Modal verbs provide additional meaning to the main verb of a sentence regarding areas such as ability, permission, obligation, offers, and probability. There are single concept modals that have one meaning and double concept modals that have two meanings depending on context. Modal verbs do not conjugate or take infinitives and have imperfect tense formation. They are used to express concepts like permission, obligation, ability, advice, and recommendations in both the present and past.
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What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. What are modal verbs?
• Can
• Could
• May
• Might
• Must
• Shall
• Should
• Ought to
• Will
• Would
They are Auxiliary verbs that
provide additional and specific
meaning to the main verb of the
sentence
3. How do we use modals?
S
Subject
V
Verb
M
Example: Mary could play the piano
They do not accept conjugation
They do not need other auxiliary verbs
4. Form
There is no “s” in singular
There is no “do / does” in the question
There is no “don’t / doesn’t” in the negative
He can ski He cans ski or He can skis
Would you like to come with me?
Do you would like to come with me?
They can’t be serious
They don’t can be serious
5. Form
to can / caning to must /musting
Modal verbs do not have infinitives or –ing forms
She must study (strong obligation)
We should have gone the other way (recommendation)
He could play football in his youth (ability in the past)
Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to
6. Form
Modal verbs do not have all the tenses
Modal verbs use other verbs to complete the tenses
Can is completed with be able to
Must is completed with have to
They can play the piano
You must come early
They will be able to play the piano in the future
You had to come early yesterday
7. What do they express?
They can have more than one meaning
depending on the situations
1. Single Conce pt Modal: they have onemeaning
2.. Double Concept Modal: they have two meanings
3. Modals in past: They are used to express a situation
in the past
9. Single Concept Modal
Modal Concept Examples
Will Future Joe will travel to NY next week
Might Small probability I might move to Canada some day
Should Recommendation You should go to the doctor
Ought to Formal recommendation We ought to know about first aids
Had better Warning I had better study or I will fail the test
10. Double Concept Modal
Modal Concept Examples
May (1) Permission May I come in?
May (2) Good probability We may visit Mexico this summer
Must (1) Responsibility Everyone must pay taxes
Must (2) Assumption She didn’t arrive. She must be sick
Would (1) Past (used to) When I was young, I would play soccer
Would (2) Present unreal I would buy the car but I can’t afford it
11. Double Concept Modal
Modal Concept Examples
Shall (1) Educated expression
Offer
Excuse me, I shall go now
Shall I clean it?
Shall (2) Contractual obligation The company shall pay on January 1st
Could (1) Unreal Ability I could go if I had time
Could (2) Past Ability She could play the piano (but she can’t
anymore)
Can (1) Present Ability We can speak English
Can (2) Permission Can I have a candy?
12. PROBABILITY/
POSSIBILITY
ABILITY PERMISSION OBLIGATION/
ADVICE
OFFERS
CAN I can play the
piano
Can I go out
tonight?
CAN’T She can’t be his mum.
She ‘s too young
I can’t speak
German
Can I borrow the
car? No, I can’t.
MIGHT It might rain tomorrow
COULD It could rain tomorrow I could already
read when I was
two
Could I see your
passport please,
sir?
MAY It may rain tomoroww May I leave the
table?
MUST She must be his sister
because they look
alike.
You must leave
before the clock
strikes twelve.
HAVE TO I have to study
tonight.
SHALL You shall pay on
Tuesday
Shall I help you?
SHOULD / You should see it.
OUGHT TO It’s excellent.
HAD BETTER You had better
sleep more.
WOULD Would you like a
drink?
13. Modals in the Past
They are modals referred to actions that
happened in the past
MODAL + HAVE + verb in past participle
It must have been a difficult decision
They should have invited her to their wedding
14. MODAL PERFECT
MUST HAVE + P
.P
.
USES
Logical conclusion on a past event
EXAMPLES
Peter has arrived late. He must
have been in a traffic jam
MAY / MIGHT HAVE + P
.P
. Deduction on a past event Joe may / might have taken the
wrong train.
COULD HAVE + P
.P
. Possibility to do something, gone
unfulfilled
You could have played better
COULDN’T HAVE + P
.P
. Certainty that something couldn’t have
happened
WOULD HAVE + P
.P
.
