Apresentação sobre "Conditional Sentences" preparada pela Professora Erika Petiz, para os seus alunos do Colégio Espaço Aberto, sedes Bezerra de Menezes e Papicu
Apresentação sobre "Conditional Sentences" preparada pela Professora Erika Petiz, para os seus alunos do Colégio Espaço Aberto, sedes Bezerra de Menezes e Papicu
A brief introduction for Spanish ESL students to modals of ability, advice, necessity and obligation, possibility and certainty and modals plus perfect infinitives.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. MODAL VERBS
can ■ could ■ may ■ might
■ must ■ mustn’t ■ needn’t
■ should ■ ought to ■ will
■ would ■ shall
(have to ■ be able to ■ be allowed to ■
manage)
3. GENERAL FEATURES
• They always go before a verb in the INFINITIVE
He can swim I ought to study more He may have left
• They NEVER change, they don’t add –s or – ing
She must be mad! Félix should be revising
• In the NEGATIVE, they are always followed by NOT
CAN’T MAY NOT WON’T COULDN’T WOULDN’T MIGHT NOT ….
• In QUESTIONS, they go immediately before the subject, they don’t need
auxiliaries like don’t / doesn’t / didn’t /
May I go? Shall we stay with you? Will you marry me?
• They don’t have infinitive , gerund, participle… so they use other verbs
like: have to , be able to…
I can’t swim now, but next year I’ll be able to swim
They had to leave early to avoid the road congestion.
4. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MAY ,MIGHT
• POSSIBILITY: can, could, may, might
Accidents can happen
This year we can ski because it has been snowing a lot lately.
I can come and see you tomorrow if you like.
The word “play” can be a noun or a verb.
You can’t buy fruit now. The shops are closed. (impossibility)
We could see the beach from our hotel window.
**Could is only used in the affirmative with this meaning.
• MAY and MIGHT express possibility in the present or future. The only
difference is that MIGHT means the possibility is smaller. The best
translations are: puede que / quizás / pudiera ser que... You can also use them
in the negative.
He may invite us to his party, but I’m not completely sure.
They might win the match, although the difference is small.
He may not be ready.
They might not be interested in our proposal.
• Use might when the situation is not real.
If I were in Tom’s position, I might look for another job (may is incorrect here)
5. CAN,COULD,BEABLETO, MAY,BEALLOWEDTO
• PERMISSION: can, could, be able to, may, be allowed to
May is the most formal word
I haven’t got a pen - you can use mine
Could I open the window, please? (it refers to the present, not past!)
May I sit down here?
Can you go to the party tomorrow? No, we’re not allowed to go, my dad said so
When I was at school, we weren’t allowed to use pencil in exams.
*** We can also use «must /mustn’t» to express permission or lack of it
= (not) allowed to.
You must keep it a secret – you mustn’t tell anyone at all (=you aren’t allowed to
tell anyone)
6. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MANAGE TO
• ABILITY: can, could, be able to, manage to
• In the present: can - am/is/are/able to
• In the past: could - was/were able to - managed to
Helen could play the piano when she was younger, but she can’t play any more.
Now, she’s able to play the violin.
Julia managed to reduce her carbon footprint by half last year.
**DIFFERENCE COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO (affirmative)
• Could is used for general ability in the past.
Mike was an excellent player when he was younger. He could beat anybody.
• If you want to say that somebody did something in a specific
situation, use was / were able to or managed to
The fire spread through the building but everybody was able to escape
(=managed to escape)
• In the negative, both couldn’t – wasn’t/weren’t able to are possible
7. BE ABLE TO - CAN
• Be able to is used in ALL TENSES, but sometimes can is better,
because it is more usual and be able to sounds very formal.
We are able to see the lake from the youth hostel.(it is correct, but «can» is better)
*** However, can has only two forms: present (can) and past (could). So
sometimes it is necessary to use be able to.
I haven’t been able to sleep recently. (present perfect)
Applicants for the job must be able to speak two languages.(infinitive)
I don’t think I’ll be able to phone you from the Everest!
►Attention! Don’t use be able to:
• To refer to something happening as we speak:
Listen to me! I can play this song on the piano now!
• Before passive structures.
More local food can be produced.
• When we mean «know how to» I can drive a car
8. Is could the past of can?????
• Not always. (Could you pass me the salt, please? Refers to the present)
• We use could especially with verbs like the following:
see - hear – smell – taste – feel – remember – understand
As soon as I walked into the kitchen, I could smell gas.
I was sitting at the back of the theatre and couldn’t hear very well.
• To say that somebody had the general ability of permission.
My grandfather could speak five languages.
We were totally free. We could do what we wanted. (=were allowed to)
• To talk about possible actions now or in the future (suggestions)
What shall we do this evening? We could go to the cinema. (also can + sure)
• To say: something is possible now or in the future (may/might)
The story could be true, but I don’t think it is (can is incorrect here)
• For actions that are not realistic.
I’m so tired, I could sleep for a week.
9. MUST and CAN’T for deduction
• Use must to say that you believe something is certain.
You’ve been travelling all day. You must be tired.
Lidia is a hard worker – Lidia? You must be joking, she’s very lazy!
• Use can’t to say that you infer something is not possible.
You ‘ve just had lunch. You can’t be hungry already.
They haven’t lived her for very long. They can’t know many people.
****Both forms exist in the past: MUST HAVE DONE / CAN’T HAVE DONE
I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
Ignacio hasn’t contacted me. He can’t have got my message.
