Modals are helping verbs that express meanings like ability, permission, possibility, and necessity. There are modal presents like will, shall, may, can, must; modal pasts like would, should, might, could; and modal perfects like should have, must have, could have. Each modal has multiple functions - for example, will expresses future plans, willingness, and polite requests. The document then outlines the specific functions of each modal verb.

1. MODALS

2. MODALS
 Modals auxiliaries are helping verbs that express a
wide range of meanings (ability, permission,
possibility, necessity, etc). Most of the modals have
more than one meaning.
 Kinds of Modals
 Modal Present : will, shall, may, can, must
 Modal Past : would, should, might, could
 Modal Perfect : should have/ ought to have, must
have, could have

3. WILL
Functions :
 It indicates future plan
- Susana will go to Surabaya tomorrow.
 It indicates willingness
- I will help you. I know you have a lot of problems.
 It indicates polite request
- Will you go to the party with me tonight, please?

4. SHALL
Functions :
 It indicates future plan with the subject I or we
- I shall be at home at 7 tonight.
- We shall attend the meeting.
 It is used to state the polite question for asking
advice
- Shall I revise this paper?
- It’s very hot here. Shall I open the window?

5. MAY
Functions :
 It indicates polite permission
- May I enter the next room?
 It indicates possibilty
- It’s cloudy. It may rain tonight.
 It is used to make polite request
- May I ask for coffee?

6. CAN
Funtions :
 It indicates ability/possibility
- Marcelina can speak Japanese well.
- Thomas is a strong boy. He can move the big
stone.
 It indicates permission (informal)
- Don’t worry, you can use my money.
 It is used to make polite request (informal)
- Can I go home now?
- Can you show me to the nearest hotel?

7. MUST
Functions :
 It is used to express necessity
- I must study hard.
- I must come to the meeting on time.
 It is used to state a conclusion
- Riana must be at Dila’s house now.

8. WOULD
Functions :
 It is used to express past activity
- I would go to the market when it was suddenly
raining.
 It is used to express past habit
- Tyas would cry before sleeping when she was a
child.
 It is used to express polite request
- Would you please open the door?

9. SHOULD
Funtions :
 It is used to give suggestion
- You should rearrange your scedule.
 It indicates possibility/certainty
- Andy should be nine years old now.

10. COULD
Functions :
 It is used to express ability in the past.
- He is absent now, but he could attend the previous
class.
 It is used to express polite request
- Could you tell me your secret?

11. SHOULD HAVE
Function :
 Should have + past participle is used to express a
hope that cannot be achieved in the past.
Example :
 Tio fails to pass the exam, he should have studied
hard.
 Setiawan should have gone to his office this
morning.

12. MUST HAVE
Functions :
 Must have + past participle is used to make a
conclusion of the past event.
Examples
 Silvia got good marks in TOEFL test. She must have
studied hard.
 The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.

13. MIGHT HAVE
Functions :
 Might have + past participle is used to draw a
conclusion of the past event.
Examples :
 His room was still dirty, he might have forgotten to
clean it.
 Richard came late this morning. He might have got
up late.

14. COULD HAVE
Function :
 Could have + past participle is used to express an
ability in the past that was not done.
Examples :
 In fact, she could not have finished her job on time
because she had much time.
 Fifi could have joined us on vacation, but she stayed
at home.