He couldn’t have passed
because you hadn’t studied
enough
I would have visited you, but I
forgot your address
SHOULD /
OUGHT TO HAVE + P
.P
.
Desire to do something, but
impossibility to do it for external
causes
Lament on something that should have
been done
You should / ought to have
warned me earlier
SHOULDN’T HAVE + P
.P
. Critique on something that shouldn’t
have happened
He shouldn’t have told them
NEEDN’T HAVE + P
.P
. Somthing that wasn’t necessary doing You needn’t have bought it .
15. Modals-like verbs:
A few verbs which often serve as modals too.
They need to be conjugated.
Modal Concept Example
Like to Enjoy I like to watch TV
Want to Desire John wants to buy a car
Need to Necessity We really needed to talk to you
Have to Obligation Susan had to pay the rent
Have got to Have to I’ve got to go now
Look forward to Future plan I look forward to seeing you again
16. Practise
1. My son be home by now. Where can he be?
a. Have to b. would c. should d. could
2. I think your thumb is broken. You go to the emergency room.
a. Might b. could c. ought to d. can
3. If you are interested in losing weight, you try this new diet.
a. Could b. mustn’t c. don’t have to d. had to
4. John’s fallen down the stairs! I call an ambulance!
a. Will b. might c. may d. ought to
5. You come too early. We won’t leave until 9 o’clock.
a. Has to b. must c. needn’t d. can’t
17. Practise
6. Children be accompanied by an adult at the zoo.
a. Ought to b. must c. would d. mustn’t
7. You talk during tests. It’s forbidden!
a. don’t have to b. mustn’t c. couldn’t d. ought to
8. I can feel the heat. We be near the fire.
a. Can b. would c. must d. have to
9. They hear him because he was whispering.
a. Wouldn’t b. mustn’t c. shouldn’t d. couldn’t
10. You’ve never heard of Britney Spears? You be serious!
a. Must b. had to c. can’t d. shouldn’t
18. Practise
11. you like to have dinner with me tonight?
a. Could b. may c. should d. would
12. You let him hear about the party tomorrow. It’s a surprise!
a. mustn’t b. wouldn’t c. couldn’t d. can
13. I speak to the Chief Councellor, please?
a. Must b. May c. Would d. Need
14. He has arrived late. He missed the bus
a. Must have b. Should have c. Could have d. must
19. More practise
_____ ___ ____
_
Re-write the following sentences using modals so that they have the same
meaning.
1. I suggest that you get a good lawyer!
You shoul_
d get a lawyer
__
_
______
_
_______
_
_ _
_
_
_
__
_
___
3.
_____ __ _ _
_
_ __ _
___ ___
_
_______
2. A university degree isn’t necessary for that job.
You needn’t have a university_
degree for that job
don’t have to have a university…
Perhaps my father will pick you up.
My father may /_mig_ht_pick_you_up
4. 4. Eating is forbidden in class!
You must
_n’t eat in class
20. More practise
____ ___ _______
Re-write the following sentences using modals so that they have the same
meaning.
5. Look at his dirty clothes! I’m sure he is a poor person.
He mus_
t be a poor person
6.
_____
_
___
I don’t believe that the legend of Hercules is true because there are
many contradictions.
The legend of Hercules can’t be true
21. Use your imagination
Think about these situations and create a sentence using modals.
1. We are going to Paris for a weekend. (Make suggestions about things to
do)
2. We start school in September. (Talk about necessity)
3. Margaret is a very talented sportswoman. (Talk about ability)
4. You have just won the lottery! (Talk about possibility)
5. Peter has got a headache and a congested nose. (Give him some advice)
6. You want to borrow your uncle’s Mercedes Benz. (Ask for permission
politely)
22. Possible answers
1. We could visit the Louvre / We should go up the Eiffel Tower
2. We have to buy a new notebook
3. She can speak 3 languages! / She is able to play the piano and the violin
4. I might stop working / I may buy a new car / I can travel to New York
5. You should see a doctor / You ought to drink hot tea
6. Can I borrow your car, please? or May I borrow your car, please?