10. OBLIGATION: MUST, HAVE TO
• Must is personal obligation. It expresses our feelings =you feel
something is necessary or you strongly recommend it.
I haven’t spoken to Lucía for ages. I must phone her.
We haven’t got much time. We must hurry!
• Must is also typical in written rules, instructions, regulations…
Visitors must leave the museum befor 17.30
All passengers must show their boarding pass.
The asnwers to the exam must be written in blue.
• Don’t use must to talk about the past! Use have to
• Why did you have to leave so early?
• We had to leave early because the weather was awful.
11. OBLIGATION: MUST, HAVE TO
• Have to expresses that it is necessary to do something
because you are obliged to do it. It is impersonal, we don’t
use it for feelings, we use it for facts (external obligation)
You can’t turn right her. You have to turn left.
I have to wear glasses for reading.
Last week Jaime broke his arm and had to go to hospital.
Paloma has to travel a lot for her work.
• Logically, in questions use: do / does / did
Why do I have to do to get a new driving licence?
• **you can use «have got to» instead of «have to»
I’ve got to work tomorrow
When hasLiz got to go?
12. PROHIBITION: MUSTN’T, CAN’T
• MUSTN’T = it is necessary that you don’t do something = prohibition =
something is not allowed.
• Mustn’t is used when the prohibition is implied by the speaker.
I promised I would be on time. I mustn’t be late.
We must be quiet. We mustn’t make any noise!
You mustn’t take your mobile phone to school.
You mustn’t say things like that to your sister.
(teacher) you mustn’t be late for class!
• Can’t is also used for lack of permission, usually when something is
against the rules.
I’m sorry but you can’t park here.
You can’t take photos in the museum. They’re very strict!
Sorry- we can’t sell knives to under 18s!
13. LACK OF OBLIGATION
• When it is not necessary to do something (but you can if you
like) you can use:
You don’t have to tell him, but you can if you want to.
We have enough food at home, so we don’t need to go shopping.
I don’t have to be at the meeting, but I’ll go anyway.
Lucía doesn’t have to work on Saturdays.
We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t hurry (=we don’t need to hurry)
** didn’t need to do ≠ needn’t have done.
I didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t. (=I didn’t have to…)
This morning I got up early to take the train, but I was ready in 15 minutes,
so I needn’t have got up so early. (but I did)
Don’t / Doesn’t have to Didn’t have to
Don’t / Doesn’t need to Didn’t need to Needn’t
14. ADVICE: SHOULD, OUGHT TO
• SHOULD / OUGHT TO = it is a good thing to do or the right
thing to do = give advice or give and opinion.
You look tired. You should go to bed.
The government should do more to reduce vandalism.
• Use SHOULD to express that something is nor right or what you
expect.
I wonder where Tina is. She should be here by now. (this is not normal)
That man on the motorbike should be wearing a helmet.
• Use Should to express that you expect something to happen.
She’s been studying really hard, so she should pass the exam.
15. PERFECT MODALS: FORM
• In general, perfect modals help us express different meanings
about past actions.
I must have left my keys at home – they’re not in my bag.
My dad can’t have left for work because his car is still in the garage.
I didn’t know you wanted to see the play – I could have got you a ticket!
We had a really good holiday. It couldn’t have been better.
I can’t find my bag anywhere, I may have left it in the office.
I’m surprised Kate wasn’t at the meeting yesterday. She might not have
known about it.
I got up early yesterday but I needn’t have got up so early… it was Sunday!
I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much cake at the party!
MODAL VERB + HAVE + PARTICIPLE
16. must have… / can’t have…
• They are used to express our deductions about past situations.
I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep (=I’m sure I was asleep)
Sue hasn’t contacted me yet. She can’t have got my message (=I’m sure
she didn’t get my message)
17. could have… / couldn’t have…
• We use «could have + participle» to express a possibility
about the past.
The situation was bad, but it could have been worse.
• Something could have happened = it was possible but it did
not happen
Dave was lucky. He could have hurt himself when he fell, but he’s OK.
• We use «couldn’t have + participle» to say that something in
the past wouldn’t have been possible.
The trip was cancelled last week. Paul couldn’t have gone anyway
because he was ill (=it would not have been possible for him to go)
18. may have…. / might have…
• They express an assumption about the past = it is possible that
something happened / didn’t happen.
-I wonder why Nerea didn’t answer my phone call yesterday.
-She may have been asleep (=perhaps she was asleep)
• Could have… is similar to may / might have (only in the
affirmative)
You could have left your bag in the shop (= you may /might have left
it there).
19. needn’t have…
• It means: I did something but now I know it wasn’t necessary
I prepared everything for the dinner party but they didn’t come… I needn’t
have prepared anything! (but I did)
** needn’t have done ≠ didn’t need to do
I didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t.
I didn’t need to get up early, but it was a lovely morning, so I did.
I got up early but it wasn’t necessary… I needn’t have got up so early
(but I did!)
20. should have… / shouldn’t have…
• They express the right/wrong thing to do in a past situation.
• «should have + participle» = you didn’t do it, but it would
have been the right thing to do.
You missed a great party last night. You should have come.
• «shouldn’t have + participle» = You did it, but it was the
wrong thing to do.
She shouldn’t have listened to our conversation. It was private.
**«Ought to have + participle» is also possible
• It was a great party last night. You ought to have come.