the outreach
program.
You should stop smoking.
It’s raining hard, the children
ought to come indoors.
I didn’t know you were married!
You ought to have told me!

57. EXAMPLES
If you'd wanted to succeed, you
should have worked harder at
school.
This pullover's got holes in it, I
should get a new one.
This pullover's got holes in it, I
ought to get a new one.
That's awful! You really
oughtn't to have done that, you
know!

58. Hasto/Haveto
Must
1. Students _____ registered
by last week.
2. You _____ arrive on time.
3. We _____ use the
password.
4. Denny _____ save his
money.

59. 5.I _____ clean the
kitchen yesterday.
6. She _____ speak loudly.
7. Does Harold _____
finish the project this
week?

60. 8. You _____ use safety
glasses at all times.
9. You _____ bring your
identification.
10. Students _____ use
a pen on the test.

61. GroupActivity
CreateaFeat
“Corruption in government is
rampant. Many presidents have
already addressed the issue but still,
it is not eradicated. Corruption is
hereby defined as dishonest conduct
by those who are in power.” They
will be using the modals: Must, Have
to, and Should.

62. WHATWILLBETHE
EXTERNAL andINTERNAL
OBLIGATIONS OFTHEFF
SITUATIONS?
Activity

63. Group Work

64. Group 1: You will make a slogan eradicating
corruption using the modals SHOULD and
MUST
Group 2: You will compose a song using
SHOULD and MUST. Your song must be
about stopping corruption.
Group 3: You will act as if you’re in a pageant.
The candidates will answer the questions
about corruption using the modals SHOULD
and MUST.
Group 4: You will act a scene about
corruption.
Group 5: Rap your plan of action.